Resolving co- and early post-seismic slip variations of the 2021 MW 7.4 Madoi earthquake in east Bayan Har block with a block-wide distributed deformation mode from satellite synthetic aperture radar data

On 21 May 2021(UTC),an MW 7.4 earthquake jolted the east Bayan Har block in the Tibetan Plateau.The earthquake received widespread attention as it is the largest event in the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings since the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,and especially in proximity to the seismic gaps on the east Kunlun fault.Here we use satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar data and subpixel offset observations along the range directions to characterize the coseismic deformation of the earthquake.Range offset displacements depict clear surface ruptures with a total length of~170 km involving two possible activated fault segments in the earthquake.Coseismic modeling results indicate that the earthquake was dominated by left-lateral strike-slip motions of up to 7 m within the top 12 km of the crust.The well-resolved slip variations are characterized by five major slip patches along strike and 64%of shallow slip deficit,suggesting a young seismogenic structure.Spatial-temporal changes of the postseismic deformation are mapped from early 6-day and 24-day InSAR observations,and are well explained by time-dependent afterslip models.Analysis of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)velocity profiles and strain rates suggests that the eastward extrusion of plateau is diffusely distributed across the east Bayan Har block,but exhibits significant lateral heterogeneities,as evidenced by magnetotelluric observations.The block-wide distributed deformation of the east Bayan Har block along with the significant co-and post-seismic stress loadings from the Madoi earthquake imply high seismic risks along regional faults,especially the Tuosuo Lake and Maqên-Maqu segments of the Kunlun fault that are known as seismic gaps.

Cramer-Rao bound and signal-to-noise ratio gain in distributed coherent aperture radar

This paper studies the estimation performance of the coherent processing parameter （CPP）, including time delay differences and phase synchronization errors among different apertures of the distributed coherent aperture radar （DCAR）. Firstly, three architectures of signal processing in the DCAR are introduced. Secondly, the closed-form Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） of the CPP estimation is derived and compared. Then, the closed-form CRB is verified by numerical simulations. Finally, when the next generation radar works in a fully coherent mode, the closed-form signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） gain of the three architectures is presented.

Distributed inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of ship target with complex motion

For ship targets with complex motion,it is difficult for the traditional monostatic inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR)imaging to improve the cross-range resolution by increasing of accumulation time.In this paper,a distributed ISAR imaging algorithm is proposed to improve the cross-range resolution for the ship target.Multiple stations are used to observe the target in a short time,thereby the effect of incoherence caused by the complex motion of the ship can be reduced.The signal model of ship target with three-dimensional(3-D)rotation is constructed firstly.Then detailed analysis about the improvement of crossrange resolution is presented.Afterward,we propose the methods of parameters estimation to solve the problem of the overlap or gap,which will cause a loss of resolution and is necessary for subsequent processing.Besides,the compressed sensing(CS)method is applied to reconstruct the echoes with gaps.Finally,numerical simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed algorithm.

A synthetic aperture radar sea surface distribution estimation by n-order Bézier curve and its application in ship detection

To dates,most ship detection approaches for single-pol synthetic aperture radar（SAR） imagery try to ensure a constant false-alarm rate（CFAR）.A high performance ship detector relies on two key components：an accurate estimation to a sea surface distribution and a fine designed CFAR algorithm.First,a novel nonparametric sea surface distribution estimation method is developed based on n-order Bézier curve.To estimate the sea surface distribution using n-order Bézier curve,an explicit analytical solution is derived based on a least square optimization,and the optimal selection also is presented to two essential parameters,the order n of Bézier curve and the number m of sample points.Next,to validate the ship detection performance of the estimated sea surface distribution,the estimated sea surface distribution by n-order Bézier curve is combined with a cell averaging CFAR（CA-CFAR）.To eliminate the possible interfering ship targets in background window,an improved automatic censoring method is applied.Comprehensive experiments prove that in terms of sea surface estimation performance,the proposed method is as good as a traditional nonparametric Parzen window kernel method,and in most cases,outperforms two widely used parametric methods,K and G0 models.In terms of computation speed,a major advantage of the proposed estimation method is the time consuming only depended on the number m of sample points while independent of imagery size,which makes it can achieve a significant speed improvement to the Parzen window kernel method,and in some cases,it is even faster than two parametric methods.In terms of ship detection performance,the experiments show that the ship detector which constructed by the proposed sea surface distribution model and the given CA-CFAR algorithm has wide adaptability to different SAR sensors,resolutions and sea surface homogeneities and obtains a leading performance on the test dataset.

GF-3 data real-time processing method based on multi-satellite distributed data processing system

Due to the limited scenes that synthetic aperture radar(SAR)satellites can detect,the full-track utilization rate is not high.Because of the computing and storage limitation of one satellite,it is difficult to process large amounts of data of spaceborne synthetic aperture radars.It is proposed to use a new method of networked satellite data processing for improving the efficiency of data processing.A multi-satellite distributed SAR real-time processing method based on Chirp Scaling(CS)imaging algorithm is studied in this paper,and a distributed data processing system is built with field programmable gate array(FPGA)chips as the kernel.Different from the traditional CS algorithm processing,the system divides data processing into three stages.The computing tasks are reasonably allocated to different data processing units(i.e.,satellites)in each stage.The method effectively saves computing and storage resources of satellites,improves the utilization rate of a single satellite,and shortens the data processing time.Gaofen-3(GF-3)satellite SAR raw data is processed by the system,with the performance of the method verified.

Phase synchronization processing method for alternating bistatic mode in distributed SAR

In the distributed synthetic aperture radar （SAR）, the alternating bistatic mode can perform phase reference without a synchronization link between two satellites compared with the pulsed alternate synchronization method. The key of the phase synchronization processing is to extract the oscillator phase differences from the bistatic echoes. A signal model of phase synchronization in the alternating bistatic mode is presented. The phase synchronization processing method is then studied. To reduce the phase errors introduced by SAR imaging, a sub-aperture processing method is proposed. To generalize the sub-aperture processing method, an echo-domain processing method using correlation of bistatic echoes is proposed. Finally, the residual phase errors of the both proposed processing methods are analyzed. Simulation experiments validate the proposed phase synchronization processing method and its phase error analysis results.

Detection performance analysis for MIMO radar with distributed apertures in Gaussian colored noise

This paper establishes the classic linear model of signal of the MIMO radar system with distributed apertures. Based on this model, the design principle and detection performance of MIMO radar detector is investigated under conditions of Gaussian colored noise and partially correlated observation channels. First, the research on design principle of detector shows that the clutter suppression and matched filtering can be independently implemented at each receiving aperture, which greatly reduces the difficulty in implementation of these detectors. Based on these results, a Max detector is proposed for the case where partial channels are disabled due to strong noise and stealth techniques. The second part is the performance analysis of detector. The Fishier divergence coefficient and the statistical equivalent decomposition of limit statistics are used to theoretically analyze the detection performance of AMF detector, and then the analytical expressions of the detection performance of the AMF detector is derived. Analysis results show that both the colored nature of noise and the correlation among observation channels can reduce the capability of spatial diversity of the MIMO radar system, change the target RCSs among observation channels from quick fluctuation to slow fluctuation, and degenerate the detection performance of this radar system into that of the phased array radar system at high signal-to-noise ratio.

Time and phase synchronization using clutter observations in airborne distributed coherent aperture radars

Airborne Distributed Coherent Aperture Radar(ADCAR)is one of the most promising next-generation radars to significantly improve target detection and discrimination abilities.However,time and phase synchronization among unit radars should be done before an ADCAR is intended to cohere on a potential target.To address this problem,a time and phase synchronization technique using clutter observations is proposed in this paper.Clutter returns from different azimuths and elevations on the surface of the earth are employed to calibrate system uncertainties.Two stages are mainly considered:a scene registration among range-Doppler units from different transmit/receive pairs is performed to enhance the clutter coherence in the first stage,followed by a joint estimation of those synchronization errors in the second stage.To relieve the computational burden,a novel Separable and Sequential Estimation(SSE)method is provided to separate the unknowns at the sacrifice of a range-Doppler unit.Moreover,performance analyses including the clutter coherence ability,estimation lower bound,and signal coherence loss are also performed.Finally,simulation results indicate that ADCAR time and phase synchronization is realized by using our methods.

Formation flying orbit design for the distributed synthetic aperture radar satellite

Formation flying orbit design is one of the key technologies for system design and performance analysis of the distributed SAR satellites. The approximately analytic solution of the passive stable formation flying orbit elements is explored based on the expansion form of Kepler's equation. A new method of orbital parameters design for three-dimensional formation flying SAR satellites is presented, and the precision of the orbital elements is analyzed. Formation flying orbit elements are calculated for the L-Band distributed SAR satellites using the formulas deduced in this paper. The accuracy of the orbital elements is validated by the computer simulation results presented in this paper.

Coseismic slip distribution of 2009 L'Aquila earthquake derived from InSAR and GPS data

To better understand the mechanism of the Mw6.3 L＇Aquila （Central Italy） earthquake occurred in 2009, global positioning system （GPS） and interferometric synthetic aperture radar （InSAR） data were used to derive the coseismic slip distribution of the earthquake fault. Firstly, based on the homogeneous elastic half-space model, the fault geometric parameters were solved by the genetic algorithm. The best fitting model shows that the fault is a 13.7 km×14.1 km rectangular fault, in 139.3° strike direction and 50.2° southwest-dipping. Secondly, fixing the optimal fault geometric parameters, the fault plane was extended and discretized into 16× 16 patches, each with a size of 1 kmx 1 krn, and the non-uniform slip distribution of the fault was inverted by the steepest descent method with an appropriate smoothing ratio based on the layered crustal structure model. The preferred solution shows that the fault is mainly a normal fault with slight right-lateral strike slip, the maximum slip of 1.01 m is located in the depth of 8.28 km, the average rake is -100.9°, and the total geodetic moment is about 3.34× 1018 N.m （Mw 6.28）. The results are much closer than previous studies in comparison with the seismological estimation. These demonstrate that the coseismic fault slip distribution of the L＇Aauila earthauake inverted by the crustal model considering layered characters is reliable.

A statistical distribution texton feature for synthetic aperture radar image classification

We propose a novel statistical distribution texton(s-texton) feature for synthetic aperture radar(SAR) image classification. Motivated by the traditional texton feature, the framework of texture analysis, and the importance of statistical distribution in SAR images, the s-texton feature is developed based on the idea that parameter estimation of the statistical distribution can replace the filtering operation in the traditional texture analysis of SAR images. In the process of extracting the s-texton feature, several strategies are adopted, including pre-processing, spatial gridding, parameter estimation, texton clustering, and histogram statistics. Experimental results on Terra SAR data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed s-texton feature.

机载有源相控阵火控雷达技术发展

机载火控雷达是战斗机平台获取信息的主要传感器,经历了测距机、脉冲雷达、脉冲多普勒雷达、相控阵雷达的发展历程。文中通过对现有战斗机火控雷达现状分析,结合未来战斗机平台作战需求分析等多个角度分析对机载火控雷达的需求和技术牵引,结合射频一体化、分布式探测、智能蒙皮、隐身探测和芯片化等新兴技术,展望未来机载火控雷达发展趋势,为后续机载火控雷达设计与研究提供参考借鉴。

地基深空探测雷达研究进展与展望

地基深空探测雷达通过主动发射电磁波,并接收反射信号,实现对深空目标的精确测量,是研究月球、近地小行星、类地行星等深空目标的重要手段。地基深空探测雷达可以高精度测量深空目标的轨道、自转、形貌等特征,具有全天时全天候观测、精确测距、高分辨率成像等优势,对近地小行星防御和行星科学研究具有重要意义。本文介绍了地基深空探测雷达的概念内涵,梳理了地基深空探测雷达系统的国内外发展现状,回顾了地基深空探测雷达过去数十年间取得的重要历史贡献,包括月球表面高分辨率成像与永久阴影区水冰探测、近地小行星精细形貌特征获取、近地小行星轨道与自转等物理特性精确测量、近地小行星撞击防御任务处置效果快速评估、类地行星表面高分辨率成像与地质结构研究等一系列重要研究成果。在此基础上,本文介绍了分布孔径深空探测雷达的创新机理,通过多部雷达单元协同观测,可突破传统集中式体制地基深空探测雷达的口径和发射功率物理极限,形象称之为“中国复眼”雷达。最后,本文介绍了分布孔径深空探测雷达系统研制与观测实验等最新研究进展,展示了分布孔径深空探测雷达对月球二维成像和三维成像的实验结果,并对地基深空探测雷达的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

考虑速度聚束效应的SAR海浪成像仿真方法

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)海浪成像仿真技术对于速度聚束效应的考虑不充分,仿真数据无法准确反映实际SAR数据的问题,建立一种充分考虑速度聚束效应的SAR海浪成像仿真方法并进行了实验验证。计算了SAR图像强度的概率密度分布的仿真结果与理论结果之间的均方误差(MSE),在风速分别为5、10和15 m/s时,考虑速度聚束效应前、后比对结果的MSE分别为0.1012、0.1576、0.0556与0.0179、0.0314、0.0088。仿真结果表明,所提SAR海浪成像仿真方法有效提高了仿真数据的准确性,对SAR海浪成像的应用具有一定实用价值。

高分三号数据分布式负载均衡并行转换算法

针对PolSARpro软件原有高分三号数据转换模块无法适应分布式环境及数据转换效率相对较低的问题,提出一种基于MPI、MapReduce和OpenMP并按照该软件的数据格式要求进行分布式负载均衡的并行转换算法。该算法外层采用MPI按任务分布式计算,中间层采用MapReduce按景并行处理,内层采用OpenMP按极化方式并行计算,并采用“Z”字形数据负载均衡策略,将高分三号不同成像模式下的多极化数据快速精确定标及格式转换,以抗数据偏斜。实际数据的测试结果表明,该算法的整体性能提升了约50%,验证了算法的可行性、高效性和正确性。

星载分布式SAR双频乒乓模式测高精度分析

星载分布式合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统用于干涉测绘,凭借其基线灵活、时间去相关很小的特点得到了快速发展。与传统模式相比,双频乒乓模式能够同时得到两种频率的多幅SAR图像,可以实现更高精度的高程测量。本文首先简单介绍了双频乒乓模式的工作原理,然后深入研究了该模式下SAR干涉对的相位比例关系和相关性,理论上分析了其干涉相位估计精度和对应的测高精度,从而为系统设计和干涉处理方法研究提供理论依据。最后仿真分析结果直观展示了双频乒乓模式相较于传统模式的优越性,由于该模式增加了不同频率的干涉相位数据,干涉相位估计精度和测高精度均显著提升。

2024年新疆乌什Ms 7.1地震InSAR同震形变探测与断层滑动分布反演

2024年1月23日,新疆维吾尔自治区乌什县发生Ms 7.1地震,快速查明其同震形变场与发震断层滑动特征,有助于科学认识此次地震发震机理。利用Sentinel-1卫星升、降轨雷达影像,采用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术获取了本次地震的同震形变场,进而基于Okada弹性位错模型,确定了本次地震的震源参数,并基于分布式滑动模型反演了本次地震断层面上的滑动分布。结果表明,升、降轨同震形变场沿视线向最大形变量分别为75 cm和48 cm,断层最大滑动量为4.2 m,主要集中在地下3~20 km区域;模型正演结果表明,此次地震在垂直方向最大抬升约53 cm,最大沉降约12 cm;发震断层运动以逆冲为主,兼具少量左旋走滑,根据InSAR结果及地质资料综合判断,本次发震断层为迈丹断裂。

分布式相参雷达相参效率及相参景深研究

分布式相参雷达(distributed coherent aperture radar,DCAR)所发射信号仅能在感兴趣点处完全相参叠加,在一定发射相参效率约束下,因相参位置失配会出现能量弥散现象。对此,定义“相参景深”用以描述该能量弥散现象,并给出相参景深形成原因,指出其有界性和周期性特征,分析其影响因素,以具象化和定量化的方式揭示发射相参效率空间分布规律,可有效支撑DCAR发射信号参数和阵列构型选择等工程实践。最后,以多节点单元雷达的DCAR设计仿真实验,证明了所提方法的有效性。

动平台分布孔径雷达相参合成探测方法与试验验证

动平台分布孔径雷达不仅可以通过多部小孔径雷达相参合成等效获得大孔径雷达的探测性能,也可进一步通过机动性和灵活部署增强探测与抗毁伤能力,是未来雷达重要发展方向之一。但由于多雷达间存在内部钟差和外部传播路径差,各雷达发射信号无法直接相参合成,需进行必要的时间和相位相参参数校正,且分布孔径雷达间距通常远超半波长,合成方向图将存在栅瓣问题,影响目标角度估计。为获得相参参数,该文以闭环式框架为基础,给出动平台分布孔径雷达认知相参框架,并结合运动条件下相参参数的变化规律,提出多脉冲关联相参参数估计方法以提升参数估计精度。同时,针对栅瓣问题,结合平台运动特性提出一种基于阵列构型累积的无模糊角度估计方法。最后,在仿真验证基础上基于所提框架设计了3节点地面动平台分布孔径雷达原理样机并开展了试验验证,试验结果表明在运动场景下,相比单部孔径雷达可以实现最高14.2 dB的信噪比增益,从而提升了目标的测距精度,同时在一定条件下实现了目标角度的无模糊测量,证明了所提方法和框架的有效性。该文工作将对未来分布孔径雷达的工程化实现及发展起到一定的引导作用。

分布式无人机载InSAR混合多基线相位解缠与高程反演技术

干涉合成孔径雷达技术(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)作为地形测高的主要途径之一,可以获取地面场景的数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM),实现复杂地貌的立体感知。分布式InSAR系统可以灵活改变构型,具备柔性基线的特性,突破单站多通道InSAR的基线限制,有利于提高高程反演的精度,满足不同地形的需求,在复杂地理测绘、资源勘测、侦察预警等方面具有重要应用前景。现存的分布式InSAR系统以星载编队为主,构型有较大的限制,针对机载系统的研究尚少且都以双站单基线为主,对复杂陡峭地形的反演精度较低,甚至无法适用。针对现有系统的缺陷,本文提出了基于混合基线的分布式多基线无人机载InSAR高程反演系统,并改进InSAR技术以适配提出的新型体制。本文首先介绍了分布式混合基线无人机载InSAR系统的几何构型,并推导了本系统高程反演的原理;然后对比现有系统,阐述了适配分布式系统构型的相位解缠的技术优势并推导其实现方法,从理论上论证了本文提出的灵活构型的干涉系统对于复杂陡峭场景的适用性;最后通过对仿真地形、真实山地地形的仿真实验,实现了分布式混合基线无人机载InSAR系统对地物目标场景的高程反演,验证了本系统技术的可行性;并通过与现有系统的对比分析,凸显了本系统在复杂地形高程信息反演方面的优越性。