Progress and prospects of innovative coal-fired power plants within the energy internet

The development of electrical engineering and electronic, communications, smart power grid, and ultra-high voltage transmission technologies have driven the energy system revolution to the next generation: the energy internet. Progressive penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the energy system has led to unprecedented challenges to the currently wide use of coal-fired power generation technologies. Here, the applications and prospects of advanced coal-fired power generation technologies are analyzed. These technologies can be summarized into three categories:(1) large-scale and higher parameters coal-fired power generation technologies, including 620/650/700 oC ultra-supercritical thermal power and double reheat ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation technologies;(2) system innovation and specific, highefficiency thermal cycles, which consist of renewable energy-aided coal-fired power generation technologies, a supercritical CO_2 Brayton cycle for coal-fired power plants, large-scale air-cooling coal-fired power plant technologies, and innovative layouts for waste heat utilization and enhanced energy cascade utilization;(3) coal-fired power generation combined with poly-generation technologies, which are represented by integrated gasification combined cycle(IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC) technologies. Concerning the existing coal-fired power units, which are responsible for peak shaving, possible strategies for enhancing flexibility and operational stability are discussed. Furthermore, future trends for coal-fired power plants coupled with cyber-physical system(CPS) technologies are introduced. The development of advanced, coal-fired power generation technologies demonstrates the progress of science and is suitable for the sustainable development of human society.

PREPARING NANO-CRYSTALLINE La DOPED WC/Co POWDER BY HIGH ENERGY BALL MILLING

The La doped WC/Co powder was prepared by high energy ball milling. The changes of crystal structure, micrograph and defect of the powder were investigated by means of XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscope) and DTA (differential thermal analysis). The results show that adding trace La element into carbides is effective to minish the grain size of WC/Co powder. The La doped carbides powder with grain size of 30nm can be obtained after 10h ball milling. The XRD peak of Co phase disappeared after 20h ball milling, which indicated solid solution (or secondary solid solution) of Co phase in WC phase. The La doped powder with grain size of 10nm is obtained after 30h ball milling. A peak of heat release at the temperature of 470℃ was emerged in DTA curve within the range of heating temperature, which showed that the crystal structure relaxation of the powder appeared in the process of high energy ball milling. After consolidated the La doped WC/Co alloy by high energy ball milling exhibits ultra-fine grain sizes and better mechanical properties.

Integration and development of energy and information network in the Pan-Arctic region

The Global Energy Interconnection is an important strategic approach used to achieve efficient worldwide energy allocation.The idea of developing integrated power,information,and transportation networks provides increased power interconnection functionality and meaning,helps condense forces,and accelerates the integration of global infrastructure.Correspondingly,it is envisaged that it will become the trend of industrial technological development in the future.In consideration of the current trend of integrated development,this study evaluates a possible plan of coordinated development of fiber-optic and power networks in the Pan-Arctic region.Firstly,the backbone network architecture of Global Energy Interconnection is introduced and the importance of the Arctic energy backbone network is confirmed.The energy consumption and developmental trend of global data centers are then analyzed.Subsequently,the global network traffic is predicted and analyzed by means of a polynomial regression model.Finally,in combination with the current construction of fiber-optic networks in the Pan-Arctic region,the advantages of the integration of the fiber-optic and power networks in this region are clarified in justification of the decision for the development of a Global Energy Interconnection scheme.

Research on key technologies of deduction of multinational power trading in the context of Global Energy Interconnection

When transnationalized electricity trade is conducted in the context of Global Energy Interconnection(GEI),the transaction settlement usually has a long cycle and high cost and is influenced by the volatility of the exchange rate.It is thus necessary to overcome the problems associated with the transaction settlement,change in the trading model data,and trading strategy in the transnational transaction deduction.To overcome the problem of trade settlement,this paper proposes the use of a digital currency(energy currency)for the cross-border electricity trading settlement based on the special drawing rights of the International Monetary Fund,which is controlled by the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization(GEIDCO),to enable the proposed currency to become a stable digital currency.The traders can use the energy coins as a unit of currency for quotes,combined with the data pertaining to the changes in the energy information obtained from the GEI framework and data regarding the optimally extrapolated reference trading indicators.To realize the implementation of the multi-trader concurrent transaction deduction using a microservice architecture,this paper proposes a method of computing the microservice and synchronous interaction among the traders,based on the database table data,because the large amount of computation is required to be accomplished asynchronously with a single process.The key technology behind these cross-national electricity trading simulations can not only enable the GEI transnational traders to performed daily real-time trading,but it also demonstrates the advantages of the rapid settlement of the energy currency and the realization of a stable payment in the global energy interconnection cross-border electricity trading.

Weather index insurance for wind energy

As China vigorously promotes the development of new energy,photovoltaic power curtailment and wind power curtailment have been effectively resolved.At the same time,the yield from new energy power generation is becoming an important factor that affects the scale of investment in new energy.This paper focuses on the weather risks faced by wind power producers.By studying current research on weather index insurance in China and abroad,the functions and design methods for weather index insurance have been clarified.In addition,the feasibility of wind-power generation index insurance is discussed.The calculation methods for wind power generation index and the weather index insurance pricing methods for wind power enterprises are proposed.A weather index insurance model for wind power generation was established.The rationality and feasibility of the weather index insurance model proposed in this paper were verified using data from an existing power plant.The simulation results show that wind power enterprises can effectively avoid economic losses caused by weather risks through weather index insurance.

Ion irradiation-induced structure damage to botanic samples using the ion transmission energy spectrum

In order to study the mechanism of irradiation-induced damage ofbotanic samples caused by low energy heavy ions, transmission energy spectrum mea-surement was performed. Kidney bean slice samples 100μm in thickness were irradi-ated by 50 kev N+ ions. The irradiation beam current density was about 30μA/cm2,and the irradiation ion doses were 1×1015, 1×1016, 3×1016 and 1×1017 ions@cm-2,respectively. A target set up that could greatly reduce the incident ion current densitywas designed to achieve the damage-free measurement. The 3.2 MeV H+ transmittedion energy spectrum measurement was carried out before and after the irradiation.From the transmission ion energy spectrum, it was found that the kidney bean sliceitself was structurally inhomogeneous compared with the PET films (C10HsO4). Ourresults indicated that the average mass thickness changed little when the N+ iondose was below 3×1016 ions.cm-2, but changed obviously whcn ion dose was beyond3×1016 ions.cm-2.

Energy Integration in South America Region and the Energy Sustainability of the Nations

The objective of this manuscript is to analyze relation involving the energy sector and socioeco-nomic growth and, then, contextualize the process of energy integration within the development policies in South America. The methodology considers data related to the world’s economy and energy consumption and energy integration policy in countries and regions;and, South America’s energy potential and the energy integration process. Results show that despite the political and institutional difficulties involving the process, energy integration can bring a lot of benefits for countries development. The process of energy integration in South America is divided in three moments, but in both periods the transnational energy projects were restricted, mostly, by a bi-lateral plan and the creation of physical links in a region. In the 21th century’s context, it should be noted Brazil’s participation which has been consolidated as a lead country in this process, and, also the IIRSA (Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America, nowadays renamed as COSIPLAN) like the main initiative in energy integration in the continent, in a context where the projects are no longer limited to traditional economic blocs. Finally, we note a lack of consensus in defining a comprehensive model of integration and solving asymmetries both within countries and between them.

Energy Optimisation in Wireless Sensor Network

The solution we propose optimizes the energy inside the wireless sensor network (WSN) with higher performance. The WSN is composed of many sensors nodes which collect the information, treat that information then send it to the base station. The information is received by the base station (BS) then data?are?sent to the users by that BS. The most important element in sensor node is energy, as the lifetime of wireless sensor network depends on the sensor node energy. So many researches had been made in order to improve this energy basing routing protocols. As a result, we are able to propose a solution that optimizes this energy. In this paper, we are presenting a new approach of selecting node sensor base on routing protocol and process to send data to the base station. This ameliorates wireless sensor network lifetime and increases?the transmission sensor node to base station.

Photon Can Be Described as the Normalized Mutual Energy Flow

Einstein guessed that the macroscopic electromagnetic wave is built by thousands of photons, however, no one has offered a theory about how the macroscopic electromagnetic wave is built from photons. A concrete theory about photons is needed to answer this question. Current theory for photons is Maxwell’s equation which has the solution of waves, but it is difficult to describe the photon as a particle. There is the paradox problem of wave-particle duality. This article offers one solution to solve this problem by introducing the normalized mutual energy flow. The interaction of the retarded wave and advanced wave produce the mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow satisfies the mutual energy flow theorem. The mutual energy flow theorem tells us that the energy that goes through each surface between the emitter and the absorber is all same. That means the mutual energy flow is different in comparison to the waves. The wave, for example, the retarded wave, its amplitude is decreased with the distance from the source to the point of the field. The mutual energy flow does not decrease. The author noticed this and claimed that the photon is the mutual energy flow. In this article the author updated this claim that the photon is the normalized mutual energy flow. Here the normalization of mutual energy flow will normalize the mutual energy flow to the energy of a photon, which is E = hf. E is the energy of the photon;h is Planck constant;f is the frequency of the light. This normalization is similar to the normalization in quantum mechanics. After this normalization the relation between an electromagnetic wave and photon as a particle becomes clear. This article will prove that the macroscopic wave of an electromagnetic field can be built by thousands of normalized mutual energy flows, which describes the photons. The mutual energy flow is an interaction of the retarded wave and the advanced wave. The retarded wave and the advanced wave satisfy the Maxwell equations. There are two additional waves which are the time-reversal waves which satisfy time-reversal Maxwell equations. The advanced wave and the two time-reversal waves are all real and physical electromagnetic fields. The time-reversal waves cancel all self-energy flows of the retarded wave and advanced wave. Hence, the waves do not carry any energy, the energy is only transferred by the normalized mutual energy flows which are the photons. Hence, all energy is transferred by the photon instead of waves. This offers a solution to paradox of the duality of wave-particle.

分布式数据库隐私数据细粒度安全访问控制研究

为控制隐私数据的细粒度安全访问行为,提出分布式数据库隐私数据细粒度安全访问控制。通过分布式数据库空间划分,过滤隐私数据,利用分区方程,分解数据库空间内隐私数据,将隐私数据反应函数的构建过程定义为对分布式数据库中隐私数据挖掘的博弈过程,获取博弈因子,将细粒度划分问题转化为隐私数据在最小二乘准则下的规划问题,划分隐私数据的细粒度。利用加密算法,对隐私数据加密,依据密钥分发算法为用户分发密钥,通过密钥转换,将加密后的隐私数据上传到分布式数据库,利用数据库验证用户的令牌是否包含隐私数据的信息,建立令牌请求机制,实现隐私数据的细粒度安全访问控制。实验结果表明,经过文中方法控制后,分布式数据库的响应性能有所提高,在保证正确性的同时,还可以提高对恶意访问行为的控制能力,具有较高的实际应用价值。

Na-Mn共掺对磷酸铁锂正极材料结构与性能的影响

利用碳热还原法成功制备了Li_(0.97)Na_(0.03)Fe_(7/8)Mn_(1/8)PO_(4)正极材料,运用XRD、SEM、EDS和电化学测试等手段对其晶体结构、形貌、元素分布和电化学性能进行研究,并结合第一性原理计算分析材料性能提升的机理。结果表明,Na-Mn掺杂一方面导致LiFePO_(4)晶格畸变,晶格体积增大,扩大了锂离子迁移通道,为锂离子嵌入/脱出提供更大的空间;另一方面使材料在电化学性能上表现出优异的高倍率性能和循环稳定性。Na-Mn掺杂有利于提高材料的锂离子扩散系数和电导率,从而提高其电化学性能。基于第一性原理计算结果表明,Na-Mn共掺杂使LiFePO_(4)晶格膨胀,晶格体积增大,并促使带隙宽度减小,增强了费米能级附近的电子态密度,提高了材料的电子电导率和锂离子迁移率。

气凝胶灭火剂抑制锂离子储能电池热失控特性研究

通过对比试验探究了气凝胶灭火剂对锂离子储能电池热失控的抑制效果。研究满荷电状态下的100 Ah磷酸铁锂储能电池热失控演变过程特征参数,识别出3个灾害演变特征拐点作为灭火剂施加的指导节点。在相同节点分别施加灭火参数一致的气凝胶灭火剂与细水雾开展灭火对比测试。结果表明:触发明火前施加灭火剂均可有效阻断电池内部放热副反应,两者表现出相似的冷却效能;电池起火后,气凝胶灭火剂展现出更为出色的明火抑制效果,其接触电池表面形成的致密泡沫可有效阻隔氧气,实现快速灭火;对于已经触发热失控的情形,气凝胶灭火剂凭借预热覆盖效果,显著缩短电池射流火持续时间,可大幅降低电池火灾危害。

循环载荷作用下煤岩复合结构宏-细观破坏特征及能量-损伤本构模型

煤炭深部开采过程中,周期性开采扰动行为会使邻近煤层的煤岩复合结构承受循环载荷的作用,因此,研究不同循环载荷作用下煤岩复合试样的力学响应行为及宏-细观失效特征具有重要工程意义。选取3种不同的加(卸)载速率,开展了2种循环加卸载路径下的单轴循环压缩试验(同步测定声发射信号),分析了煤岩复合试样的损伤失效特征;基于能量耗散原理,构建了煤岩复合试样在循环载荷作用下的能量-损伤本构模型,最后结合试验实测数据进行验证。结果表明:加(卸)载速率与复合试样的峰值强度呈正相关,当加(卸)载速率从0.05 mm/min增大到0.15 mm/min时,恒定下限逐步循环加卸载路径(路径I)、变上下限等幅循环加卸载路径(路径II)下,试样的峰值应力分别增加了22.44%和28.89%;高加(卸)载速率下,试样的内部裂纹扩展越快,煤岩复合试样中煤组分的破碎程度加剧,分形维数随之增大,试样的内部裂纹扩展越快;随着加(卸)载速率的增大,煤组分中沿基质破坏增多。循环分级跨度大的路径(路径I)有助于试样内部的应力传递,为试样内部裂纹的发育提供了有利条件,导致对应试样的破坏程度更高。试验曲线和能量-损伤本构理论曲线具有较强的一致性,表明所建的能量-损伤本构模型能够很好地描述煤岩复合试样在循环加卸载过程中的变形行为。

基于鲸鱼算法的轻烃回收工艺能耗分析与优化

在天然气轻烃回收工艺的过程中,影响丙烷收率和总能耗的因素较多,且各因素之间相互影响、相互作用,常规的参数调节方法无法同时满足高收率、低能耗的要求。基于物料平衡理论,根据Horton-Franklin方程对丙烷收率公式进行了推导,在确定关键参数的基础上,利用HYSYS软件完成了影响因素分析,最后通过鲸鱼算法实现多目标函数决策变量的优化求解。结果表明:丙烷收率与原料气中丙烷流量、低温分离器液相丙烷流量、吸收剂流量、吸收剂中丙烷摩尔含量、吸收剂液相分率、原料气流量、相平衡常数、理论塔板数等参数关联;常规软件优化器无法对设备内参数进行调整,存在弊端;通过鲸鱼算法优化后丙烷收率从95.32%降至95.05%,总能耗从4 138 kW降至3 875 kW,液化石油气和稳定轻油也符合装车要求,工艺适应性大大加强。

燃煤电厂袋式除尘器环保与节能耦合的性能优化研究

燃煤电厂袋式除尘系统在进行超低排放的过程中会消耗大量能源,为了使除尘器在满足出口烟气浓度排放指标的情况下以最优能耗的状态运行,收集燃煤电厂运行期间的监测数据,通过对除尘系统中涉及到能量的消耗及组成进行分析,建立单位质量除尘能耗指标模型和除尘效率指标,并研究灰分、燃煤热值和发电机组负荷率对除尘系统的影响规律。结果表明:除尘效率随灰分增加而提高,单位质量除尘能耗随灰分增加而减少并在灰分为18%时获得最佳能耗,燃煤热值的增加会使单位质量除尘能耗整体上升,但除尘系统在高热值区间运行较为稳定,机组负荷率在中高区间时,单位质量除尘能耗几乎没有变化,但设备能耗随负荷率的增加而线性增大,当机组超负荷时,最佳单位质量除尘能耗值会大幅上升,使得系统工作效益较低。

处理站间含水原油输送参数优化

“分水站+脱水站”是油田广泛应用的采出液处理模式之一,实现多站整体节能,需要对处理站和管道进行整体优化。基于进站温度对脱水和外输能耗的影响建立了含水原油输送热能损耗计算方法,在分水站、脱水站和管道的整个系统中,分析出含水原油处理及输送的能耗,研究了分水站外输原油含水、温度等参数对系统能耗的影响。结果表明:原油含水增加,原油输送热能损耗先增加后降低,油水反相点是热能损耗最大的含水工况;外输温度升高,原油输送热能损耗增加;在低温高含水时,原油输送热能损耗较低;原油含水增加,分水站原油外输压力降、压力能损耗和综合能耗先升高后降低,然后再升高,存在低含水和较高含水两个压力降、压力能损耗和综合能耗极小值,含水率70%时综合能耗最低;分水站低含水原油外输,或者反相点以上的高含水外输,都能达到节能降耗目的。当扩建受到限制或改造成本高时,分水站宜利用地层热能进行不加热油水分离,原油外输含水宜高于反相点含水。

基于PoE供电的楼宇智能互联照明系统设计

随着物联网技术的发展,智能照明系统已成为建筑能源管理的重要组成部分。文章以Po E供电的楼宇智能互联照明系统为研究对象,探讨其设计方案。首先介绍了Po E技术原理及其在照明系统中的应用,然后详细阐述了系统架构、硬件设计和软件设计。在硬件设计中,考虑了照明系统的功率需求,采用了高效的LED灯具和节能型电源。在软件设计中,结合人体感知、环境变化和光源特性等因素,设计了智能照明控制算法。最后,对系统进行了仿真和实验验证,结果表明该系统具有良好的能效和稳定性,具备实际应用价值。

基于增强卷尾猴搜索算法的分布式电源定容选址方法

在新能源特征和分布情况的影响下,大规模的分布式电源(Distributed Generator,DG)与电动汽车(Electric Vehicle,EV)接入电网,使得电网的结构和运行方式发生了根本性变化。为了提高DG的利用率,降低电网波动,以配电网的年综合成本最小为目标函数,在节点电压、支路功率等安全约束的条件下,建立包含EV充电的配电网DG定容选址的规划模型,并提出一种增强卷尾猴搜索算法对模型进行求解。该算法将野马优化算法中领导者选择的社会行为对传统卷尾猴搜索算法进行改进,以避免出现陷入局部最优的情况。最后对IEEE-33节点典型配电网系统进行仿真计算,并与其他算法结果进行比较,验证本文提出的算法的优越性。

电液比例方向阀阀芯及流道结构优化

电液比例方向阀作为液压系统的关键元件,对系统控制性能起关键作用。以某型号电液比例方向阀为研究对象,针对主阀芯凹角处漩涡和进出油口处阀芯所受径向力不均匀问题,提出在阀芯凸肩处增加上下双斜边加圆弧的阀芯结构、进出油口流道设计为圆弧型的结构优化方法。研究中,首先建立了电液比例方向阀的三维模型,并对内部流场进行抽取,采用Fluent软件对不同结构的电液比例方向阀内部流场进行仿真和分析。研究表明,在主阀芯阀口开度一定,入口压力相同的条件下,随着上斜边夹角增大,阀芯凹角处最低压力明显增大,最大湍动能明显减小,有效地抑制了漩涡产生和发展。通过圆弧形流道设计,在不同进口压力和不同阀口开度下,阀芯所受径向力均有所减小,为电液比例方向阀结构优化提供理论基础。

基于内部电力交易的多虚拟电厂优化调度

随着可再生能源的融入和电力系统分散化的发展,虚拟电厂(VPP)成为管理分布式能源的一种有效模式。单个虚拟电厂供电与需求不一定完全匹配,而同区域内不同虚拟电厂之间可以构成电量互补的关系。为此,从允许虚拟电厂之间进行电力交易的视角出发,制定多虚拟电厂间的内部交易电价,以各虚拟电厂总体成本最小化为目标,构建基于内部电力交易的多虚拟电厂优化调度模型。包含3个独立的虚拟电厂,各虚拟电厂聚合单元都有燃气轮机、风力发电、光伏发电以及需求响应负荷,3个虚拟电厂共享1个储能。通过这种方式,调动各虚拟电厂间自愿的电力买卖行为,促进虚拟电厂间的电力交易,优化各自的运营策略,以实现资源的最大化利用,增强电力系统的经济性和灵活性。为了评估模型的有效性,以是否允许虚拟电厂间进行内部交易为变量,设置两个不同场景进行对比分析。结果表明,允许并鼓励同区域内不同虚拟电厂之间进行内部电力交易,不仅有助于提高虚拟电厂各自的运行效率,降低整体运营成本,同时减少了虚拟电厂在电力市场中的交易需求,减轻了电力市场的交易负担。