Replacement of Forage Fiber Sources with Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and Corn Germ Meal in Holstein Calf Diets

This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.

Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs

The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of heat treatment on the standardized ileal digestibility （SID） of amino acids （AA） in corn distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations that may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in corn DDGS. A source of corn DDGS was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 130℃ for 10, 20, or 30 min. Four diets containing DDGS from each of the 4 batches were formulated with DDGS being the only source of AA and CP in the diets. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten growing pigs （initial BW： 53.5 ＋ 3.9 kg） were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5 x4 Youden square design with 5 diets and 4 periods in each square. The SID of CP decreased linearly （P〈 0.05） from 77.9% in non-autoclaved DDGS to 72.1, 66.1, and 68.5% in the DDGS samples that were autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The SID of lysine was quadratically reduced （P〈 0.05） from 66.8% in the non-autoclaved DDGS to 54.9, 55.3, and 51.9% in the DDGS autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The concentrations of SID Arginine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, or Threonine may be best predicted by equations that include the concentration of acid detergent insoluble N in the model （r2 = 0.76, 0.68, 0.67, 0.84, 0.76, 0.73, or 0.54, respectively）. The concentrations of SID Isoleucine and Valine were predicted （r2 = 0.58 and 0.54, respectively） by the Lysine：CP ratio, whereas the concentration of SID Tryptophan was predicted （r2 = 0.70） by the analyzed concentration of Tryptophan in DDGS. In conclusion, the SID of AA is decreased as a result of heat damage and the concentration of SID AA in heat-damaged DDGS may be predicted by regression equations developed in this experiment.

Use of a post-production fractionation process improves the nutritional value of wheat distillers grains with solubles for young broiler chicks

Background： Post-production fractionation of wheat distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） increases their crude protein content and reduces their fiber content.This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of fractionation of wheat DDGS on apparent total tract digestibility（ATTD） and performance when fed to broiler chicks（0–21 d）.Methods： A total of 150,day-old,male broiler chicks（Ross-308 line;Lilydale Hatchery,Wynyard,Saskatchewan） weighing an average of 49.6 ± 0.8 g were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design.The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal and contained 20% regular wheat DDGS.The experimental diets contained 5,10,15 or 20% fractionated wheat DDGS added at the expense of regular wheat DDGS.Results： The ATTD of dry matter and gross energy were linearly increased（P 0.01） as the level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet increased.Nitrogen retention was unaffected by level of fractionated wheat DDGS（P 0.05）.Weight gain increased linearly（P = 0.05） as the level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet increased.Feed intake,feed conversion and mortality were unaffected by level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet（P 0.05）.Conclusions： Post-production fractionation of wheat DDGS improves their nutritional value by lowering their fiber content and increasing their content of crude protein and energy.These changes in chemical composition supported increased weight gain of broilers fed wheat DDGS.

Effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal with dried distillers grains with solubles on the microbiota occupying different ecological niches in the rumen of growing Hu lambs

Background:Diet has a profound impact on the rumen microbiota,and the impact can vary among the different rumen ecological niches(REN).This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal(SBM)with dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)on the rumen microbiota occupying different REN of growing Hu lambs.After a 9-week feeding trial,6 lambs from each dietary treatment(SBM vs.DDGS-based diets)were slaughtered for sample collection.The microbiota of the rumen solid,liquid,and epithelium fractions was examined using amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene,functional prediction,and qPCR.Results:No interaction of dietary protein source(PS)and REN were detected for virtually all the measurements made in this study.The DDGS substitution resulted in very limited influence on bacterial community structure.However,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences varied greatly between SBM-and DDGS-based diets.The populations of rumen total bacteria,fungi,sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),and methanogens were not influenced by DDGS substitution,but the population of protozoa was reduced.The bacterial communities in rumen solid(RS)and liquid(RL)were similar in taxonomic composition but were different in relative abundance of some taxa.In contrast,the bacterial composition and relative abundance of rumen epithelium(RE)were greatly distinct from those of the RS and the RL.In alignment with the bacterial relative abundance,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA genes also varied greatly among the different REN.The populations of total bacteria,protozoa,and methanogens attached to the RE were smaller than those in the RS and RL,and the fungal population on the rumen epitheliumwas smaller than that in the RS but similar to that in the RL.On the contrary,the SRB population on the RE was greater than that in the RS and RL.Conclusions:Substitution of SBM with DDGS had greater impact to the protozoa than to the other microbes,and the microbial community structure and functions at different REN are distinct and niche-adapted.

Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility（SID） of amino acids（AA） in 3sources of distillers dried grains with solubles（DDGS） with different concentrations of fat.Twelve growing barrows（initial body weight：76.1 ± 6.2 kg） were randomly allotted to a replicated 6×4 Youden square design with 6 diets and 4 periods.The fat content of the 3 sources of DDGS were 11.5,7.5,and 6.9%respectively.Diets contained 60%DDGS and fat concentration of the diets were 7.5,52,and 5.2%,respectively.Two additional diets containing the 2sources of DDGS with 75 and 6.9%fat were also formulated,and corn oil was added to these diets to increase the concentration of fat in the diets to levels that were calculated to be similar to the diet containing conventional DDGS with 11.5%fat.A N-free diet was also formulated to calculate endogenous losses of crude protein（CP） and AA from the pigs.Pigs were fed experimental diets during four 7-d periods.The first 5 d of each period were an adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period.The apparent ileal digestibililty（AID） and SID of CP and all indispensable AA,except AID Pro and SID of Trp,were greater（P 〈 0.01） in conventional DDGS than in the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat.Adding oil to the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat did not consistently increase SID of AA.In conclusion,conventional DDGS has greater SID values for most AA compared with DDGS that contains less fat and inclusion of additional oil to diets containing low-fat DDGS does not increase AID or SID of AA.The lower AA digestibility in low-fat DDGS could not be overcome by the inclusion of additional fat to the diets.

Effect of Graded Levels of Wheat Distillers Grains with Solubles on Nutrient Digestibility,Performance and Carcass Traits of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Diets Based on Wheat and Field Peas

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of pigs （21.8 to 112.3 kg） fed diets based on wheat and field peas. Forty crossbred pigs were assigned on the basis of sex and weight to one of five dietary treatments in a 5 x 2 （treatment x sex） factorial arrangement. The experimental diets were based on wheat and field peas and were formulated to contain 0, 4.86%, 9.71%, 14.57% or 19.42% wheat DDGS during the growing period and 0, 4.01%, 8.05%, 12.10% and 16.14% wheat DDGS during the finishing period. At the highest levels, ~vheat DDGS supplied 100% of the supplementary protein. The digestibility coefficient for gross energy showed a tendency towards a linear decline （P 〈 0.08 ） as the level of wheat DDGS in the diet increased while digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein were unaffected （P 〉 0. 05 ） by inclusion level of wheat DDGS. During the growing period （21.8 to 60.8 kg）, weight gain of pigs fed wheat DDGS declined （P〈0.01） linearly. The impairment in growth appeared to be associated with a decrease in feed in- take which also declined linearly （P 〈 0.01 ） with increasing inclusion level of wheat DDGS. Feed conversion was unaffected by level of wheat DDGS. During the finishing period （60.8 to 112.3 kg）, and over the entire experimental period （21.8 to 112.3 kg ）, weight gain and feed conversion declined linearly as the dietary inclusion level of wheat DDGS increased. Carcass traits were generally unaffected by the inclusion of wheat DDGS with the exception of a trend towards a linear （P = 0.10） reduction in lean yield and a linear increase （ P = 0.09） in loin fat as the level of wheat DDGS in the diet increased. Overall, these results suggest that wheat DDGS are inferior to field peas as a supplementary protein source for use in swine rations.

Optimization of C/N ratio preparation of protein-rich and multi-enzymes feed thallus through synergic fermentation of mixed distillers'grains

A new procedure of determining optimal C/N (the rate of carbon source to nitrogen source) of mixed distillers' grains for combined bacteria synergic fermentation is established. At the same time an improved method evaluating bacteria growth, called method of dry cell weighing by filtering is developed. For each combination of C and N, their initial and residual contents before and after fermentation respectively are determined. Then followed the calculation of utilization of C and N sources by the compound bacteria. The optimal C/N is finally located from among the utilization of C and N of several combinations and the weight of produced mass of oven dried thallus. The conditions of fermentation are: inoculum size 10%, temperature 30 0℃, rotational speed 170 r/min, shake culture time 48h. The best results obtained from orthogonal experiments are: maximum mass of oven dried thallus is 14 693g in a liter liquid medium, maximum utilization rate of carbon source is 98 13% and maximum utilization rate of nitrogen is 78 14%. Optimal C/N is 5 1.

青稞酒糟水溶性膳食纤维的提取及其结构研究

以青稞酒糟为原料,采用酶解法提取水溶性膳食纤维。以水溶性膳食纤维得率为指标,通过正交试验优化提取工艺,并对水溶性膳食纤维的结构及性质进行研究。结果表明:最优提取工艺为料液比1∶15(g/mL)、酶解时间90 min、酶解温度60℃、α-淀粉酶添加量1.0%(以青稞酒糟粉质量计),在此条件下青稞酒糟水溶性膳食纤维得率为17.65%±0.26%;该水溶性膳食纤维为纤维素Ⅰ型结构且热稳定性良好,具有较优的物理性质、吸附性质和抑制α-淀粉酶活性的能力。

糟渣复合型饲料对肉牛增重的影响研究

该试验应用低成本的糟渣复合型饲料为突破口,开展饲喂糟渣复合型饲料对肉牛生长的影响,探索肉牛养殖增收的新方法、新材料。在甘肃省武威市的武威顶乐牧业有限公司旗下的牧业二场进行,在牧场选取40头1龄以上的架子育肥牛作为参试牛群,参试育肥牛日龄误差10日龄。试验设对照组和参试组2个组,每个组设参试牛20头,预试期15 d,在这期间,统一测量试验期初犊牛的体重、体高、胸围、体斜长、腹围,开展口蹄疫的免疫接种,做好饲料过渡,参试牛的登记等正试期准备工作;正试期180 d。应用糟渣复合型饲料进行育肥,育肥牛日增重较常规配混合饲料可增加0.17 kg,精饲料料重比可降低0.24,一个育肥期可增收992元,应用糟渣复合型饲料是肉牛生产中降本增效的措施之一。

灵芝固态发酵麦糟制备可溶性膳食纤维工艺优化

以麦糟为原料,通过灵芝固态发酵麦糟制备高品质麦糟膳食纤维,研究不同工艺条件对麦糟中可溶性膳食纤维含量的影响。通过单因素试验和响应面试验考察并优化影响可溶性膳食纤维含量的因素,得到灵芝发酵制备高品质麦糟膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,灵芝固态发酵麦糟制备可溶性膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为灵芝种子培养液接种量19%,麦糟与水的料水比1∶2(g∶mL),发酵温度26℃,发酵时间11 d。在此优化条件下,可溶性膳食纤维含量最高可达8.98%。发酵后麦糟膳食纤维持水力为2.67 g/g,持油力为2.03 g/g,膨胀力为4.69 mL/g,均比原麦糟有较大程度的提高。

青稞酒糟脂溶性成分超临界CO_(2)提取工艺优化及其组成分析

以青稞酒糟为研究对象,采用超临界CO_(2)萃取法提取青稞酒糟脂溶性成分,利用单因素和响应面试验确定最佳的提取条件,并用气相色谱-质谱联用法(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)对酒糟脂溶性成分中脂肪酸和甾醇的组成及含量进行分析。结果表明,青稞酒糟脂溶性成分的最佳提取条件为:装料系数0.6,萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间120 min,脂溶性成分的提取得率达5.50%。通过谱图解析和峰面积归一化法得出,酒糟脂溶性成分中共分离鉴定出18种脂肪酸,主要为亚油酸、棕榈酸和油酸,不饱和脂肪酸(Unsaturated Fatty Acid,USFA)含量为67.09%,单不饱和脂肪酸(Monounsaturated Fatty Acid,MUFA)含量为19.66%,多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid,PUFA)含量高达47.43%;此外,脂溶性成分中共分离鉴定出9种甾醇,β-谷甾醇的相对含量最高,为52.78%,其次是樟脑酚即菜油甾醇(12.80%)和豆甾醇(5.10%)。该研究可为青稞酒糟的深度开发和高值化利用提供理论依据。

单螺杆挤压对啤酒糟中水溶性膳食纤维含量影响的研究

通过挤压膨化技术对啤酒糟进行预处理,研究单螺杆挤压加工对啤酒糟中水溶性膳食纤维(water-soluble dietary fiber,SDF)含量的影响。试验采用正交试验优化啤酒糟挤压工艺,以提高啤酒糟中SDF的含量。在单因素试验基础上,以啤酒糟的水分含量、挤压机的机筒温度和螺杆转速为自变量,SDF含量为指标,确定最佳工艺参数。结果表明:水分含量20%,机筒温度130℃以及螺杆转速150 r/min,在此条件下测得的挤压啤酒糟SDF含量与原啤酒糟相比提高了24.00%。挤压膨化可以提高啤酒糟中水溶性膳食纤维含量。

DDGS粉尘燃爆特性试验研究及热反应分析

为研究饲料加工行业酒精糟及其干燥物(DDGS)粉尘的着火爆炸特性,采用热板炉、G-G炉、哈特曼管和20 L球爆炸装置对实际工段收集的DDGS粉尘进行试验分析;同时,采用热重-红外联用技术进一步分析DDGS受热分解反应过程以及该过程可能产生的可燃气体。研究结果表明:DDGS粉尘的粉尘层着火温度为280℃,粉尘云最低着火温度为460℃;最小点火能为30~100 mJ,粉尘云爆炸下限质量浓度为140 g/m 3,最大爆炸压力为0.68 MPa,爆炸强度属于St1级;DDGS受热分解过程中会产生小分子可燃气体,增加DDGS粉尘爆炸危险性。研究结果可为预防DDGS粉尘爆炸提供数据参考,并为今后进一步研究其热解过程的反应途径提供思路。

玉米湿酒糟及可溶物和浓缩可溶物在肉牛生产上的应用

玉米酒糟是利用玉米发酵加工生产乙醇后产生的主要联产品,是畜禽养殖的蛋白质、能量等营养成分的重要来源之一。当前市场主要销售的玉米干酒糟及可溶物(DDGS)水分含量低,便于存储和运输,但是其加工过程不仅消耗了大量的能源动力,而且损失了部分的营养物质。作为蛋白和能量饲料,将玉米湿酒糟及可溶物或浓缩可溶物按10%~20%的比例添加至肉牛日粮中,替代部分的玉米和豆粕,不仅可以提升日粮的整体转化效率,而且能在一定程度上提高牛肉的品质评级。本文重点梳理了有关利用玉米湿酒糟及可溶物和浓缩可溶物(WDGS)作为饲料直接饲喂肉牛的研究成果,为乙醇生产企业和肉牛养殖户提供一种新的产品应用方案。

Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS)

Corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the U.S.were characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols(lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound(free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular,thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.

叶面喷硒对鲜食玉米籽粒硒富集、叶绿素和糖含量的影响

采用2因素裂区设计,在3个供硒水平下,配施4个稀释倍数叶面肥,对鲜食玉米品种雪甜7401的籽粒硒含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖和产量进行大田试验。结果表明,在36.4 mg/kg的叶面喷硒处理浓度下,配施不同稀释倍数叶面肥后,玉米籽粒硒含量均显著提高,增幅最大,为1 708.33%~2 330.00%;并且在配施叶面肥稀释倍数为750倍时,籽粒硒含量达到最大值;喷硒对玉米叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量影响不显著,配施叶面肥后,喷施36.4 mg/kg较20.8 mg/kg更有利于提高叶片中叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量,叶绿素含量增幅为1.14%~6.06%;当稀释倍数为750、1 000时,可溶性糖含量分别提高1.6%、5.4%;并且可溶性糖含量、产量均随着硒浓度的增加而有所增加。综合考虑生理特性和籽粒硒含量,当以雪甜7401作为富硒鲜食玉米品种,广西缺硒地区可推荐叶面喷硒量为36.4 mg/kg,并配施稀释倍数为750倍的中量元素水溶肥料(耐普9),可获得较稳定产量、甜度较高、玉米籽粒硒含量符合广西富硒农产品标准DB45/T 1061-2014(0.15-0.50 mg/kg)的富硒玉米。

沉积物理化特征对阿拉善苏宏图盆地粘土沙丘成因的影响

对苏宏图盆地红色粘土沙丘表沙、结壳、湖底沉积物粒度和水溶液电导率特征及沙丘走向进行研究。研究表明:①苏宏图盆地红色粘土沙丘表沙粒度组成以粉砂为主(51.52%),粘土含量较高(16.64%),粒度频率分布呈明显的多峰布特征,与典型的沙漠沙丘具有显著差异;②红色粘土沙丘表沙与湖底沉积物具有大致相似的粒度分布特征,反映了苏宏图盆地湖底沉积物是粘土沙丘的主要物质来源;③苏宏图盆地红色粘土沙丘是以砂粒大小的团聚体颗粒被风搬运、堆积形成;④粒度组成、沙源和气候条件的差异是造成不同地区粘土沙丘形态、可移动性及沉积构造显著差异的主要原因;③苏宏图盆地耙状红色粘土沙丘可被认为是东西走向遵循不稳定床型发育模式的新月形沙丘叠加上东南延伸遵循指状延伸模式的次生臂膀而成。

基于大数据对3个储粮生态区大豆品质指标的变化分析

为了探究我国3个储粮生态区的大豆存储质量变化周期,指导不同储粮生态区大豆保质技术措施,收集了相关储存库点2014—2016年大豆品质数据,考察了大豆储存过程中粗脂肪酸值、蛋白质溶解比率的变化,分析了大豆品质指标与粗脂肪酸值、蛋白质溶解比率的相关性。结果发现:区域储存温度对大豆粗脂肪酸值影响较为明显,对蛋白质溶解比率影响较弱;在第五区中温高湿区储存大豆,其粗脂肪酸值增长与损伤粒、热损伤粒的增加及储存时间的延长有一定关系,蛋白质溶解比率与热损伤粒有一定的关系。综上,合理控制大豆的损伤粒、热损伤粒比例,对于控制其粗脂肪酸值和蛋白质溶解比率有较明显作用。

灌浆期不同温光对水稻叶、籽粒可溶性蛋白质及可溶性糖动态变化的影响

The effects of temperature and light on the content of soluble protein and soluble sugar in rice leaves and grains were discussed. High temperature promotes the translocation of soluble protein and soluble sugar from leaves to grains, resulting in the high content of them in grains, and at the same time, it accelerates the senescence of leaves, resulting in a high remains of them in leaves and low grain-weight. At identical high temperature, the senescence of leaves in weak light is slower than that in strong light. Moderate temperature makes the translocation of soluble protein and soluble sugar from leaves to grains steady and transduction of sugar to starch to a greater degree, resulting in full grain filling. At the same low temperature, the strong photosynthesis in strong light can make up for the fast senescence. Among the four combinations, low-temperature and strong-light are most advantageous to milk filling, and the high-temperature and weak-light are the worst.

两种筋力型小麦叶、粒可溶性糖含量及与籽粒淀粉积累的关系

在大田条件下,研究了豫麦34号和豫麦5 0号2种筋力型小麦品种灌浆期旗叶、籽粒可溶性糖含量、淀粉积累速率及粒重的变化。结果表明,小麦旗叶可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量在开花后30d出现高峰,籽粒可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量在灌浆期呈一致的下降趋势,可溶性糖含量变化与籽粒淀粉积累和粒重关系密切。强筋型品种豫麦34号较弱筋型品种豫麦5 0号灌浆期旗叶具有较强的营养物质外运能力,籽粒同样具有很强的转化利用同化物的能力,致使豫麦34号最终的总淀粉含量较高,支链淀粉含量也明显高于豫麦5 0号,粒重达到较高水平。