Pressure control of PEMFC distributed power generator

Control design is important for PEMFC （proton exchange membrane fuel cell） distributed power generator to satisfy user requirement for safe and stable operation. For a complex multi-variable dynamic system, a dynamic simulation model is first established. In view of close coupling and non-linear relationships between variables, the intelligent auto-adapted PI decoupling control method is used. From the simulation results it is found that, by bringing quadratic performance index in the single neuron, constructing adaptive PI controller, and adjusting gas flow rates through the second pressure relief valve and air compressor coordinately, both anode and cathode pressures can be maintained at ideal levels.

A Real-Time Power Controller for Grid-Connected Inverters in LV Smart Microgrids

This paper presents a real-time power flow controller for VSIs （voltage source inverters） interfaced to low voltage microgrids. The proposed controller is modular, flexible, intelligent, inexpensive, portable, adaptive and designed to positively contribute in low voltage microgrids in which the lines R/X ratio is greater than the transmission lines. Therefore, the proposed control strategy is developed for operation in distribution lines. The controller strategy is different from the conventional grid-connected inverters which are designed based on transmission line characteristics. This controller, using a Texas Instrument general purpose DSP （digital signal processor）, is programmed and tuned using MATLAB/SIMULINK in order to enhance self-healing, reliability and stability of the grid. This general purpose controller makes proper decisions using its local measurements as the primary source of data. The controller has the capability of communicating with the adjacent controllers and sharing the information if/when needed. The power flow output of the inverter is tested for both islanded and grid-connected modes of operation. The inverter positively contributes to active and reactive power supply while operating in grid-connected mode. The proposed control method has been implemented on a Texas Instrument DSC （digital signal controller） chip and tested on a hardware test bench at the Alternative Energy Laboratory at WVU1T （West Virginia University Institute of Technology）. The system＇s experimental results veri~ the validity and efficiency of the proposed controller.

Optimal configuration of distributed power flow controller to enhance system loadability via mixed integer linear programming

The increase of energy consumption has caused power systems to operate close to the limit of their capacity.The distributed power flow controller(DPFC),as a new member of distributed flexible AC transmission systems,is introduced to remove this barrier.This paper proposes an optimal DPFC configuration method to enhance system loadability considering economic performance based on mixed integer linear programming.The conflicting behavior of system loadability and DPFC investment is analyzed and optimal solutions are calculated.Thereafter,the fuzzy decision-making method is implemented for determining the most preferred solution.In the most preferred solution obtained,the investment of DPFCs is minimized to find the optimal number,locations and set points.Simulation results on the IEEERTS79 system demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and reasonable.

Multi-objective Coordination Control of Distributed Power Flow Controller

In this paper,distributed power flow controller(DPFC)constraints are analyzed.The energy balance relationship between fundamental wave and third harmonic in series and shunt-side converter is deduced.A proportional integral(PI)controller of the DPFC is constructed.The PI controller uses the voltage amplitude and phase angle injected into the system in the series side,along with the modulation ratio of the three-phase converter on the shunt side as the control variables.A multiobjective coordinated control equation is proposed,which factors the constraints of the energy balance between series and shunt side,device capacity limit,safe operation limit,fundamental component,as well as third harmonic component of the injection voltage at the series side.The equation minimizes the variance between the actual value of the control target and its given value to ensure that the DC capacitor voltage,both in the series and shunt side,is stable at target value.Simulations are conducted to verify correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Digital/Analog Simulation Platform for Distributed Power Flow Controller Based on ADPSS and dSPACE

Distributed power flow controller,which is among the most powerful distributed flexible transmission equipments,is still only in the stage of the oretical research and digital simulation.In order to promote the engineering demonstration of a distributed power flow controller,it is urgent to establish a digital/analog simulation platform that supports closed-loop real-time simulation of a distributed power flow controller.In this paper,the electromagnetic transient model of a distributed power flow controller is established on ADPSS(advanced digital power system simulator).The rapid control prototype realized by dSPACE is connected to ADPSS to form a digital/analog simulation platform for a distributed power flow controller.Through a voltage control and power flow control simulation of the test system with a distributed power flow controller,the correctness and effectiveness of the constructed simulation platform are verified,which provides a new way for the verification of the new theory of a distributed power flow controller.

基于分布式潮流控制器的海上风电系统谐波治理方法和控制策略

由于电力电缆的电容效应,海上风电经电缆汇集系统极易出现谐波谐振放大的现象,造成电能质量的下降。分布式潮流控制器属于基于电压源换流器的装置,在进行潮流调节的同时也能进行谐波治理。文中首先构建了海上风电系统的频域相关模型,基于该模型分析了谐波谐振放大的原因;随后,采用了将分布式潮流控制器串入海上风电系统的谐波治理方式,推导并得到了含分布式潮流控制器的海上风电系统的谐波特性。基于该谐波特性,设计了一种控制策略。该策略通过控制分布式潮流控制器实时跟踪使并网点谐波电压幅值为零的谐波补偿电压,从而降低并网点的谐波电压含量。仿真结果表明,所提出的基于分布式潮流控制器的海上风电系统谐波治理方法和控制策略能够有效地降低并网点的谐波电压,改善电能质量。

基于电压补偿的双端直流配电网电压就地协调控制

双端直流配电网是一种双端电源供电的网络结构,可为直流负荷提供更加稳定和可靠的电源电压。然而,负荷的功率波动和不平衡使线路电压跌落增大,可能导致直流负荷的电压不平衡度和电压偏差指标越限,影响直流负荷的正常运行。文中基于电压源型换流器(VSC)外环电压控制,考虑中线电压补偿,提出基于电压补偿等效模型的直流配电网电压偏差及不平衡度联合抑制策略,实现直流配电网电压就地协调控制。首先,建立双端直流配电网潮流模型,将VSC电压下垂控制引入潮流模型,分析不同控制策略下的电压偏差和不平衡度的特性。其次,在此基础上,以电压最低点为分点获得双端电源供电回路压降的简化等效模型,并利用最小二乘法实现等效阻抗参数辨识,构建双端直流配电网的电压补偿等效模型。以参数辨识结果作为电压外环控制输入,提出考虑中线电压补偿的双端直流配电网电压就地协调控制策略。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,验证了双端直流配电网潮流模型的正确性和控制策略的有效性。

Coordination Control of Power Flow Controller and Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker in MVDC Distribution Networks

The two main challenges of medium voltage direct current(MVDC)distribution network are the flexible control of power flow(PF)and fault protection.In this paper,the power flow controller(PFC)is introduced to regulate the PF and inhibit the fault current during the DC fault.The coordination strategy of series-parallel PFC(SP-PFC)and hybrid DC circuit breaker(DCCB)is proposed.By regulating the polarity and magnitude of SP-PFC output voltage during the fault,the rising speed of fault current can be suppressed so as to reduce the breaking current of hybrid DCCB.The access mode of SP-PFC to the MVDC distribution network and its topology are analyzed,and the coordination strategy between SP-PFC and hybrid DCCB is investigated.Moreover,the emergency control and bypass control strategies of SP-PFC are developed.On this basis,the mathematical model of SP-PFC in different fault stages is derived.With the equivalent model of SP-PFC,the fault current of the MVDC distribution network can be calculated accurately.A simulation model of the MVDC distribution network containing SP-PFC is established in MATLAB/Simulink.The fault current calculation result is compared with the simulation result,and the effectiveness of the proposed coordination strategy is verified.

构网型分布式电源渗透率高的微电网潮流计算及优化控制

随着微电网(microgrid,MG)中构网型分布式电源(distributed generator,DG)渗透率的提高,传统的潮流计算和优化方法不再适用。基于下垂控制的数学模型,改进传统牛顿拉夫逊法;应用虚拟阻抗松弛DG的无功与电压约束,改进下垂控制;应用改进粒子群优化算法,得到使网损最小的MG优化潮流;通过仿真和实验,验证了该方法的有效性。该文有助于指导构网型DG渗透率高的末端电网或MG的规划与控制。

基于线性化潮流模型的配电网电压无功控制策略

针对现有基于二阶锥松弛的电压无功控制模型无法以电压波动为目标且求解速度较慢等问题,文中提出了一种基于线性化潮流模型的配电网电压无功控制策略。基于支路潮流方程建立了包含有载调压分接头、电容器组和光伏逆变器等调控手段的电压无功控制模型,并将其离散变量松弛为连续变量,以形成二阶锥规划。进一步以二阶锥规划所得结果为基准点构造线性化潮流模型,并以电压波动最小为目标,将连续变量还原为离散变量。最后基于改进的IEEE-33节点测试系统进行了仿真,仿真结果表明所提出的线性化潮流模型具有较高的精度和更快的求解速度,能够适用于配电网实时电压无功控制。

高比例光伏接入的分布式储能容量自适应协调控制方法

光伏发电具有一定的波动性和不确定性,天气、季节等因素会导致光伏功率的变化,需要储能系统实时跟踪、预测和调整以保持供需平衡,但波动性和不确定性增加了控制的复杂性。为此,提出一种新的分布式储能容量自适应协调控制方法。计算接入高比例光伏电能后储能无功损耗,设置功率约束条件,确保功率的稳定性。基于此,以电压条件最优、接入负荷和净功率最低、高比例光伏接入处的功率可调节范围最优为调控目标,实现高比例光伏接入的分布式储能容量自适应协调控制。实验数据证明,所提方法在控制效果方面具有显著优势,能够实现高效的分布式储能控制,并确保光伏的高效出力。

基于功率流理论大底盘双塔楼减震控制研究

在地震作用下,大底盘双塔楼结构采用隔震层和阻尼器协同控制方案有较好的控制效果,但该体系下各子结构间的能量流动并未被深入研究。文中将大底盘双塔楼复合被动控制体系简化为分布参数体系,利用多目标粒子群(multi-objective particle swarm optimization,MOPSO)算法,得到阻尼器最优参数。以此为基础,探究左塔频率和阻尼比变化时,各塔楼功率流方差、功率流流向以及随机功率流时变方差的变化情况。研究表明:采用一体化的设计流程可以增强大底盘双塔楼控制体系的耗能能力。隔震层和阻尼器使得具有底部隔震的右塔类似于一个大型的调谐质量阻屁器(tuned mass damper,TMD)控制装置。同时左、右塔楼不对称设计提供的动力差异进一步提升结构的减震性能。此时,较低楼层的能量将流入隔震层,而较高楼层的能量则由阻尼器进行吸收耗散。复合被动控制方案可使得结构更快地进入稳定状态。上述方案还可大幅降低随机功率流时变方差峰值。

新型单心式独立型移相变压器及其调节特性研究

为提升高比例新能源配电网的潮流控制能力和精度,提出了一种新型单心式独立型移相变压器(SCIPST),对调压绕组匝数配置进行了优化,通过独立控制2个调压绕组,SCIPST能够独立调节线路电压的相位和幅值。与传统移相变压器相比,增加了独立调节线路电压幅值的功能和可调移相角的数量,提高了调节精度。通过独立调节线路电压相位和幅值,能够在一定范围内实现独立调节线路有功、无功。介绍了SCIPST的拓扑结构,详细分析了工作原理并给出了控制策略。建立了SCIPST的仿真模型,对SCIPST调节电网潮流和电压的稳态和暂态性能进行仿真验证。研制出小容量SCIPST实验模型,搭建了潮流调节特性测试平台,开展了调节潮流模拟实验。仿真和实验结果证明了所提出的SCIPST的可行性和有效性。

含能量路由器的交直流混合配电网潮流计算

能量路由器(energy router,ER)作为新兴电力电子设备,可以实现电能在电力系统中的灵活分配。分析ER对系统的影响,研究以ER为配电枢纽的交直流混合配电网潮流计算方法,对实现配电网的优化运行具有重要意义。文中首先基于改进交替迭代法建立ER的稳态潮流模型,并对ER直流端口采用下垂控制策略,结合传统解耦法,提出一种适用于含ER的配电网交直流解耦迭代潮流计算方法。以含有多个ER的IEEE 14节点和IEEE 69节点配电系统为算例进行仿真计算,验证所提方法的正确性与收敛性。为分析ER对系统运行的影响,对不同场景下IEEE 69节点测试系统进行仿真计算,证明ER在系统中可以支撑节点电压,减小系统运行损耗。

采用下垂控制并网的光伏微电网优化潮流分析

为了控制当前的环境污染问题并解决能源短缺问题,微电网作为新型电力网络逐渐进入人们的视野,为我国能源问题带来了新机遇。相比于传统电网,微电网中存在大量采用下垂控制的电压型电源,其无法等值成传统潮流计算中的节点类型,因此传统电网的潮流计算方法已经不再适用于微电网。从微电网的整体控制策略入手,考虑了孤岛微电网实际存在的不同分布式电源的控制方式。建立了微电网中分布式电源模型与负荷模型。对传统电网潮流计算中应用的牛顿-拉夫逊法进行改进,得到适用于孤岛微电网的潮流计算方法。所提方法的特点是采用全节点雅可比矩阵,所有节点都参与系统的状态变化的修正,不再设置平衡节点,同时将系统频率也纳入了状态变量中。最后对改进的潮流算法进行了验证。

35 kV配电网有功功率潮流调节偏差控制方法

常规的配电网有功功率潮流调节偏差控制方法忽视了无功功率潮流的补偿,降低了潮流调节偏差控制效果。因此,设计了35 kV配电网有功功率潮流调节偏差控制方法。首先,通过控制发电设备的出力可以实现对有功功率的调节。根据系统负荷变化情况,调整发电设备的出力可以使得系统的有功功率匹配系统负荷需求,进而修正潮流调节偏差。其次,通过改变变压器分接头的选取,可以调整变压器的输出电压,从而使得潮流在配电网中的分布更加均衡。同时,通过在配电网中采用HHUPFC控制器,可以补偿潮流中的无功功率,提高系统的功率因数,进而改善潮流分布和降低潮流调节偏差。针对35 kV配电网的特点,该方法还采用单独调节配电网首端电压幅值、线路电抗和首末端相位差等措施。通过分别调节这些参数,可以精确控制潮流的分布,使得潮流调节偏差得到有效控制。通过对比实验验证,该方法在潮流调节偏差控制方面具有更佳的效果。

基于变电站分布式潮流控制器的控制保护策略研究与应用

随着电力系统规模的不断扩大和电力负荷的不断增加,传统的集中式潮流控制策略在应对复杂的电力系统变化和需求时已显现出一定的局限性。为了提高电力系统的运行效率和稳定性,分布式潮流控制器逐渐成为一种备受关注的新型技术。文章提出一种基于分布式潮流控制器的控制保护策略,并详细研究了其在实际中的应用。

双电源接入的配电网重构与优化技术研究

双电源配电环网是提高电力供应可靠性的一种常用方式。但是其潮流控制困难,电网损耗较高,因此优化潮流分布并减小配电网损耗是电力行业研究者关注的重点。柔性交流输电技术和统一潮流控制器(Unified Power Flow Controller,UPFC)的应用可以解决双电源配电环网中的潮流分布问题。将UPFC技术应用于双电源配电环网的潮流优化控制,并通过仿真试验验证方法的有效性,建立以最小化配电网有功损耗为目标的数学模型,优化在双电源配电环网中UPFC的串联补偿电压。实验结果表明,UPFC在双电源配电环网中的优化控制效果较好。

含分布式多能流微能源网的配电物联网架构探索与研究

我国未来能源系统的发展趋势是分布式多能流微能源网与大电网并举,大量的物联网设备将接入低压配电网。随着配电网从单纯电力网络向智能能源信息一体化方向演变,目前的配电网面临一系列挑战。以三峡坝区配电网为例,探索包含多个多能流微能源网的配电的信息集成和协调优化运行架构,给出了物联网技术和配电网深度融合的分层的配电物联网架构设计,并提出了配电物联网下一步发展的建议。

DPFC系统参数设计方法研究

设计了一套分布式潮流控制器装置参数设计方法,由线路潮流变化范围确定串并联侧变流器的容量,按分布式潮流控制器的功率模型和功率守恒原理,确定串联侧注入输电线路的最大基频电压幅值、流过串联侧变流器的电流以及并联侧变流器向系统注入的电流和电压,再根据逆变器输入输出电压的关系确定直流电容电压和变流器的开关参数.最后验证参数设计方法的正确性,使用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件搭建了一套分布式潮流控制器接入10kVA输电系统进行仿真实验,显示DPFC能快速有效改善系统的电压和潮流的能力,证明本文的装置参数设计方法的正确性.