Cooperative Distributed Beamforming Design for Multi-RIS Aided Cell-Free Systems

Cell-free systems significantly improve network capacity by enabling joint user service without cell boundaries,eliminating intercell interference.However,to satisfy further capacity demands,it leads to high-cost problems of both hardware and power consumption.In this paper,we investigate multiple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)aided cell-free systems where RISs are introduced to improve spectrum efficiency in an energy-efficient way.To overcome the centralized high complexity and avoid frequent information exchanges,a cooperative distributed beamforming design is proposed to maximize the weighted sum-rate performance.In particular,the alternating optimization method is utilized with the distributed closed-form solution of active beamforming being derived locally at access points,and phase shifts are obtained centrally based on the Riemannian conjugate gradient(RCG)manifold method.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design whose performance is comparable to the centralized scheme and show great superiority of the RISs-aided system over the conventional cellular and cell-free system.

Distributed Transmit Beamforming for UAV to Base Communications

Distributed transmit beamforming(DTB) is very efficient for extending the communication distance between a swarm of UAVs and the base,particularly when considering the constraints in weight and battery life for payloads on UAVs.In this paper,we review major function modules and potential solutions in realizing DTB in UAV systems,such as timing and carrier synchronization,phase drift tracking and compensation,and beamforming vector generation and updating.We then focus on beamforming vector generation and updating,and introduce a concatenated training scheme,together with a recursive channel estimation and updating algorithm.We also propose three approaches for tracking the variation of channels and updating the vectors.The effectiveness of these approaches is validated by simulation results.

Joint Antenna Selection and Robust Beamforming Design in Multi-cell Distributed Antenna System

Most of studies on Distributed Antenna System(DAS) focus on maximizing the sum capacity and perfect channel state information at transmitter(CSIT).However,CSI is inevitable imperfect in practical wireless networks.Based on the sources of error,there are two models.One assumes error lies in a bounded region,the other assumes random error.Accordingly,we propose two joint antenna selection(AS) and robustbeamforming schemes aiming to minimize the total transmit power at antenna nodes subject to quality of service(QoS) guarantee for all the mobile users(MUs) in multicell DAS.This problem is mathematically intractable.For the bounded error model,we cast it into a semidefinite program(SDP) using semidefinite relaxation(SDR) and S-procedure.For the second,we first design outage constrained robust beamforming and then formulate it as an SDP based on the Bernstein-type inequality,which we generalize it to the multi-cell DAS.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Adaptive monopulse beamforming with partial parallel structure

A new recursive algorithm with the partial parallel structure based on the linearly constrained minimum variance （LCMV） criterion for adaptive monopulse systems is proposed. The weight vector associated with the original whole antenna array is decomposed into several adaptive weight sub-vectors firstly. An adaptive algorithm based on the conventional LCMV principle is then deduced to update the weight sub-vectors for sum and difference beam, respectively. The optimal weight vector can be obtained after convergence. The required computational complexity is evaluated for the proposed technique, which is on the order of O（N） and less than that of the conventional LCMV method. The flow chart scheme with the partial parallel structure of the proposed algorithm is introduced. This scheme is easy to be implemented on a distributed computer/digital signal processor （DSP） system to solve the problems of the heavy computational burden and vast data transmission of the large-scale adaptive monopulse array. Then, the monopulse ratio and convergence rate of the proposed algorithm are evaluated by numerical simulations. Compared with some recent adaptive monopulse estimation methods, a better performance on computational complexity and monopulse ratio can be achieved with the proposed adaptive method.

Multi-objective robust secure beamforming for cognitive satellite and UAV networks

A multi-objective optimization based robust beamforming(BF)scheme is proposed to realize secure transmission in a cognitive satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)network.Since the satellite network coexists with the UAV network,we first consider both achievable secrecy rate maximization and total transmit power minimization,and formulate a multi-objective optimization problem(MOOP)using the weighted Tchebycheff approach.Then,by supposing that only imperfect channel state information based on the angular information is available,we propose a method combining angular discretization with Taylor approximation to transform the non-convex objective function and constraints to the convex ones.Next,we adopt semi-definite programming together with randomization technology to solve the original MOOP and obtain the BF weight vector.Finally,simulation results illustrate that the Pareto optimal trade-off can be achieved,and the superiority of our proposed scheme is confirmed by comparing with the existing BF schemes.

Performance Analysis of Spectrum Sensing Based on Distributed Satellite Clusters under Perturbation

In this paper,we investigate the spectrum sensing performance of a distributed satellite clusters(DSC)under perturbation,aiming to enhance the sensing ability of weak signals in the coexistence of strong and weak signals.Specifically,we propose a cooperative beamforming(BF)algorithm though random antenna array theory to fit the location characteristic of DSC and derive the average far-field beam pattern under perturbation.Then,a constrained optimization problem with maximizing the signal to interference plus noise ratio(SINR)is modeled to obtain the BF weight vectors,and an approximate expression of SINR is presented in the presence of the mismatch of signal steering vector.Finally,we derive the closedform expression of the detection probability for the considered DSC over Shadowed-Rician fading channels.Simulation results are provided to validate our theoretical analysis and to characterize the impact of various parameters on the system performance.

Combination of interference alignment and beamforming in cellular networks

In this paper, we propose two joint transmit-receive iterative algorithms without the cooperation between different base stations based on the idea of interference alignment (IA) to improve the throughput of relay backhaul links in cellular networks for the case of imperfect channel knowledge,which can be implemented with small changes to existing TD-LTE standards. Unlike the previous interference alignment algorithms' only reducing the sum interference to the other receivers at the transmitter or the sum received Multi-user interference (MUI) at the receiver, our algorithm shapes the transmission of each data stream at transmitters in order not only to minimize interference to the other users, but also to minimize the interference between different streams objected to the same user, suppressing the MUI and Multi-stream interference (MSI) at receivers. The proposed algorithm I is to maximize the SINR at receivers. But the complexity is relatively high. Algorithm II only needs linear operations and sacrifices a little performance for much lower complexity compared to the Maximize SINR iterative algorithm which needs the inversion operation of matrix. It is also proved that the algorithm converges monotonically. The simulation results show that the techniques have considerable performance gain compared with the previous algorithms. Further research about power allocation is also discussed.

基于BF算法的网络异常流量行为检测

互联网异常流量行为会造成网页内容难以管理、吞噬网络带宽和传播病毒等危害。针对该问题,提出基于Bloom Filter(BF)算法的异常流量检测方法。以点对点(P2P)流量为检测对象,分析BF算法和传统的抽样方法,研究P2P流量常见的特征行为,统计其属性组合,并基于BF算法和抽样方法对异常流量行为进行检测。实验结果证明,该方法能加快异常流量行为的检测速度,提高检测准确率。

分布式相参雷达相参效率及相参景深研究

分布式相参雷达(distributed coherent aperture radar,DCAR)所发射信号仅能在感兴趣点处完全相参叠加,在一定发射相参效率约束下,因相参位置失配会出现能量弥散现象。对此,定义“相参景深”用以描述该能量弥散现象,并给出相参景深形成原因,指出其有界性和周期性特征,分析其影响因素,以具象化和定量化的方式揭示发射相参效率空间分布规律,可有效支撑DCAR发射信号参数和阵列构型选择等工程实践。最后,以多节点单元雷达的DCAR设计仿真实验,证明了所提方法的有效性。

数字波束形成的工程化架构研究

数字波束形成在工程实现时会受到硬件资源的限制,需要采用合适的工程架构来满足设计需求。为此提出阵元数据、波束形成和频域3个维度的分布,提供了多种分布形式,解决波束形成时的传输带宽和运算资源的壅塞问题,尤其是大规模波束形成时。提出的几种分布形式具备工程应用的可行性、灵活性和可扩展性。

大规模MIMO系统中的STBC-BF发射方案

提出了大规模MIMO系统中的特征波束形成结合空时编码(space-time block coding combined with eigen-beamforming,STBC-BF)的发射方案。首先进行发射符号的空时编码,然后进行特征波束成形。接收端在两个正交的空间波束上进行空时译码,既可以获得空间分集增益,又可以获得阵列增益。理论分析和仿真结果都证明了该方案的有效性。

5G室内分布系统中的自适应波束成形技术研究

随着5G技术的迅猛发展,室内信号覆盖的规划和精细调整变得尤为重要。文章探讨自适应波束成形技术在5G室内分布系统中的应用情况。主要介绍自适应波束成形的基本理念和各种算法类型,深入分析室内环境的特性和所面临的挑战,并确定设计5G网络室内覆盖架构时应遵循的规则和标准,详细讨论自适应波束成形技术在题方面的优势。最后,深入探讨自适应波束成形技术在提升室内无线信号覆盖方面的实际应用,包括系统架构的设计、算法的实施以及性能的评估和优化方法。

Effect of uneven noise source and/or station distribution on estimating the azimuth anisotropy of surface waves

With the development of the dense array,the surface wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy under the array can be directly obtained by beamforming the noise cross-correlation functions(NCFs). However, the retrieval of the Green’s function by cross-correlating the seismic noise requires that the noise source has a uniform distribution. For the case with uneven noise source, the azimuthal dependence on the sources in the expression for the spatial coherence function, which corresponds to the NCF in the time domain,has the same form as the azimuthal dependence of the surface wave velocity in weakly anisotropic media. Therefore, the uneven noise source will affect the surface wave anisotropy extraction. In this study, three passive seismic methods, i.e.,beamforming, SPAC(spatial autocorrelation), and NCF, are compared to demonstrate that an uneven source distribution and uneven station distribution have equivalent effects on the outcome from each method. A beamforming method is proposed to directly extract the velocity and azimuthal anisotropy of surface waves. The effect of uneven noise source and/or station distribution on estimating the azimuth anisotropy of surface waves was investigated using data from the ChinArray Phase Ⅱ. A method for correcting the apparent anisotropy in beamforming results caused by an uneven station distribution is suggested.

Distributed Beamforming Based Wireless Power Transfer:Analysis and Realization

This paper presents a new Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)approach by aligning the phases of a group of spatially distributed Radio Frequency(RF)transmitters(TX)at the target receiver(RX)device.Our approach can transfer energy over tens of meters and even to targets blocked by obstacles.Compared to popular beamforming based WPTs,our approach leads to a drastically different energy density distribution:the energy density at the target receiver is much higher than the energy density at other locations.Due to this unique energy distribution pattern,our approach offers a safer WPT solution,which can be potentially scaled up to ship a higher level of energy over longer distances.Specifically,we model the energy density distribution and prove that our proposed system can create a high energy peak exactly at the target receiver.Then we conduct detailed simulation studies to investigate how the actual energy distribution is impacted by various important system parameters,including number/topology of transmitters,transmitter antenna directionality,the distance between receiver and transmitters,and environmental multipath.Finally,we build an actual prototype with 17 N210 and 4 B210 Universal Software Radio Peripheral(USRP)nodes,through which we validate the salient features and performance promises of the proposed system.

Distributed Beamforming for Energy-Harvesting Relaying in Vehicular Networks

Recently,battery capacity and charging speed have been the bottlenecks of mobile communication networks.Energy harvesting(EH)relaying has become a promising solution for green 5th generation mobile communication with the advancement of wireless power transfer technology.In this paper,we investigate EH relaying in vehicular networks and adopt distributed beamforming(DB)to enhance the reliability and capacity of EH relaying.To be more specific,we propose a DB solution based on the joint optimization of power-splitting(PS)factors.For amplify-and-forward relaying,to transform the optimization problem into a quasi-convex one,we apply the semidefinite relaxation(SDR)method so that we can effectively attain the global optimal solution,while the suboptimal DB solution with distributed optimal PS factor which only requires local channel state information is also proposed.For decode-and-forward relaying,to get the optimal PS factors,we set a signal-to-noise ratio threshold at the relays,which can reduce the system error rate caused by the poor transmission link.Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed DB-based EH relaying scheme in vehicular networks.

中断约束下的星空认知网络分布式鲁棒波束成形算法

针对卫星通信网和无人机通信网共享频谱资源构成的星空认知网络,提出了一种基于用户非完美信道状态信息的分布式鲁棒波束成形算法,以提升网络的频谱效率和传输可靠性.在所有信道误差均服从复高斯分布的条件下,建立以总的发射功率最小化为目标函数,以用户信干噪比中断概率约束满足要求为约束的联合优化问题.通过引入松弛变量,将非凸的联合优化问题转换成两个独立的分布式优化问题,并进一步提出利用舒尔补和拉格朗日对偶的迭代算法得到卫星和无人机网络的波束成形权矢量.计算机仿真验证了所提算法的有效性和优越性.

基于无人机集群的近场线性稀疏阵列波束形成研究

无人机集群构成的天线阵列常呈现近场、稀疏特性,经典波束形成理论无法适配。为此,该文首先构建了近场均匀线阵信号模型,通过对信号相位差函数进行泰勒展开近似提出基于线性调频脉冲压缩处理的近场波束形成简化实现方法,并以此为基础在空间-频率2维域内对近场波束形成特性进行了分析:从空间频率偏移和带宽失配的角度,分析得到了近场波束的方位向增益变化特性和距离向增益变化特性;从空间欠采样的角度,研究提出了阵元稀疏分布条件下近场波束栅瓣分布的解析表达式。仿真证明了该文结论的有效性,为利用波束形成技术提高无人机集群的通信、电子侦察、干扰能力提供了理论支撑。

线性分布式定向阵列波束空间覆盖面积分析

相控阵天线因具有高增益、高可靠性、波束指向可控等优点,已广泛应用于雷达、通信等领域。考虑到阵列天线体积、部署地形、设备功耗等因素的限制,单一相控阵天线在某些复杂场景下难以满足需求。特别是在天地间通信、侦察及干扰等场景下,需要多部相控阵天线分布式部署,进行协同波束合成,以获得与单部阵列天线相比更高的功率增益。分布式定向阵列利用多个分布式阵列节点形成虚拟天线阵列,通过调整各阵元的相位收发同一信号,合成定向波束。针对分布式定向阵列合成波束在特定高度平面上增益覆盖面积的计算问题,利用阵列天线波束合成原理、方向图乘积定理以及空间解析几何,提出一种理论解析计算方法。建模分析及仿真结果表明,线性分布式定向阵列波束合成的增益覆盖面积,包括主瓣及栅瓣波束增益覆盖面积,与分布式阵列的俯仰角、目标平面高度、信号载频以及分布式节点个数强相关,但与分布式节点间距关联较弱;且所提方法的解析值与计算机仿真值相符,可为远距离大功率分布式阵列的工程实现提供理论参考。

卫星网络和高空平台网络频谱共存下的分布式鲁棒波束成形算法

面向由卫星网络和高空平台网络有机结合的星空融合网络,提出一种基于非完美信道状态信息的分布式鲁棒波束成形算法。首先,在卫星网络和高空平台网络分别采用多播技术和非正交多址技术服务多个用户的场景下,以最大化网络和速率为目标函数,并以满足各个用户速率需求为约束,建立卫星和高空平台发射功率受限为约束的优化问题。其次,在仅能获取用户非完美信道状态信息且仅能实现非完美连续干扰消除的情况下,采用S-procedure和连续凸逼近对非凸问题进行转化,并进一步提出基于拉格朗日对偶的分布式波束成形算法,以实现网络间的频谱共享。最后,计算机仿真表明所提分布式算法相比现有工作能以更低的信令开销获取更高的频谱效率。

相控阵天线波束形成联合优化算法

针对复杂波束形成时算法收敛速度慢,容易陷入局部最优的问题,提出一种新的联合优化算法。算法立足于天线方向图与阵元电流的傅里叶变换关系,对于目标波束方向图,利用傅里叶逆变换,得到阵列天线各单元的加权值,然后将得到的幅度和相位值作为遗传算法的初始值,在仅相位加权的约束下,最终生成带宽零陷的波束方向图。为防止遗传算法陷入局部最优,将混沌映射的思想引入:用混沌映射来生成初始种群,同时在变异过程中引入混沌扰动,借助Sinusoidal混沌映射的遍历性和随机性在增加初始种群多样性的同时增强算法跳出局部最优的能力。仿真结果显示本文算法能够生成带宽零陷的复杂波束方向图,且不易陷入局部最优值。