Simulation of Raw Signal for Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)

The study on simulation of raw signal for spaceborne SAR aims at producing raw signal to test and evaluate the system and imaging algorithm. The model used for simulation includes a distributed target model, a platform and target geometry model, and a mathematical architecture used for generation of raw echo. Two aspects are stressed, one is the effects of earth ellip soid and attitude errors on radar impulse respense, the other is quick generation of range migration in azimuth frequency domain. Prescribed statistical characteristics of the model account for a realistic speckle of actual image. Finally, examples are given to validate the simulation of raw signal for spaceborne SAR.

Resolving co- and early post-seismic slip variations of the 2021 MW 7.4 Madoi earthquake in east Bayan Har block with a block-wide distributed deformation mode from satellite synthetic aperture radar data

On 21 May 2021(UTC),an MW 7.4 earthquake jolted the east Bayan Har block in the Tibetan Plateau.The earthquake received widespread attention as it is the largest event in the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings since the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,and especially in proximity to the seismic gaps on the east Kunlun fault.Here we use satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar data and subpixel offset observations along the range directions to characterize the coseismic deformation of the earthquake.Range offset displacements depict clear surface ruptures with a total length of~170 km involving two possible activated fault segments in the earthquake.Coseismic modeling results indicate that the earthquake was dominated by left-lateral strike-slip motions of up to 7 m within the top 12 km of the crust.The well-resolved slip variations are characterized by five major slip patches along strike and 64%of shallow slip deficit,suggesting a young seismogenic structure.Spatial-temporal changes of the postseismic deformation are mapped from early 6-day and 24-day InSAR observations,and are well explained by time-dependent afterslip models.Analysis of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)velocity profiles and strain rates suggests that the eastward extrusion of plateau is diffusely distributed across the east Bayan Har block,but exhibits significant lateral heterogeneities,as evidenced by magnetotelluric observations.The block-wide distributed deformation of the east Bayan Har block along with the significant co-and post-seismic stress loadings from the Madoi earthquake imply high seismic risks along regional faults,especially the Tuosuo Lake and Maqên-Maqu segments of the Kunlun fault that are known as seismic gaps.

Synthetic Aperture Radar Raw Signals Simulation of Extended Scenes

A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw signal simulation algorithm for extended scenes is presented. This algorithm is based on the SAR two-dimensional system transform function (STF). To cope with range-variant nature of SAR STF and increase the speed of this algorithms, new formulas for range-variant phase corrections in range-Doppler (RD) domain are developed. In this way, many azimuth lines can be simulated with the same SAR STF. It only needs two-dimensional fast Fourier transform code and complex multiplications. Comparing with time-domain simulation algorithm, it is very simple and thus efficient. Simulation results have shown that this algorithm is accurate and efficient. Key words synthetic aperture radar - raw signal simulation - system transform function CLC number TP 751. 1 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40376051)Biography: Sun Jin-yao (1967-), female, Ph. D. candidate, research direction: SAR image simulation and 3D recover for SAR image.

A synthetic aperture radar sea surface distribution estimation by n-order Bézier curve and its application in ship detection

To dates,most ship detection approaches for single-pol synthetic aperture radar（SAR） imagery try to ensure a constant false-alarm rate（CFAR）.A high performance ship detector relies on two key components：an accurate estimation to a sea surface distribution and a fine designed CFAR algorithm.First,a novel nonparametric sea surface distribution estimation method is developed based on n-order Bézier curve.To estimate the sea surface distribution using n-order Bézier curve,an explicit analytical solution is derived based on a least square optimization,and the optimal selection also is presented to two essential parameters,the order n of Bézier curve and the number m of sample points.Next,to validate the ship detection performance of the estimated sea surface distribution,the estimated sea surface distribution by n-order Bézier curve is combined with a cell averaging CFAR（CA-CFAR）.To eliminate the possible interfering ship targets in background window,an improved automatic censoring method is applied.Comprehensive experiments prove that in terms of sea surface estimation performance,the proposed method is as good as a traditional nonparametric Parzen window kernel method,and in most cases,outperforms two widely used parametric methods,K and G0 models.In terms of computation speed,a major advantage of the proposed estimation method is the time consuming only depended on the number m of sample points while independent of imagery size,which makes it can achieve a significant speed improvement to the Parzen window kernel method,and in some cases,it is even faster than two parametric methods.In terms of ship detection performance,the experiments show that the ship detector which constructed by the proposed sea surface distribution model and the given CA-CFAR algorithm has wide adaptability to different SAR sensors,resolutions and sea surface homogeneities and obtains a leading performance on the test dataset.

A COMPARISON OF SOME ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES ON INVERSE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (ISAR)

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) is an important means for target classification, recognition, identification and many other military applications. A simulation model of ISAR system is established after analyzing the principle of ISAR imaging, and then several ECM (Electronic Counter Measurement) techniques are studied. Simulation experiments are done on the basis of such research. The experimental result of the research can be used for ECM equipment.

Application of improved equivalent edge currents in synthetic aperture radar imaging

Target modeling and scattering function calculating are important prerequisites and groundwork for the synthetic aperture radar（SAR） imaging simulation.According to the difficult problems that normal methods cannot calculate the scattering function of electrically large object under the condition to wideband,an effective method of improved equivalent edge currents is presented and applied to SAR imaging simulation for the first time.This method improves calculating velocity and has relatively high precision.The concrete steps of applying the method are given.By way of the simulation experiment,the effectiveness of the method is verified.

GF-3 data real-time processing method based on multi-satellite distributed data processing system

Due to the limited scenes that synthetic aperture radar(SAR)satellites can detect,the full-track utilization rate is not high.Because of the computing and storage limitation of one satellite,it is difficult to process large amounts of data of spaceborne synthetic aperture radars.It is proposed to use a new method of networked satellite data processing for improving the efficiency of data processing.A multi-satellite distributed SAR real-time processing method based on Chirp Scaling(CS)imaging algorithm is studied in this paper,and a distributed data processing system is built with field programmable gate array(FPGA)chips as the kernel.Different from the traditional CS algorithm processing,the system divides data processing into three stages.The computing tasks are reasonably allocated to different data processing units(i.e.,satellites)in each stage.The method effectively saves computing and storage resources of satellites,improves the utilization rate of a single satellite,and shortens the data processing time.Gaofen-3(GF-3)satellite SAR raw data is processed by the system,with the performance of the method verified.

SPACEBORNE SAR REAL-TIME ECHO SIMULATION PLATFORM BASED ON VPX

To perform the ground test of a spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) system, an echo simulator with the characteristics of multimode, multi-assemblage, and real time is proposed in this paper. A hardware platform of the real-time echo simulator based on the VPX bus is designed. With this platform, real-time multi-point echo generation and scenario targets echo generation can be achieved by the real-time signal processing in Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA), utilizing the parameters calculated by the industry computers. Furthermore, this platform can output different signals if it is expanded to multi-channels, making it possible for the assignment of echo generation and test in different spaceborne SAR modes. The test results with the actual SAR system show that this platform can satisfy the system requirements and is now used in practice.

IMAGING AND MTI PROCESSING BASED ON DUAL-FREQUENCIES DUAL-APERTURES SPACEBORNE SAR

Based on dual-frequencies dual-apertures spaceborne SAR （Synthetic Aperture Radar）, a new SAR system with four receiving channels and two operation modes is presented in this paper, SAR imaging and Moving Target Indication （MTI） are studied in this system. High resolution imaging with wide swath is implemented by the Mode Ⅰ, and MTI is completed by the Mode Ⅱ. High azimuth resolution is achieved by the Displaced Phase Center （DPC） multibeam technique. And the Coherent Accumulation （CA） method, which combines dual channels data of different carrier frequency, is used to enhance the range resolution. For the data of different carrier frequency, the two aperture interferometric processing is executed to implement clutter cancellation, respectively. And the couple of clutter suppressed data are employed to implement Dual Carrier Frequency Conjugate Processing （DCFCP）, then both slow and fast moving targets detection can be completed, followed by moving target imaging. The simulation results show the validity of the signal processing method of this new SAR system.

A Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Spaceborne SAR System with Large Squint Angle

A new Chirp Scaling algorithm for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar(SAR) with large squint angle is presented and compared with the Range-Doppler algorithm and the algorithm in literatur [6] in the paper. The simulation results of processing point target echocs show that the algorithm developed in this paper can give more accurate image especially in the case of large squint angle.

3D Target Localization Based on FrFT from Spaceborne Curve SAR

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)three-dimensional(3D)imaging technology can reconstruct the complete structure of observed targets and has been a hot topic.Compared with tomographic SAR,array interferometric SAR,and circular SAR,curve SAR can use less data to achieve 3D positioning of targets.Most existing algorithms for estimating Doppler frequency modulation(FM)rate are based on sub aperture partitioning,resulting in low computational efficiency.To address this,this article establishes a target height estimation model,which reflects the relation-ship between the height and the residual Doppler FM rate for spaceborne curve SAR.Then,a fast SAR 3D localization processing flow based on fractional Fourier transform(FrFT)is proposed.Experimental verification demonstrates that this method can estimate the Doppler FM of the target column by column,and the 3D position error for non-overlapping targets is controlled within 1 m.For overlapping points with an intensity ratio greater than 1.5,the root mean square error(RMSE)of the estimation results is around 5 m.If the separation between overlapping points is greater than 35 m,the RMSE decreases to approximately 2 m.

星载SAR在轨成像高效处理系统硬件实现设计

星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)在轨成像技术是灾害检测、军事侦察等高时效遥感应用场景的关键手段,以现场可编程门阵列(Field-Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)+数字信号处理器(Digital Signal Processing/Processor,DSP)为处理核心是一种搭建星载SAR在轨成像系统的典型方案,在异构算力、能效比、灵活度等方面综合评价良好。但现有的FPGA+DSP系统在算法支持、大粒度处理、片上并行加速、复杂矩阵转置方面仍研究不足,成像性能仍然有较大提升空间。本文对支持大斜视、高分辨成像的非线性调频变标算法(Nonlinear Chirp Scaling Algorithm,NCS)算法进行分析,根据运算复杂度和类型将算法划分为主流程和辅助路程,以此为依据提出NCS算法在FPGA+DSP系统中的异构映射方案;针对多通道快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)处理后数据存储形式发生变换、难以流水处理的问题,提出基于时频抽取切换的多通道FFT协同处理方法,保证多通道FFT处理高效进行;针对不同粒度、不同并行度场景下转置需求复杂多变的问题,提出基于X-直接存储器访问(X-Direct Memory Access,XDMA)+片上分割转置的通用交叉转置方案。本文采用2片VX690T FPGA和2片FT6678 DSP为核心处理器研制了星载SAR成像板卡,实现了提出的系统设计方案。同时,本文搭建了基于模拟源+地检的验证环境,对条带/扫描/聚束/滑聚/TOPS模式的仿真点阵数据和条带/滑聚模式的实测数据进行处理。点阵数据的二维峰值旁瓣比约为-13.2 dB,二维积分旁瓣比约为-10.1 dB,成像质量良好;以条带模式为例,图像尺寸为32K×16K,基于NCS算法的平均成像时间为7.81 s,成像速度较现有方案大幅提升。

合成孔径雷达高分辨率成像虚拟仿真实验平台设计

合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)系统组成复杂,搭载于飞机、卫星等运动平台上才可实现数据获取,难以开展基于SAR雷达实物的实验教学。为解决此问题,设计并搭建了SAR高分辨率成像虚拟仿真实验平台。该虚拟仿真实验平台将系统设计技术、实验设计技术、数据采集过程、信号处理技术、图像评估技术等SAR实验的完整流程进行了高展示度、高保真度、高交互性的计算机模拟。一方面,该虚拟仿真实验可以帮助学生理解SAR设计、工作和应用的流程,巩固相关课程基础知识,激发学习雷达信号处理知识的兴趣;另一方面,可以考查学生对相关知识的综合应用能力,增强学生解决实际问题的技能。该仿真平台已成功应用于虚拟仿真教学课程实践,教学效果良好,对培养新工科技术型人才具有重要意义。

考虑速度聚束效应的SAR海浪成像仿真方法

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)海浪成像仿真技术对于速度聚束效应的考虑不充分,仿真数据无法准确反映实际SAR数据的问题,建立一种充分考虑速度聚束效应的SAR海浪成像仿真方法并进行了实验验证。计算了SAR图像强度的概率密度分布的仿真结果与理论结果之间的均方误差(MSE),在风速分别为5、10和15 m/s时,考虑速度聚束效应前、后比对结果的MSE分别为0.1012、0.1576、0.0556与0.0179、0.0314、0.0088。仿真结果表明,所提SAR海浪成像仿真方法有效提高了仿真数据的准确性,对SAR海浪成像的应用具有一定实用价值。

星载分布式SAR双频乒乓模式测高精度分析

星载分布式合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统用于干涉测绘,凭借其基线灵活、时间去相关很小的特点得到了快速发展。与传统模式相比,双频乒乓模式能够同时得到两种频率的多幅SAR图像,可以实现更高精度的高程测量。本文首先简单介绍了双频乒乓模式的工作原理,然后深入研究了该模式下SAR干涉对的相位比例关系和相关性,理论上分析了其干涉相位估计精度和对应的测高精度,从而为系统设计和干涉处理方法研究提供理论依据。最后仿真分析结果直观展示了双频乒乓模式相较于传统模式的优越性,由于该模式增加了不同频率的干涉相位数据,干涉相位估计精度和测高精度均显著提升。

轻小型SAR卫星平飞模式设计

对于轻小型合成孔径雷达(SAR)卫星在轨使用时对重点区域多目标观测效能提升的需求,提出轻小型SAR卫星平飞模式设计方法。介绍了卫星平飞模式设计方法,提出载荷平面相控阵天线距离维大角度扫描能力设计;针对区域多目标,提出条件触发方式目标决策策略,以及星上雷达工作参数计算策略;基于建立的目标决策和任务规划模型,分别针对卫星左侧视、在侧视、平飞、左右机动侧视等4种工作模式下进行多目标观测效能评估仿真分析。结果表明:相比于卫星斜飞模式下,平飞模式目标观测效能可提升至41%;相比于卫星左右机动侧视模式下,平飞模式目标观测效能可提升至73%。因此,设计的卫星平飞模式可有效提升面向区域多目标的观测效能。

2024年新疆乌什Ms 7.1地震InSAR同震形变探测与断层滑动分布反演

2024年1月23日,新疆维吾尔自治区乌什县发生Ms 7.1地震,快速查明其同震形变场与发震断层滑动特征,有助于科学认识此次地震发震机理。利用Sentinel-1卫星升、降轨雷达影像,采用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术获取了本次地震的同震形变场,进而基于Okada弹性位错模型,确定了本次地震的震源参数,并基于分布式滑动模型反演了本次地震断层面上的滑动分布。结果表明,升、降轨同震形变场沿视线向最大形变量分别为75 cm和48 cm,断层最大滑动量为4.2 m,主要集中在地下3~20 km区域;模型正演结果表明,此次地震在垂直方向最大抬升约53 cm,最大沉降约12 cm;发震断层运动以逆冲为主,兼具少量左旋走滑,根据InSAR结果及地质资料综合判断,本次发震断层为迈丹断裂。

绕月SAR天线热控设计

合成孔径雷达(SAR)天线是遥感卫星的重要载荷之一,面对月球轨道舱外天线复杂的外热流环境,结合轨道特点,对天线开展了详细的外热流分析,解析了月球环境的热设计难点,进行了针对性的热控设计,解决了极地轨道下天线在一个很大的外热流和极小的外热流间不断循环的问题。采用TMG软件对天线进行了热仿真分析,并利用热模拟件进行了热平衡试验。分析和试验结果表明,天线各单机温度满足指标要求。本文适用于平板SAR天线,对有源SAR天线的热控设计具有一定的借鉴意义。

基于多核DSP的星载双基FMCW SAR成像算法实现

调频连续波(frequency modulated continuous wave,FMCW)合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)降低了传感器的峰值传输功率,使系统的重量和成本最小化,被广泛应用于机载平台。将双基地构型与FMCW技术相结合,应用于星载平台,即构成星载双基地FMCW SAR。本文对距离多普勒(range-Doppler,RD)算法进行改进,建立起一种高性能的适宜星载双基地平台的FMCW SAR成像频域算法,这种算法的处理精度明显提高,成像效果更好。基于多核数字信号处理器(digital signal processor,DSP)构建适用于星载双基SAR成像算法的并行处理架构,完成软硬件设计实现。验证了所提软件架构可以满足实时成像需求,以及算法工程化实现的可行性。

基于电磁散射模型的海上舰船双基SAR图像仿真

合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)在地海环境遥感和目标探测识别中发挥着重要作用。相对于单基SAR,双基SAR能够通过调整发射机和接收机的角度对场景进行多方位观测,因此开展海上舰船目标双基SAR图像仿真可为非合作目标的特征研究和探测识别提供方法和手段,在目标探测识别方面有着重要意义。为此,本文利用基于面元化的简化小斜率近似(facet-based simplified small slope approximation,FBS-SSA)方法与几何光学/物理光学(geometrical optics/physical optics,GO/PO)混合方法,提出了一种基于电磁散射模型的海上舰船目标复合场景双基SAR图像仿真方法,实现了不同双基角下的海上舰船SAR图像仿真,并分析了雷达飞行方向与舰船角度、发射机和接收机相对位置、极化、海况对雷达图像的影响。结果表明,双基角、极化、舰船朝向都会对双基SAR图像产生较大的影响,因此可以通过获取不同双基角度下的复合场景SAR图像特征从而可以更好地开展舰船识别。此外,SAR图像中的阴影特征也可作为舰船识别的辅助手段。