A Reliability Impact and Assessment of Distributed Generation Integration to Distribution System

The main purpose of this paper is to study the reliability due to the employment of distributed generations (DG) integrated to distribution system. The system under this study is from Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) that is a part of Thailand’s distribution system. Data of geographic information systems (GIS) including the distance of distribution line and location of load that are parameter of PEA is simulated using digital simulation and electrical network calculation program (DIgSILENT) to analyze the impact of reliability with the installing DG into the distribution system. The system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI), the system average interruption duration index (SAIDI) and interruption cost are assessed as index of reliability by comparing the SAIFI, SAIDI, and interruption cost between the base case (no DG) and the case that DG connected to the distribution system. The results can be summarized by focusing on location of DG, the capacity of DG, the size of load, and the distance of load which are factors able to impact to SAIFI, SAIDI, and interruption cost.

Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation for Reliability Benefit in Distribution Systems

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For this reason, the main objective of this paper is to develop mathematical models and a technique based on tabu search for the optimal placement and sizing of DGs in a distribution system. Numerical results from tests on 12-, 33- and 13-bus distribution systems with different load distributions show that the system power loss with DGs can be significantly reduced when compared with that without the DGs. " w:st="on">active <st1:data language="0" startpos="49" context="A distributed generator is a small-scale active generating unit located on or near the site where it is to be used. Several benefits have been realized by installing DGs in the distribution network. Among them is a reduction in the system power loss if their locations and sizes are appropriately determined. For this reason, the main objective of this paper is to develop mathematical models and a technique based on tabu search for the optimal placement and sizing of DGs in a distribution system. 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Reliability Assessment of Distribution SystemBased on Discrete-event System

Discrete-event system simulation technology is used to analyze distribution system reliability in this paper. A simulation model, including entity state models, system state models, state transition models, reliability criterion model, is established. ‘Next happen event’ is taken as impulse principle of simulator clock to determine the sequence of random event occurrence dynamically. The results show this method is feasible.

Evaluating the reliability of distributed photovoltaic energy system and storage against household blackout

Distributed energy resources have been proven to be an effective and promising solution to enhance power system resilience and improve household-level reliability.In this paper,we propose a method to evaluate the reliability value of a photovoltaic(PV)energy system with a battery storage system(BSS)by considering the probability of grid outages causing household blackouts.Considering this reliability value,which is the economic profit and capital cost of PV+BSS,a simple formula is derived to calculate the optimal planning strategy.This strategy can provide household-level customers with a simple and straightforward expression for invested PV+BSS capacity.Case studies on 600 households located in eight zones of the US for the period of 2006 to 2015 demonstrate that adding the reliability value to economic profit allows households to invest in a larger PV+BSS and avoid loss of load caused by blackouts.Owing to the differences in blackout hours,households from the 8 zones express distinct willingness to install PV+BSS.The greater the probability of blackout,the greater revenue that household can get from the PV+BSS.The simulation example shows that the planning strategy obtained by proposed model has good economy in the actual operation and able to reduce the economic risk of power failure of the household users.This model can provide household with an easy and straightforward investment strategy of PV+BSS capacity.

Distribution System Reliability Analysis for Smart Grid Applications

Reliability of power systems is a key aspect in modern power system planning, design, and operation. The ascendance of the smart grid concept has provided high hopes of developing an intelligent network that is capable of being a self-healing grid, offering the ability to overcome the interruption problems that face the utility and cost it tens of millions in repair and loss. In this work, we will examine the effect of the smart grid applications in improving the reliability of the power distribution networks. The test system used in this paper is the IEEE 34 node test feeder, released in 2003 by the Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. The objective is to analyze the feeder for the optimal placement of the automatic switching devices and quantify their proper installation based on the performance of the distribution system. The measures will be the changes in the reliability system indices including SAIDI, SAIFI, and EUE. In addition, the goal is to design and simulate the effect of the installation of the Distributed Generators (DGs) on the utility’s distribution system and measure the potential improvement of its reliability.

Availability Capacity Evaluation and Reliability Assessment of Integrated Systems Using Metaheuristic Algorithm

Contemporarily,the development of distributed generations(DGs)technologies is fetching more,and their deployment in power systems is becom-ing broad and diverse.Consequently,several glitches are found in the recent studies due to the inappropriate/inadequate penetrations.This work aims to improve the reliable operation of the power system employing reliability indices using a metaheuristic-based algorithm before and after DGs penetration with feeder system.The assessment procedure is carried out using MATLAB software and Mod-ified Salp Swarm Algorithm(MSSA)that helps assess the Reliability indices of the proposed integrated IEEE RTS79 system for seven different configurations.This algorithm modifies two control parameters of the actual SSA algorithm and offers a perfect balance between the exploration and exploitation.Further,the effectiveness of the proposed schemes is assessed using various reliability indices.Also,the available capacity of the extended system is computed for the best configuration of the considered system.The results confirm the level of reli-able operation of the extended DGs along with the standard RTS system.Speci-fically,the overall reliability of the system displays superior performance when the tie lines 1 and 2 of the DG connected with buses 9 and 10,respectively.The reliability indices of this case namely SAIFI,SAIDI,CAIDI,ASAI,AUSI,EUE,and AEUE shows enhancement about 12.5%,4.32%,7.28%,1.09%,4.53%,12.00%,and 0.19%,respectively.Also,a probability of available capacity at the low voltage bus side is accomplished a good scale about 212.07 times/year.

Network Reliability Analysis as a Tool to Guide Investment Decisions in Distributed Generation

Distributed Generation (DG) in any quantity is relevant to supplement the available energy capacity based on various locations, that is, whether a site specific or non-site specific energy technology. The evacuation infrastructure that delivers power to the distribution grid is designed with appropriate capacity in terms of size and length. The evacuation lines and distribution network however behave differently as they possess inherent characteristics and are exposed to varying external conditions. It is thus feasible to expect that these networks behave stochastically due to fault conditions and variable loads that destabilize the system. This in essence impacts on the availability of the evacuation infrastructure and consequently on the amount of energy delivered to the grid from the DG stations. Reliability of the evacuation point of a DG is however not a common or prioritized criteria in the decision process that guides investment in DG. This paper reviews a planned solar based DG plant in Uganda. Over the last couple of years, Uganda has seen a significant increase in the penetration levels of DG. With a network that is predominantly radial and experiences low reliability levels, one would thus expect reliability analysis to feature significantly in the assessment of the proposed DG plants. This is however not the case. This paper, uses reliability analysis to assess the impact of different evacuation options of the proposed DG plant on its dispatch levels. The evacuation options were selected based on infrastructure options in other locations with similar solar irradiances as the planned DG location. Outage data were collected and analyzed using the chi square method. It was found to be variable and fitting to different Probability Distribution Functions (PDF). Using stochastic methods, a model that incorporates the PDFs was developed to compute the reliability indices. These were assessed using chi square and found to be variable and fitting different PDFs as well. The viability of the project is reviewed based on Energy Not Supplied (ENS) and the anticipated project payback periods for any considered evacuation line. The results of the study are also reviewed for the benefit of other stakeholders like the customers, the utility and the regulatory body.

Reliability Evaluation of Distribution Systems under <i>μ</i>Grid-Tied and Islanded <i>μ</i>Grid Modes Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Reliability evaluation of distribution networks under grid-tied and islanded μ grid modes is presented. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) algorithm is applied to a modified RBTS Bus 2 distribution network. The network includes three types of distributed energy resources, namely, solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and diesel turbine generator (DTG). These distributed generators contribute to supply part of the load during grid-connected mode, but supply 100% of the load in the islanded μ grid mode. A storage system is included to decrease the peak load since the peak of the output power of the PV’s and the peak load do not match time wise in most load profiles. The impact of implementing renewable distributed generation, storage systems, and conventional generation on the reliability of distribution network is studied. This study shows that the penetration of distributed generations can improve the reliability indices of the distribution network.

Bayesian Assessment for Reliability of Binomial Components Based on Information Fusion of Similar Products

A modified Bayesian reliability assessment method of binomial components was proposed by fusing prior information of similar products.The traditional Bayesian method usually directly used all the prior data,ignoring the differences between them,which might decrease the credibility level of reliability evaluation and result in data submergence.To solve the problem,a revised approach was derived to calculate groups of prior data's quantitative credibility,used for weighted data fusion.Then inheritance factor was introduced to build a mixed beta distribution to illustrate the innovation of new products.However,in many cases,inheritance factor was determined by Chi-square test that could not give out exact result with respect to rare failures.To make the model more precise,Barnard's exact test was suggested being used to calculate the inheritance factor.A numerical example is given to demonstrate that the modified method is successful and rational,while the classical method is too conservative and the traditional Bayesian method is too risky.

Risk Assessment Framework and Algorithm of Power Systems Based on the Partitioned Multi-objective Risk Method

针对平均风险指标无法区分高损失-低概率事件及低损失-高概率事件的缺点,提出了电力系统的分割多目标风险分析框架。该框架将电力系统的风险状态细分为低损失、中等损失和高损失3个风险范围,并提出3个损失范围条件风险函数和条件风险概率的概念。采用经典的容量停运表模型,建立了这些条件期望指标的计算方法。对IEEE-RTS及TH-RTS2000系统进行了分割多目标风险评估,研究不同负荷水平下系统风险在3个损失范围的分布及转移情况,并分析损失分割点对系统风险的影响。通过分割多目标风险分析,风险分析者和决策者可以权衡系统的平均风险以及高、中、低损失范围的条件期望风险,从而对系统的风险状况有一个全面和深入的了解。

Protection of Distributed Generation: Challenges and Solutions

Distributed generation (DG) is the future of energy. This technology allows the bidirectional flow of power within an electrical network. Researchers are faced with many challenges to the accurate implementation of protection schemes for DG-connected distribution network. The schemes designed must satisfy the performance requirements of selectivity, reliability, and sensitivity. Most researchers opine that conventional protection schemes based on over current detection are insufficient to completely and accurately protect a DG-connected distributed power system. There are many challenges?that?need to be tackled before embarking upon the journey to successfully implement these schemes. This paper summarizes the major challenges which one can encounter while designing protection schemes for DG-connected distribution networks. Some possible solutions from the literature are also mentioned. Moreover, a suggested solution for protecting future active distribution networks is provided. It is expected that this paper will act as a benchmark for future researchers in this field to tackle the challenges related to the protection of active distribution networks.

Reliability evaluation of bladder accumulator with no failure data

As a bladder accumulator is a high reliable and long life component in a hydraulic system,its cost is high and it takes a lot of time to test its reliability,therefore,a reliability test with small sample is performed,and no failure data is obtained using the method of fixed time truncation. In the case of Weibull distribution,a life reliability model of bladder energy storage is established by Bayesian method using the optimal confidence intervals method,a model of one-sided lower confidence intervals of the reliability and one-sided lower confidence intervals model of the reliability life are established. Results of experiments show that the evaluation method of no failure data under Weibull distribution is a good way to evaluate the reliability of the accumulator,which is convenient for engineering application,and the reliability of the accumulator has theoretical and practical significance.

Simultaneous Placement of Tie-lines and Distributed Generations to Optimize Distribution System Post-outage Operations and Minimize Energy Losses

This study proposes a new method which aims to optimally install tie-lines and distributed generations simultaneously.This is done to optimize the post-outage reconfiguration and minimize energy losses and energy not supplied of distribution systems.The number and location of tie-lines,as well as the number,size,and location of DGs,are pinpointed through teaching the learning-based optimization(TLBO)method.The objective function in the current research is to minimize the costs pertaining to the investment,operation,energy losses,and energies not supplied.In addition to the normal operational condition,fault operational condition is also evaluated.Therefore,the optimal post-fault reconfigurations for fault occurrences in all lines are established.Moreover,the operational constraints such as the voltage and line current limits are taken into account in both normal and post-fault operational modes.Finally,the modified IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus distribution test systems are selected and tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the simultaneous placement of DGs and tie-line technique proposed in this paper.

Demand and Response in Smart Grids for Modern Power System

Micro-grid plays a vital role in fulfilling the increasing demand by using distributed renewable energy resources. Demand and response technique can be broadly classified under the setup DR deployed (e.g. ISO’s/RTO’s). Demand response program can be implemented to improve power system quality, reliability and increasing demand. In modern power industry, strategic player can take more benefit from more emphasized DR study in terms of social benefit (uninterrupted power supply to consumers) and economy. This paper proposes the distributed micro-grid control and implemented control setup implemented demand response algorithm, which provides better power system reliability. This paper presents contingencies control demand and response for micro-grid. The main advantage of implementation of demand and response algorithms in Micro-grids provides reliable power supplies to consumers. The proposed micro-grid TCP/IP setup provides a chance to respond the contingencies to recover the shed to active condition. Micro-grid controller implements demand and response algorithm reasonable for managing the demand of the load and intelligent load scheme in case of blackout.

考虑光伏电源可靠性的新能源配电网数据驱动无功电压优化控制

充分挖掘分布式光伏电源的无功支撑能力,有助于解决光伏高比例接入带来的配电网电压波动、电压越限以及新能源消纳等问题,但光伏电源无功输出会造成其功率器件结温越限或剧烈波动,严重威胁到光伏电源的可靠运行。为此,提出考虑光伏电源可靠性的新能源配电网数据驱动无功电压优化控制策略。首先,提出一种基于数据驱动的光伏电源可靠性评估方法,该方法采用XGBoost机器学习模型计算IGBT结温,提高了IGBT结温计算效率,避免了评估精度对IGBT参数的依赖;进而建立考虑光伏电源可靠性的配电网无功电压优化模型,将IGBT结温均值和结温波动引入模型优化目标;然后,将该模型进行马尔可夫决策过程转化,并基于深度确定性策略梯度强化学习算法完成智能体训练;最后,通过IEEE33节点系统验证所提策略在无功电压快速优化和光伏电源可靠性提升方面的优势。

基于性能退化的铝电解电容寿命预测方法研究

应用表明铝电解电容是电源系统中故障率最高的元件,是影响电源系统长期运行可靠性的关键器件。为了评估铝电解电容在长期应用条件下的可靠性与寿命,对铝电解电容退化机理与退化模型进行研究分析,在已有模型研究成果的基础上,结合铝电解电容加速退化试验数据,提出了一种基于幂函数的电容量退化轨迹模型。采用该退化轨迹模型,开展了基于退化量分布的铝电解电容退化数据统计分析与寿命预测。根据寿命预测结果,某型铝电解电容在正常工作条件下95%可靠寿命超过18年。

计及多设备老化效应的主动配电网可靠性评估

高比例可再生能源的大规模接入促使配电网向着主动配电网(ADN)的方向转型,大量的信息设备建设扩大了主动配电网的整体规模,提升了信息处理效率,但同时也使得系统安全可靠运行的问题变得更加突出。本文提出考虑老化效应的混合通信网络主动配电网可靠性评估方法,首先采用失效模式与效应分析方法建立信息网络与配电网络间的故障关联模型,其次利用设备性能参数建立信息设备与物理设备的威布尔分布老化失效模型,最后通过序贯与非序贯蒙特卡洛相结合的仿真方法对系统可靠性进行评估。其结果可为未来主动配电网的运行维护提供有力的技术支撑。

基于可靠性指标复用的地震灾害配电网韧性评估方法

针对现有研究通常只考虑配电网的可靠性与韧性,而忽略二者之间的关联关系,导致对相同的故障场景需要重复分析影响评估效率的问题,提出一种基于可靠性指标复用的地震灾害配电网韧性评估方法。首先,基于地震场景下的配电网负荷削减量和极端灾害的发生概率,构建面向规划的地震下配电网韧性指标;然后,根据可靠性和韧性评估中同一故障状态造成的停电范围及负荷削减情况相同这一特点,利用可靠性分析过程中已经计算得到的故障影响增量,直接计算地震下配电网韧性指标,大幅提高地震下配电网韧性评估效率;最后,进一步扩展高阶故障消去方法的适用范围,使其能够快速计算单联络型串联故障。通过RBTSBus6Feeder4算例和IEEE 123节点算例验证了本方法的有效性。

考虑分布式可再生能源不确定性的配电网可靠性评估

分布式能源在电力系统中的渗透率不断提升,使得配电网系统呈现出更大的复杂性和不确定性,这将对电力网络的可靠性产生影响。为确定配电网系统中可再生能源发电机组的最优安装位置和容量,文章结合随机模糊期望值算子和马尔科夫蒙特卡洛法(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,MCMC),提出了一种可靠性评估框架。该模型建立了风电和光伏出力的多状态概率密度函数,采用随机模糊期望值算子模拟配电网功率损耗和电压稳定性的不确定性。在考虑配电系统拓扑结构的情况下,利用MCMC模拟配电网系统中所有非源元件的随机性,由指数分布生成配电网组件故障事件及恢复时间。最后,在IEEE-33节点标准配电网上,对系统平均停电次数、系统平均停电持续时间、电量不足期望值3种可靠性指数进行评价,实验结果证明了所提出方法的有效性。

考虑移动储能车提升系统供电可靠性的配电网规划方法

传统配电网规划通常是先规划再进行可靠性的校核,难以将可靠性校核结果反馈以有效修正网架规划方案,因此需要建立考虑配电网可靠性的规划方法。而随着配电网发展,移动和固定式储能得到广泛应用。通过多类型储能的优化配置,可在故障发生时维持关键负荷的供电,提高城市配电网可靠性。首先,采用了一种基于故障时序逻辑的可靠性指标解析表达方法,将可靠性指标约束嵌入传统配电网规划模型。然后,在运行约束中考虑移动储能车以及固定式储能参与恢复供电的故障时序逻辑,建立改进的配电网规划模型。该模型实现了计及移动和固定储能对可靠性影响的配电网规划,可采用混合整数线性规划求解器求解。最后,通过24节点实际配电网算例证明了所提方法的有效性。