Variational Reconstruction and Simulation Experiments of Sea Surface Wind Field for Ocean Data Buoy

The sea surface wind field is an important physical parameter in oceanography and meteorology.With the continuous refinement of numerical weather prediction,air-sea interface materials,energy exchange,and other studies,three-dimensional(3D)wind field distribution at local locations on the sea surface must be measured accurately.The current in-situ observation of sea surface wind parameters is mainly achieved through the installation of wind sensors on ocean data buoys.However,the results obtained from this single-point measurement method cannot reflect wind field distribution in a vertical direction above the sea surface.Thus,the present paper proposes a theoretical framework for the optimal inversion of the 3D wind field structure variation in the area where the buoy is located.The variation analysis method is first used to reconstruct the wind field distribution at different heights of the buoy,after which theoretical analysis verification and numerical simulation experiments are conducted.The results indicate that the use of variational methods to reconstruct 3D wind fields is significantly effective in eliminating disturbance errors in observations,which also verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis of this method.The findings of this article can provide a reference for the layout optimization design of wind measuring instruments in buoy observation systems and also provide theoretical guidance for the design of new observation buoys in the future.

Investigation of Influence of Winding Structure on Reliability of Permanent Magnet Machines

Winding is an important part of the electrical machine and plays a key role in reliability.In this paper,the reliability of multiphase winding structure in permanent magnet machines is evaluated based on the Markov model.The mean time to failure is used to compare the reliability of different windings structure.The mean time to failure of multiphase winding is derived in terms of the underlying parameters.The mean time to failure of winding is affected by the number of phases,the winding failure rate,the fault-tolerant mechanism success probability,and the state transition success probability.The influence of the phase number,winding distribution types,multi three-phase structure,and fault-tolerant mechanism success probability on the winding reliability is investigated.The results of reliability analysis lay the foundation for the reliability design of permanent magnet machines.

A New Method for Calculating the Wind Speed Distribution of a Moving Tropical Cyclone

Based on gradient wind equations, including frictional force, and considering the effect of the movement of a tropical cyclone on wind speed, the Fujita Formula is improved and further simplified, and the numerical scheme for calculating the maximum wind speed radius and wind velocity distribution of a moving tropical cyclone is derived. In addition, the effect of frictional force on the internal structure of the tropical cyclone is discussed. By comparison with observational data, this numerical scheme demonstrates great advantages, i.e. it can not only describe the asymmetrical wind speed distribution of a tropical cyclone reasonably, but can also calculate the maximum wind speed in each direction within the typhoon domain much more accurately. Furthermore, the combination of calculated and analyzed wind speed distributions by the scheme is perfectly consistent with observations.

Extreme Values of Wind Speed over the Kara Sea Based on the ERA5 Dataset

Extreme values of wind speed were studied based on the highly detailed ERA5 dataset covering the central part of the Kara Sea. Cases in which the ice coverage of the cells exceeded 15% were filtered. Our study shows that the wind speed extrema obtained from station observations, as well as from modelling results in the framework of mesoscale models, can be divided into two groups according to their probability distribution laws. One group is specifically designated as black swans, with the other referred to as dragons (or dragon-kings). In this study we determined that the data of ERA5 accurately described the swans, but did not fully reproduce extrema related to the dragons;these extrema were identified only in half of ERA5 grid points. Weibull probability distribution function (PDF) parameters were identified in only a quarter of the pixels. The parameters were connected almost deterministically. This converted the Weibull function into a one-parameter dependence. It was not clear whether this uniqueness was a consequence of the features of the calculation algorithm used in ERA5, or whether it was a consequence of a relatively small area being considered, which had the same wind regime. Extremes of wind speed arise as mesoscale features and are associated with hydrodynamic features of the wind flow. If the flow was non-geostrophic and if its trajectory had a substantial curvature, then the extreme velocities were distributed according to a rule similar to the Weibull law.

Wind tunnel simulation of wind loading on a solid structure of revolution

The wind tunnel simulations of wind loading on a solid structure of revolution with one smooth and five rough surfaces were conducted using wind tunnel tests. Timemean and fluctuating pressure distributions on the surface were obtained, and the relationships between the roughness Reynolds number and pressure distributions were analyzed and discussed. The results show that increasing the surface roughness can significantly affect the pressure distribution, and the roughness Reynolds numbers play an important role in the change of flow patterns. The three flow patterns of subcritical, critical and supercritical flows can be classified based on the changing patterns of both the mean and the fluctuating pressure distributions. The present study suggests that the wind tunnel results obtained in the supercritical pattern reflect more closely those of full-scale solid structure of revolution at the designed wind speed.

Collaborative Planning of Distributed Wind Power Generation and Distribution Network with Large-scale Heat Pumps

With the advancement of clean heating projects and the integration of large-scale distributed heat pumps into rural distribution networks in northern China,power grid companies face tremendous pressure to invest in power grid upgrades,which bring opportunities for renewable power generation integration.The combination of heating by distributed renewable energy with the flexible operation of heat pumps is a feasible alternative for dealing with grid reinforcement challenges resulting from heating electrification.In this paper,a mathematical model of the collaborative planning of distributed wind power generation(DWPG)and distribution network with large-scale heat pumps is developed.In this model,the operational flexibility of the heat pump load is fully considered and the requirements of a comfortable indoor temperature are met.By applying this model,the goals of not only increasing the profit of DWPG but also reducing the cost of the power grid upgrade can be achieved.

Assessment Model for Distributed Wind Generation Hosting Capacity Considering Complex Spatial Correlations

To facilitate the large-scale integration of distributed wind generation(DWG), the uncertainty of DWG outputs needs to be quantified, and the maximum DWG hosting capacity(DWGHC) of distribution systems must be assessed. However, the structure of the high-dimensional nonlinear dependencies and the abnormal marginal distributions observed in geographically dispersed DWG outputs lead to the increase of the complexity of the uncertainty analysis. To address this issue,this paper proposes a novel assessment model for DWGHC that considers the spatial correlations between distributed generation(DG) outputs. In our method, an advanced dependence modeling approach called vine copula is applied to capture the high-dimensional correlation between geographically dispersed DWG outputs and generate a sufficient number of correlated scenarios. To avoid an overly conservative hosting capacity in some extreme scenarios, a novel chance-constrained assessment model for DWGHC is developed to determine the optimal sizes and locations of DWG for a given DWG curtailment probability. To handle the computational challenges associated with large-scale scenarios, a bilinear variant of Benders decomposition(BD) is employed to solve the chance-constrained problem.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a typical 38-bus distribution system in eastern China.

Distribution law of rice pollen in the wind field of small UAV

The wind field produced by the rotor-wing UAV has a significant impact on the distribution of rice pollen,which directly influences hybrid rice breeding.This research aimed to explore the distribution law of rice pollen in the wind field of small UAV.Aviation Beidou Positioning System UB351 positions all sampling nodes for precise corresponding coordinates and spacing information,and draws UVA’s flying trajectories,thus providing accurate data for tests.Wireless sensor network measurement system was used to study the three-direction wind field produced by the rotor-wing UAV under various experimental factors and acquires wind field width and wind speed,and the data were compared with the area ratio and width of pollen distribution.Test of univariate normality was conducted through Shapiro-Wilk test and Kolmogorov-Smimov test.In order to figure out the appropriate flight speed for UAV’s pollination under pollen distribution law,it is also necessary to perform analysis of variances on regression model.The comparison of wind speed in longitudinal(X)and lateral(Y)direction show that as the major force of the horizontal wind field produced by the rotor-wing UAV,the wind from Y-direction forms the widest wind field.Moreover,flight speed mainly influences wind field width.To be specific,the width of horizontal wind field decreases as flight speed increases.Meanwhile,UAV flight speed also exerts significant impact on vertical wind field.Both the pollen distribution width of more than 5 pollen grains and the area ratio reached the maximum when the UAV flight was at 4.53 m/s,which was the most favorable speed to pollination.In addition,pollen quantity is closely associated with both horizontal and vertical wind field.With comparison of the pollen quantity of sampling nodes,it was found that the wind field produced by the rotor-wing UAV exerted asymmetrical impact on pollen distribution.Q-Q plot of SPSS verifies that pollen distribution is against normal distribution.The establishment of a multiple linear regression model of pollen distribution and wind speed in three directions indicates that pollen distribution quantity only shares positive linear relation with the wind field in X-direction.These findings provide a theoretical guidance for rice pollination by using agricultural UAVs.

Analysis of the Microphysical Properties of a Stratiform Rain Event Using an L-Band Profiler Radar

This paper investigates spatial and temporal distributions of the microphysical properties of precipitating stratiform clouds based on Doppler spectra of rain particles observed by an L-band profiler radar.The retrieval of raindrop size distributions（RSDs） is accomplished through eliminating vertical air motion and isolating the terminal fall velocity of raindrops in the observed Doppler velocity spectrum.The microphysical properties of raindrops in a broad stratiform region with weak convective cells are studied using data collected from a 1320-MHz wind profiler radar in Huayin,Shaanxi Province on 14 May 2009.RSDs and gamma function parameters are retrieved at altitudes between 700 and 3000 m above the surface,below a melting layer.It is found that the altitude of the maximum number of raindrops was closely related to the surface rain rate.The maximum number of large drops was observed at lower altitudes earlier in the precipitation event but at higher altitudes in later periods,suggesting decreases in the numbers of large and medium size raindrops.These decreases may have been caused by the breakup of larger drops and evaporation of smaller drops as they fell.The number of medium size drops decreased with increasing altitude.The relationship between reflectivity and liquid water content during this precipitation event was Z = 1.69×10~4M^（1.5）,and the relationship between reflectivity and rain intensity was Z = 256I^（1.4）.

WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION REGULARITY AND WIND REDUCTION EFFECT OF SHELTER NET

Wind speed distribution regularities in a shelter mesh (S. M.) have been deduced from the wind speed distribution in the sheltered area of a single shelter beh (S. B.).The components of a wind vector in a mesh follow the error function distribution model or the logarithmic model of 2-variable power function.The wind vector itself follows the vector composition model of these models.We can calculate the wind speed distribution and wind reduction effect of a mesh under the conditions of any shelter-belt characteristics, any size and shape of a mesh and any wind inclination angle with this model. The results of our field model experiment are in better agreement with the theoretically calculated results.

ON ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTIONS FOR EXTREMES OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE WIND IN CHINA

According to statistical inference method,the asymptotic distributions,concretely,Weibull and Gumbel distributions,for yearly extremes of surface temperature and wind in China were discovered.In this study we used the data of 173 stations for yearly maximum surface temperature and 158 stations for yearly minimum surface temperature and 83 stations for yearly maximum surface wind during the period from 1951 to 1982. Finally,the characteristics of the asymptotic distributions were discussed briefly.

WIND REGIME IN URBAN PLANNING AND INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION

The function of wind regime in urban planning and general layout of industrial enter-prise is discussed. It is pointed out that if only the dominant wind direction is taken intoconsideration in urban planning and industrial distribution, undesirable layout may result.In regard to this some characteristics of the wind directions in monsoonal China are ana-lysed, a geographical regionalization is proposed and the patterns of urban land-use accord-ing to wind direction are discussed. Finally a new pollution coefficient is suggested.