Probabilistic Global Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Continuously Varying Partial Shading Conditions on Autonomous PV Systems

A photovoltaic (PV) string with multiple modules with bypass diodes frequently deployed on a variety of autonomous PV systems may present multiple power peaks under uneven shading. For optimal solar harvesting, there is a need for a control schema to force the PV string to operate at global maximum power point (GMPP). While a lot of tracking methods have been proposed in the literature, they are usually complex and do not fully take advantage of the available characteristics of the PV array. This work highlights how the voltage at operating point and the forward voltage of the bypass diode are considered to design a global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT) algorithm with a very limited global search phase called Fast GMPPT. This algorithm successfully tracks GMPP between 94% and 98% of the time under a theoretical evaluation. It is then compared against Perturb and Observe, Deterministic Particle Swarm Optimization, and Grey Wolf Optimization under a sequence of irradiance steps as well as a power-over-voltage characteristics profile that mimics the electrical characteristics of a PV string under varying partial shading conditions. Overall, the simulation with the sequence of irradiance steps shows that while Fast GMPPT does not have the best convergence time, it has an excellent convergence rate as well as causes the least amount of power loss during the global search phase. Experimental test under varying partial shading conditions shows that while the GMPPT proposal is simple and lightweight, it is very performant under a wide range of dynamically varying partial shading conditions and boasts the best energy efficiency (94.74%) out of the 4 tested algorithms.

Design of a Level-3 electric vehicle charging station using a 1-MW solar system via the distributed maximum power point tracking technique

Solar power is mostly influenced by solar irradiation,weather conditions,solar array mismatches and partial shading conditions.Therefore,before installing solar arrays,it is necessary to simulate and determine the possible power generated.Maximum power point tracking is needed in order to make sure that,at any time,the maximum power will be extracted from the photovoltaic system.However,maximum power point tracking is not a suitable solution for mismatches and partial shading conditions.To overcome the drawbacks of maximum power point tracking due to mismatches and shadows,distributed maximum power point tracking is util-ized in this paper.The solar farm can be distributed in different ways,including one DC-DC converter per group of modules or per module.In this paper,distributed maximum power point tracking per module is implemented,which has the highest efficiency.This technology is applied to electric vehicles(EVs)that can be charged with a Level 3 charging station in<1 hour.However,the problem is that charging an EV in<1 hour puts a lot of stress on the power grid,and there is not always enough peak power reserve in the existing power grid to charge EVs at that rate.Therefore,a Level 3(fast DC)EV charging station using a solar farm by implementing distributed maximum power point tracking is utilized to address this issue.Finally,the simulation result is reported using MATLAB®,LTSPICE and the System Advisor Model.Simulation results show that the proposed 1-MW solar system will provide 5 MWh of power each day,which is enough to fully charge~120 EVs each day.Additionally,the use of the proposed photovoltaic system benefits the environment by removing a huge amount of greenhouse gases and hazardous pollutants.For example,instead of supplying EVs with power from coal-fired power plants,1989 pounds of CO_(2) will be eliminated from the air per hour.

Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).

Comparative assessment of maximum power point tracking procedures for photovoltaic systems

The fast growing demands and increasing awareness for the environment, PV systems are being rapidly installed for numerous applications.However, one of the important challenges in utilizing a PV source is the maximum power harnessing using various maximum power point tracking techniques available. With the large number of MPPT techniques, each having some merits and demerits, confusion is always there for their proper selection. Discussion on various proposed procedures for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic array has been done. Based on different parameters analysis of MPPT techniques is carried out. This assessment will serve as a suitable reference for selection, understanding different ways and means of MPPT.

Overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Methods for PV Systems

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers play an important role in photovoltaic systems. They maximize the output power of a PV array for a given set of conditions. This paper presents an overview of the different MPPT techniques. Each technique is evaluated on its ability to detect multiple maxima, convergence speed, ease of implementation, efficiency over a wide output power range, and cost of implementation. The perturbation and observation (P & O), and incremental conductance (IC) algorithms are widely used techniques, with many variants and optimization techniques reported. For this reason, this paper evaluates the performance of these two common approaches from a dynamic and steady state perspective.

Comprehensive review and performance evaluation of maximum power point tracking algorithms for photovoltaic system

A photovoltaic array is environmentally friendly and a source of unlimited energy generation.However,it is presently a costlier energy generation system than other non-renewable energy sources.The main reasons are seasonal variations and continuously changing weather conditions,which affect the amount of solar energy received by the solar panels.In addition,the non-linear characteristics of the voltage and current outputs along with the operating environment temperature and variation in the solar radiation decrease the energy conversion capability of the photovoltaic arrays.To address this problem,the global maxima of the PV arrays can be tracked using a maximum power point tracking algorithm(MPPT)and the operating point of the photovoltaic system can be forced to its optimum value.This technique increases the efficiency of the photovoltaic array and minimizes the cost of the system by reducing the number of solar modules required to obtain the desired power.However,the tracking algorithms are not equally effective in all areas of application.Therefore,selecting the correct MPPT is very critical.This paper presents a detailed review and comparison of the MPPT techniques for photovoltaic systems,with consideration of the following key parameters:photovoltaic array dependence,type of system(analog or digital),need for periodic tuning,convergence speed,complexity of the system,global maxima,implemented capacity,and sensed parameter(s).In addition,based on real meteorological data(irradiance and temperature at a site located in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia),a simulation is performed to evaluate the performance of tracking algorithms suitable for the application being studied.Finally,the study clearly validates the considerable energy saving achieved by using these algorithms.

Maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic energy system using neural fuzzy techniques

In order to improve the output efficiency of a photovoltaic （PV） energy system, the real-time maximum power point （MPP） of the PV array should be tracked closely. The non-linear and time-variant characteristics of the photovoltaic array and the non-linear and non-minimum phase characteristics of a boost converter make it difficult to track the MPP as in traditional control strategies. A neural fuzzy controller （NFC） in conjunction with the reasoning capability of fuzzy logical systems and the learning capability of neural networks is proposed to track the MPP in this paper. A gradient estimator based on a radial basis function neural network is developed to provide the reference information to the NFC. With a derived learning algorithm, the parameters of the NFC are updated adaptively. Experimental results show that, compared with the fuzzy logic control algorithm, the proposed control algorithm provides much better tracking performance.

On maximum power point tracking control strategy for variable speed constant frequency wind power generation

Based on the characteristic of AC-excited variable speed constant frequency(VSCF)wind power generation,the vector control technique was applied in a doubly fed induction generator(DFIG).Maximum wind energy or maximum output power point can be tracked by decoupling control of active power and reactive power.The research result shows that the net power of generation system delivered to grid in maximum wind energy tracking mode is not the most.We presented a novel maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control strategy by analyzing the DFIG mathematic model and power relations which delivered the maximum power to the grid.The maximum power point could be tracked automatically without measuring wind speed in the control strategy and the control was independent of optimal turbine power curve,which had excellent dynamic and static performances and robustness.Simulation and experimental results testify the accuracy and validity of the control strategy.

Variable Parameter Nonlinear Control for Maximum Power Point Tracking Considering Mitigation of Drive-train Load

Since mechanical loads exert a significant influence on the life span of wind turbines, the reduction of transient load on drive-train shaft has received more attention when implementing a maximum power point tracking U+0028 MPPT U+0029 controller. Moreover, a trade-off between the efficiency of wind energy extraction and the load level of drive-train shaft becomes a key issue. However, for the existing control strategies based on nonlinear model of wind turbines, the MPPT efficiencies are improved at the cost of the intensive fluctuation of generator torque and significant increase of transient load on drive train shaft. Hence, in this paper, a nonlinear controller with variable parameter is proposed for improving MPPT efficiency and mitigating transient load on drive-train simultaneously. Then, simulations on FAST U+0028 Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence U+0029 code and experiments on the wind turbine simulator U+0028 WTS U+0029 based test bench are presented to verify the efficiency improvement of the proposed control strategy with less cost of drive-train load. © 2017 Chinese Association of Automation.

Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Using Neural Networks for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems

The employment of maximum power point tracking techniques in the photovoltaic power systems is well known and even of immense importance. There are various techniques to track the maximum power point reported in several literatures. In such context, there is an increasing interest in developing a more appropriate and effective maximum power point tracking control methodology to ensure that the photovoltaic arrays guarantee as much of their available output power as possible to the load for any temperature and solar radiation levels. In this paper, theoretical details of the work, carried out to develop and implement a maximum power point tracking controller using neural networks for a stand-alone photovoltaic system, are presented. Attention has been also paid to the command of the power converter to achieve maximum power point tracking. Simulations results, using Matlab/Simulink software, presented for this approach under rapid variation of insolation and temperature conditions, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method both in terms of efficiency and fast response time. Negligible oscillations around the maximum power point and easy implementation are the main advantages of the proposed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method.

Maximum Power Point Tracking Using the Incremental Conductance Algorithm for PV Systems Operating in Rapidly Changing Environmental Conditions

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an important process in Photovoltaic (PV) systems because of the need to extract maximum power from PV panels used in these systems. Without the ability to track and have PV panels operate at its maximum power point (MPP) entails power losses;resulting in high cost since more panels will be required to provide specified energy needs. To achieve high efficiency and low cost, MPPT has therefore become an imperative in PV systems. In this study, an MPP tracker is modeled using the IC algorithm and its behavior under rapidly changing environmental conditions of temperature and irradiation levels is investigated. This algorithm, based on knowledge of the variation of the conductance of PV cells and the operating point with respect to the voltage and current of the panel calculates the slope of the power characteristics to determine the MPP as the peak of the curve. A simple circuit model of the DC-DC boost converter connected to a PV panel is used in the simulation;and the output of the boost converter is fed through a 3-phase inverter to an electricity grid. The model was simulated and tested using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the IC algorithm for tracking the MPP in PV systems operating under rapidly changing temperatures and irradiations with a settling time of 2 seconds.

Parasitic Effects on the Performance of DC-DC SEPIC in Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Applications

This paper presents an analysis of the effect of parasitic resistances on the performance of DC-DC Single Ended Pri- mary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) in photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) applications. The energy storage elements incorporated in the SEPIC converter possess parasitic resistances. Although ideal components significantly simplifies model development, but neglecting the parasitic effects in models may sometimes lead to failure in predicting first scale stability and actual performance. Therefore, the effects of parasitics have been taken into consideration for improving the model accuracy, stability, robustness and dynamic performance analysis of the converter. Detail mathematical model of SEPIC converter including inductive parasitic has been developed. The performance of the converter in tracking MPP at different irradiance levels has been analyzed for variation in parasitic resistance. The converter efficiency has been found above 83% for insolation level of 600 W/m2 when the parasitic resistance in the energy storage element has been ignored. However, as the parasitic resistance of both of the inductor has increased to 1 ohm, a fraction of the power managed by the converter has dissipated;as a result the efficiency of the converter has reduced to 78% for the same insolation profile. Although the increasing value of the parasitic has assisted the converter to converge quickly to reach the maximum power point. Furthermore it has also been observed that the peak to peak load current ripple is reduced. The obtained simulation results have validated the competent of the MPPT converter model.

Maximum Power Point Tracking With Fractional Order High Pass Filter for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is widely recognized as a potentially renewable and green energy source based on hydrogen. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is one of the most important working conditions to be considered. In order to improve the performance such as convergence and robustness under disturbance and uncertainty, a fractional order high pass filter (FOHPF) is applied for the MPPT controller design based on the traditional extremum seeking control (ESC). The controller is designed with integerorder integrator (IO-I) and low pass filter (IO-LPF) together with fractional order high pass filter (FOHPF), by substituting the normal HPF in the original ESC system. With this FOHPF ESC, better convergence and smoother performance are achieved while maintaining the robust specifications. First, tracking stability is discussed under the commensurate-order condition. Then, simulation results are included to validate the proposed new FOHPF ESC scheme under disturbance. Finally, comparison results between FOHPF ESC and the traditional ESC method are also provided. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

A Fuzzy Logic Controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking with 8-Bit Microcontroller

This paper presents the implementation of maximum power point tracking （MPPT） with fuzzy logic controller. For cost consideration, an inexpensive 8-bit microcontroller, PIC 16F877A, is selected and programmed with C language and integer variables For evaluation, the implemented fuzzy logic controller （FLC） is compared with the MPPT controller of using perturbation and observation （P＆O）. Both types of MPPT controllers are tested on the same voltage source with a series-connected resistor. Experimental results show that the implemented FLC with appropriate design meets the control requirements of MPPT. The FLC based on linguistic fuzzy rules has more flexibility and intelligence than conventional P＆O controller, but the FLC spends more RAM and ROM spaces than the P＆O tracker does.

Tracking the maximum power point of solar panels through direct estimation of optimum voltage with temperature

Electricity production from photovoltaic(PV)panels is maximized when the operating point is located at the maximum power point thanks to dedicated controllers.These controllers are driven to track the maximum power by using various algorithms within distributed or centralized architectures accounting for factors such as partial irradiation and temperature changes.The effect of irradiance on the optimal panel voltage is weak or even negligible,while it is strong and quasi-linear-dependent on temperature.Based on this observation,this article introduces a straightforward method for tracking the maximum power of a PV panel by using an optimizer,focusing solely on its temperature response as an input variable.The proposed approach hinges on linearizing the relationship between panel temperature and operating voltage.This relationship enables the estimation of the maximum power point through temperature measurement alone.Thus,after determination of the linear temperature coefficient of the voltage requiring only the knowledge of two optimal voltages at different temperatures,for example from the datasheet of the panel,the power tracking involves only one temperature sensor placed on the panel alongside a voltage sensor for regulation.The principle,modelling,and validation post-panel ageing of the method are detailed in this paper.Simulation,conducted using real experimental irradiation and temperature data,attests to the effectiveness of the control.Results indicate an average effectiveness of the method of>99.1%in tracking the maximum power,with the panel generating 2.33 kWh out of a possible 2.35 kWh.This performance is comparable to that of tracking devices employing more complex algorithms.The simplicity and efficiency of the method make it a promising option for maximizing the power production at low cost from PV systems in small or residential,on-or off-grid connected applications.

A Review of State-of-the-art Flexible Power Point Tracking Algorithms in Photovoltaic Systems for Grid Support:Classification and Application

To maximize conversion efficiency,photovoltaic(PV)systems generally operate in the maximum power point tracking(MPPT)mode.However,due to the increasing penetra tion level of PV systems,there is a need for more developed control functions in terms of frequency support services and voltage control to maintain the reliability and stability of the power grid.Therefore,flexible active power control is a manda tory task for grid-connected PV systems to meet part of the grid requirements.Hence,a significant number of flexible pow er point tracking(FPPT)algorithms have been introduced in the existing literature.The purpose of such algorithms is to real ize a cost-effective method to provide grid support functional ities while minimizing the reliance on energy storage systems.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of grid support functionalities that can be obtained with the FPPT control of PV systems such as frequency support and volt-var control.Each of these grid support functionalities necessitates PV sys tems to operate under one of the three control strategies,which can be provided with FPPT algorithms.The three control strate gies are classified as:①constant power generation control(CP GC),②power reserve control(PRC),and③power ramp rate control(PRRC).A detailed discussion on available FPPT algo rithms for each control strategy is also provided.This paper can serve as a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art FPPT algorithms that can equip PV systems with various grid support functionalities.

Intelligent algorithm-based maximum power point tracker for an off-grid photovoltaic-powered direct-current irrigation system

This research aims to enhance the performance of photovoltaic(PV)systems on a 2-fold basis.Firstly,it introduces an advanced deep artificial neural network algorithm for accurate and fast maximum power point tracking,ensuring optimal extraction of electrical power from PV arrays.Secondly,it proposes the use of 96-V,2.98-kW direct-current(DC)water pumps for farm irrigation,aiming to improve efficiency,reduce cost and complexity,and overcome challenges associated with connecting faraway farm irrigation systems to the utility grid.In this study,it has been demonstrated that the use of DC pumps greatly improves system performance and efficiency by eliminating the need for isolation transformers,power passive filters and inverters,therefore simplifying the architecture of the system.The efficacy of the proposed methodology is confirmed by MATLAB®/Simulink®simulation results,whereby the proposed algorithm attains a mean squared error of 6.5705×10^(-5)and a system efficiency approaching 99.8%,ensuring a steady voltage under varying load conditions.

Research on the MPPT of Photovoltaic Power Generation Based on Improved WOA and P&O under Partial Shading Conditions

Partial shading conditions(PSCs)caused by uneven illumination become one of the most common problems in photovoltaic(PV)systems,which can make the PV power-voltage(P-V)characteristics curve show multi-peaks.Traditional maximum power point tracking(MPPT)methods have shortcomings in tracking to the global maximum power point(GMPP),resulting in a dramatic decrease in output power.In order to solve the above problems,intelligent algorithms are used in MPPT.However,the existing intelligent algorithms have some disadvantages,such as slow convergence speed and large search oscillation.Therefore,an improved whale algorithm(IWOA)combined with the P&O(IWOA-P&O)is proposed for the MPPT of PV power generation in this paper.Firstly,IWOA is used to track the range interval of the GMPP,and then P&O is used to accurately find the MPP in that interval.Compared with other algorithms,simulation results show that this method has an average tracking efficiency of 99.79%and an average tracking time of 0.16 s when tracking GMPP.Finally,experimental verification is conducted,and the results show that the proposed algorithm has better MPPT performance compared to popular particle swarm optimization(PSO)and PSO-P&O algorithms.

An Improved Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Photovoltaic Power Systems

This paper aims to improve the performance of the conventional perturb and observe(P&O)maximum power point tracking(MPPT)algorithm.As the oscillation around the maximum power point(MPP)is the main disadvantage of this technique,we introduce a modified P&O algorithm to conquer this handicap.The new algorithm recognizes approaching the peak of the photovoltaic(PV)array power curve and prevents the oscillation around the MPP.The key to achieve this goal is testing the change of output power in each cycle and comparing it with the change in array terminal power of the previous cycle.If a decrease in array terminal power is observed after an increase in the previous cycle or in the opposite direction,an increase in array terminal power is observed after a decrease in the previous cycle;it means we are at the peak of the power curve,so the duty cycle of the boost converter should remain the same as the previous cycle.Besides,an optimized duty cycle is introduced,which is adjusted based on the operating point of PV array.Furthermore,a DC-DC boost converter powered by a PV array simulator is used to test the proposed concept.When the irradiance changes,the proposed algorithm produces an averageηMPPT of nearly 3.1%greater than that of the conventional P&O algorithm and the incremental conductance(In C)algorithm.In addition,under strong partial shading conditions and drift avoidance tests,the proposed algorithm produces an averageηMPPT of nearly 9%and 8%greater than that of the conventional algorithms,respectively.