Improved decoy-state quantum key distribution with uncharacterized heralded single-photon sources

Encoding system plays a significant role in quantum key distribution(QKD).However,the security and performance of QKD systems can be compromised by encoding misalignment due to the inevitable defects in realistic devices.To alleviate the influence of misalignments,a method exploiting statistics from mismatched basis is proposed to enable uncharacterized sources to generate secure keys in QKD.In this work,we propose a scheme on four-intensity decoy-state quantum key distribution with uncharacterized heralded single-photon sources.It only requires the source states are prepared in a two-dimensional Hilbert space,and can thus reduce the complexity of practical realizations.Moreover,we carry out corresponding numerical simulations and demonstrate that our present four-intensity decoy-state scheme can achieve a much higher key rate compared than a three-intensity decoy-state method,and meantime it can obtain a longer transmission distance compared than the one using weak coherent sources.

A study of pulsed high voltage driven hollow-cathode electron beam sources through synchronous optical trigger

In this study,a pulsed,high voltage driven hollow-cathode electron beam sources through an optical trigger is designed with characteristics of simple structure,low cost,and easy triggering.To validate the new design,the characteristics of hollow-cathode discharge and electron beam characterization under pulsed high voltage drive are studied experimentally and discussed by discharge characteristics and analyses of waveform details,respectively.The validation experiments indicate that the pulsed high voltage supply significantly improves the frequency and stability of the discharge,which provides a new solution for the realization of a high-frequency,high-energy electron beam source.The peak current amplitude in the high-energy electron beam increases from 6.2 A to 79.6 A,which indicates the pulsed power mode significantly improves the electron beam performance.Besides,increasing the capacitance significantly affects the highcurrent,lower-energy electron beam more than the high-energy electron beam.

Research Progress on Distribution,Sources and Ecological Effects of Phthalate in Soil

Phthalate esters(PAEs)are widely used as main plasticizers in plastic products,agricultural regulators,toys,and other fields.This paper reviewed the research progress on the distribution,sources,and ecological effects of PAEs.The effects of PAEs on soil microorganisms,animals,plants and soil properties were explored in sequence,providing effective theoretical basis for future research on PAEs.

3D near-surface P-wave velocity structure imaging with Distributed Acoustic Sensing and electric hammer source

Distributed Acoustic Sensing(DAS) is an emerging technique for ultra-dense seismic observation, which provides a new method for high-resolution sub-surface seismic imaging. Recently a large number of linear DAS arrays have been used for two-dimensional S-wave near-surface imaging in urban areas. In order to explore the feasibility of three-dimensional(3D) structure imaging using a DAS array, we carried out an active source experiment at the Beijing National Earth Observatory. We deployed a 1 km optical cable in a rectangular shape, and the optical cable was recast into 250 sensors with a channel spacing of 4 m. The DAS array clearly recorded the P, S and surface waves generated by a hammer source. The first-arrival P wave travel times were first picked with a ShortTerm Average/Long-Term Average(STA/LTA) method and further manually checked. The P-wave signals recorded by the DAS are consistent with those recorded by the horizontal components of short-period seismometers. At shorter source-receiver distances, the picked P-wave arrivals from the DAS recording are consistent with vertical component recordings of seismometers, but they clearly lag behind the latter at greater distances.This is likely due to a combination of the signal-to-noise ratio and the polarization of the incoming wave. Then,we used the Tomo DD software to invert the 3D P-wave velocity structure for the uppermost 50 m with a resolution of 10 m. The inverted P-wave velocity structures agree well with the S-wave velocity structure previously obtained through ambient noise tomography. Our study indicates the feasibility of 3D near-surface imaging with the active source and DAS array. However, the inverted absolute velocity values at large depths may be biased due to potential time shifts between the DAS recording and seismometer at large source-receiver distances.

An Approach for Cost-Efficient Grid Integration of Distributed Renewable Energy Sources

We describe a specific approach to capacity man a ge ment for distribution grids. Based on simulations, it has been found that by curtailing a maximum of 5% of the yearly energy production on a per-generator basis, distribution grid connection capacity can be doubled. We also present the setting and fi rst results of a fi eld test for validating the approach in a rural distribution grid in northern Germany.

Optimal Operation of Electric Vehicles and Distributed Generation Resources in Smart Grid Considering Load Management

Technology advancement and the global tendency to use renewable energy in distributed generation units in the distribution network have been proposed as sources of energy supply.Despite the complexity of their protection,as well as the operation of distributed generation resources in the distribution network,factors such as improving reliability,increasing production capacity of the distribution network,stabilizing the voltage of the distribution network,reducing peak clipping losses,as well as economic and environmental considerations,have expanded the influence of distributed generation(DG)resources in the distribution network.The location of DG sources and their capacity are the key factors in the effectiveness of distributed generation in the voltage stability of distribution systems.Nowadays,along with the scattered production sources of electric vehicles with the ability to connect to the network,due to having an energy storage system,they are known as valuable resources that can provide various services to the power system.These vehicles can empower the grid or be used as a storage supply source when parked and connected to the grid.This paper introduces and studies a two-stage planning framework for the concurrent management of many electric vehicles and distributed generation resources with private ownership.In the first stage,the aim is to increase the profit of electric vehicles and distributed generation sources;finally,the purpose is to reduce operating costs.The proposed scheduling framework is tested on a distribution network connected to bus 5 of the RBTS sample network.Besides distributed generation sources and electric vehicles,we integrate time-consistent load management into the system.Due to distributed generation sources such as photovoltaic systems and wind turbines and the studied design in the modeling,we use the Taguchi TOAT algorithm to generate and reduce the scenario to ensure the uncertainty in renewable energy.MATLAB software is used to solve the problem and select the optimal answer.

配电物联网设备实物ID的差异化优化配置方法

配电物联网设备具有种类多、海量和异构的特点,为对其进行快速有效管理,按照一定的编码规则对配电物联网实物ID编码,是一种行之有效的方法之一。然而,数量众多、种类繁杂、层次多样的云/网/边/端配电物联网设备常导致现有的实物ID技术应用效率偏低,为此,本文提出了一种配电物联网设备实物ID的差异化优化配置方法。首先,通过对配电网边层与端层设备的优化配置,建立配电网设备属性库,并通过标识技术对实体信息进行整合与共享;其次,通过编码技术对设备实体信息代码化,实现了高效快速识别配电物联网设备实体属性;进一步,通过构建配电物联网ID差异化优化配置模型,实现高效率的配电物联网实物ID识别。最后,案例验证了本文所提方法的可行性,实现了电网实物资产的合理化储备,合理控制成本,显著提高了实物ID技术在配电物联网中的应用效率。

Beam and image experiment of beam deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources

Distributed X-ray sources comprise a single vacuum chamber containing multiple X-ray sources that are triggered and emit X-rays at a specific time and location. This process facilitates an application for innovative system concepts in X-ray and computer tomography. This paper proposes a novel electron beam focusing, shaping,and deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources.The electron gun uses a dispenser cathode as an electron emitter, a mesh grid to control emission current, and two electrostatic lenses for beam shaping, focusing, and deflection. Novel focusing and deflecting electrodes were designed to increase the number of focal spots in the distributed source. Two identical half-rectangle opening electrodes are controlled by adjusting the potential of the two electrodes to control the electron beam trajectory, and then, multifocal spots are obtained on the anode target. The electron gun can increase the spatial density of the distributed X-ray sources, thereby improving the image quality. The beam experimental results show that the focal spot sizes of the deflected(deflected amplitude 10.5 mm)and non-deflected electron beams at full width at half maximum are 0.80 mm 90.50 mm and 0.55 mm 90.40 mm, respectively(anode voltage 160 kV; beam current 30 mA). The imaging experimental results demonstrate the excellent spatial resolution and time resolution of an imaging system built with the sources, which has an excellent imaging effect on a field-programmable gate array chip and a rotating metal disk.

DOA estimation of incoherently distributed sources using importance sampling maximum likelihood

In this paper, an importance sampling maximum likelihood(ISML) estimator for direction-of-arrival(DOA) of incoherently distributed(ID) sources is proposed. Starting from the maximum likelihood estimation description of the uniform linear array(ULA), a decoupled concentrated likelihood function(CLF) is presented. A new objective function based on CLF which can obtain a closed-form solution of global maximum is constructed according to Pincus theorem. To obtain the optimal value of the objective function which is a complex high-dimensional integral,we propose an importance sampling approach based on Monte Carlo random calculation. Next, an importance function is derived, which can simplify the problem of generating random vector from a high-dimensional probability density function(PDF) to generate random variable from a one-dimensional PDF. Compared with the existing maximum likelihood(ML) algorithms for DOA estimation of ID sources, the proposed algorithm does not require initial estimates, and its performance is closer to CramerRao lower bound(CRLB). The proposed algorithm performs better than the existing methods when the interval between sources to be estimated is small and in low signal to noise ratio(SNR)scenarios.

Blind identification and DOA estimation for array sources in presence of scattering

A novel identification method for point source,coherently distributed（CD） source and incoherently distributed（ICD） source is proposed.The differences among the point source,CD source and ICD source are studied.According to the different characters of covariance matrix and general steering vector of the array received source,a second order blind identification method is used to separate the sources,the mixing matrix could be obtained.From the mixing matrix,the type of the source is identified by using an amplitude criterion.And the direction of arrival for the array received source is estimated by using the matching pursuit algorithm from the vectors of the mixing matrix.Computer simulations validate the efficiency of the method.

Energy properties and spatial plume profile of ionic liquid ion sources based on an array of porous metal strips

An ionic liquid ion source(ILIS)is a kind of high brightness ion source capable of providing high-speed positive or negative ion beams.This paper presents a miniaturized ILIS based on an array of porous metal strips.The porous emitter array,integrated with seven 10 mm long strips,is fabricated using wire electrical discharge machining(WEDM)combined with electrochemical etching.The assembled ILIS is 30 mm×30 mm×17.5 mm in size and weighs less than 25 g.A series of experiments,including anⅠ-Ⅴcharacteristic test,a retarding potential analyzer(RPA)test,and a spatial plume distribution test,have been conducted in vacuo to characterize the performance of the ILIS.Results show that the emitted current is up to about 800μA and ion transparency is as high as 94%.Besides,RPA curves reveal that the total fragmentation rate of the emitted particles accounts for 48.8%in positive mode and 59.8%in negative mode.Further,with the increase in applied acceleration voltage,the voltage loss rises while the energy efficiency decreases.It is also found that the plume perpendicular to the strips has a higher divergence than the one parallel to the strips.A numerical simulation by COMSOL reveals that the electric field distribution between the two electrodes results in such a spatial plume profile.

Types, Evolution and Pool-Controlling Significance of Pool Fluid Sources in Superimposed Basins:A Case Study from Paleozoic and Mesozoic in South China

Having multiple tectonic evolution stages, South China belongs to a superimposed basin in nature. Most marine gas pools became secondary pools. The pool fluid sources serve as the principal pool-controlling factors. On the basis of eight typical petroleum pools, the type, evolution in time-space, and the controlling of petroleum distribution of pool fluid sources are comprehensively analyzed. The main types of pool fluid sources include hydrocarbon, generated primarily and secondly from source rocks, gas cracked from crude oil, gas dissolved in water, inorganic gas, and mixed gases. In terms of evolution, the primary hydrocarbon was predominant prior to Indosinian; during Indosinian to Yenshanian the secondary gas includes gas cracked from crude oil, gas generated secondarily, gas dissolved in water, and inorganic gas dominated; during Yenshanian to Himalayan the most fluid sources were mixed gases. Controlled by pool fluid sources, the pools with mixed gas sources distributed mainly in Upper Yangtze block, especially Sichuan （四川） basin; the pools with primary hydrocarbon sources distributed in paleo-uplifts such as Jiangnan （江南）, but most of these pools became fossil pools; the pools with secondary hydrocarbon source distributed in the areas covered by Cretaceous and Eogene in Middle-Lower Yangtze blocks, and Chuxiong （楚雄）, Shiwandashan （十万大山）, and Nanpanjiang （南盘江） basins; the pools with inorganic gas source mainly formed and distributed in tensional structure areas.

Distributed Video Coding Using LDPC Codes for Wireless Video

Popular video coding standards like H.264 and MPEG working on the principle of motion-compensated pre-dictive coding demand much of the computational resources at the encoder increasing its complexity. Such bulky encoders are not suitable for applications like wireless low power surveillance, multimedia sensor networks, wireless PC cameras, mobile camera phones etc. New video coding scheme based on the principle of distributed source coding is looked upon in this paper. This scheme supports a low complexity encoder, at the same time trying to achieve the rate distortion performance of conventional video codecs. Current im-plementation uses LDPC codes for syndrome coding.

Phase-matching quantum key distribution with imperfect sources

The huge discrepancies between actual devices and theoretical assumptions severely threaten the security of quantum key distribution.Recently,a general new framework called the reference technique has attracted wide attention in defending against the imperfect sources of quantum key distribution.Here,the state preparation flaws,the side channels of mode dependencies,the Trojan horse attacks,and the pulse classical correlations are studied by using the reference technique on the phase-matching protocol.Our simulation results highlight the importance of the actual secure parameters choice for transmitters,which is necessary to achieve secure communication.Increasing the single actual secure parameter will reduce the secure key rate.However,as long as the parameters are set properly,the secure key rate is still high.Considering the influences of multiple actual secure parameters will significantly reduce the secure key rate.These actual secure parameters must be considered when scientists calibrate transmitters.This work is an important step towards the practical and secure implementation of phase-matching protocol.In the future,it is essential to study the main parameters,find out their maximum and general values,classify the multiple parameters as the same parameter,and give countermeasures.

黄河源区高寒退化草地空间分布特征

为了解黄河源地区“黑土滩”退化草地的空间分布规律和分布的关键地形特征,利用2019年黄河源区玛沁县、河南县、泽库县遥感影像解译数据,结合实地调查,分析高寒“黑土滩”型退化草地空间分布特征。结果表明:黄河源区“黑土滩”型退化草地海拔为3500~4000m,且在海拔3700~3800m时退化最严重;从坡向分析来看,“黑土滩”型退化草地主要发生于阳坡、半阳坡,从坡度分析来看,“黑土滩”型退化草地主要发生于缓坡地和滩地。聚类分析发现研究区草地类型为阳坡极度退化草地、半阳坡重度退化草地、阳坡-滩地轻度退化草地、半阳坡轻度退化草地、湿地轻度退化草地、阴坡未退化草地等6类。随着退化程度的加剧,植被盖度、地上生物量减少;同一土层的全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、有机质含量在湿地轻度退化草地和阴坡轻度退化草地中最高,阳坡极度退化草地最低,且差异显著(P<0.05);丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数以及土壤速效钾含量在重度、轻度退化草地较高,湿地轻度退化草地显著最低。阳坡极度退化草地全钾含量、鼠害破坏率和鼠洞数最高,湿地轻度退化草地全钾含量最低,与阳坡极度退化草地差异显著(P<0.05);湿地轻度退化草地和阴坡轻度退化草地均无鼠类活动。

Research on Grid Planning of Dual Power Distribution Network Based on Parallel Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

A distribution network plays an extremely important role in the safe and efficient operation of a power grid.As the core part of a power grid’s operation,a distribution network will have a significant impact on the safety and reliability of residential electricity consumption.it is necessary to actively plan and modify the distribution network’s structure in the power grid,improve the quality of the distribution network,and optimize the planning of the distribution network,so that the network can be fully utilized to meet the needs of electricity consumption.In this paper,a distribution network grid planning algorithm based on the reliability of electricity consumption was completed using ant colony algorithm.For the distribution network structure planning of dual power sources,the parallel ant colony algorithm was used to prove that the premise of parallelism is the interactive process of ant colonies,and the dual power distribution network structure model is established based on the principle of the lowest cost.The artificial ants in the algorithm were compared with real ants in nature,and the basic steps and working principle of the ant colony optimization algorithm was studied with the help of the travelling salesman problem(TSP).Then,the limitations of the ant colony algorithm were analyzed,and an improvement strategy was proposed by using python for digital simulation.The results demonstrated the reliability of model-building and algorithm improvement.

枯水期西安水体中DOM的组成、性质和来源

由于区域水体中DOM存在多样性和差异性,以西安市水体为研究对象,采用三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析和紫外光谱技术,探究西安市枯水期水体中DOM的荧光组分、来源及分子性质差异.结果表明,西安市枯水期水体DOC为2.66~9.48mg/L,DOM中含有2种类腐殖质(总贡献率平均值在70%以上)和1种类蛋白质,以富里酸为主,主要来源为生物源,自生源特征较强或很强、整体腐殖化程度较弱.浐灞河下游、皂河、临河、护城河和漕运渠中DOM的相对含量及苯环取代程度相对较高,黑河中DOM的相对含量和苯环取代程度较低,而相对分子量较高.灞河、皂河和沣河下游段DOM的相对分子量和所含富里酸比例小于上游段.水体DOC与其UV_(254)、α_(355)和总荧光强度呈两两正相关(r=0.850~0.939,P<0.01).西安市枯水期水体中DOM的分子性质和来源呈空间异质性,属于类腐殖质主导型.水体DOC的UV_(254)、α_(355)及总荧光强度可间接表示DOM的相对含量.本研究可为制定有效的水环境治理措施提供参考.

上海淀山湖表层沉积物中卤代阻燃剂时空分布

通过方差分析、主成分分析和商值法探究了上海淀山湖28个表层沉积物中56种卤代阻燃剂(HFRs)的时空分布特征、污染源及潜在生态风险.结果表明,上海快速工业化和城市化进程导致典型水源地淀山湖表层沉积物中3种HFRs出现明显累积,其中替代型溴代阻燃剂(Σ_(22)ABFRs,21.418ng/g)浓度已超出传统溴代阻燃剂(Σ_(23)PBDEs,10.344ng/g)约2倍.十溴联苯醚(BDE209,7.890ng/g),十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE,17.990ng/g)和得克隆(Σ_(Syn+Anti)DP,1.176ng/g)是最主要的同系物.这些HFRs的高值点主要出现在环湖生活生产活动较密集的淀山湖西南区域,季节性差异不显著.主成分分析法揭示出商用十溴、五溴和八溴二苯醚及其替代品的使用,以及含新型阻燃剂的塑料制品的使用是主要来源.基于商值法的风险评估揭示出五溴联苯醚、BDE209、DBDPE、2,4,6-三溴苯氧基乙烷(BTBPE)和2-乙基己基-2,3,4,5-四溴苯甲酸酯(TBB)在绝大多数沉积物中对底栖生物均呈现中等风险,BDE209在个别采样点出现高风险,表明未来对这些卤代阻燃剂的环境监管仍需加强.

多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置

配电网逐步发展成为光伏、电动汽车等新型源荷的主要承载平台,面临的电压越限和线路过载等问题逐步加剧。柔性配电装置具有良好的调控能力,成为提高配电网运行灵活性的有效手段。已有的柔性化升级主要面向中压或低压配电网,多电压等级配电网柔性互联的潜力被忽视。因此,该文开展多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置方法研究。首先,提出多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置策略;其次,在计及源荷不确定性影响下,考虑源荷典型场景的概率化波动,建立多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置模型。最后,为实现大规模优化配置模型的可靠收敛,采用凸差规划算法进行求解。选取实际配电网算例对优化配置模型和求解算法进行验证,结果表明,所提方法可以有效解决多电压等级配电系统智能软开关协同配置问题,支撑配电网承载高比例新型源荷,在提高系统运行安全性的同时具有更好的经济效益。

面向高比例分布式能源接入的输配网两阶段风险调度研究

随着大量高比例可再生能源接入配电网,潮流呈现双向化,输电网和配电网互联性增加,分散独立的调度影响电网可靠稳定运行水平。面对输网与配网间互济需求增强的现状,提出了面向高比例分布式能源接入的输配电网两阶段风险调度研究。首先以最小运行成本为目标,构建考虑输配电网不同运行风险的日前经济调度模型,在风险限值约束情况下协同优化系统源网荷储多种可调资源;其次构建目标函数为综合风险值最小的日内风险调度模型,计算三类运行风险指标值,对日前可调控资源进行出力计划调整;最后通过改进的粒子群算例求解模型,证明了该模型可使输配电网间交互协调,协同优化运行成本与运行风险,验证了所提两阶段风险调度模型的有效性和优越性。