Geochemical Characteristics and Significance of Basalt in the Hongshiyan Pb-Zn-Cu Polymetallic Deposit in Southeastern Yunnan Province

1 Introduction Southeast Yunnan is the convergent place of the Yangtze,Indochina blocks(Xu Wei,et al.2008).The Hongshiyan Pb-Zn-Cu polymetallic deposit is located in Wenshan Prefecture,Yunnan Province.It is a typical large sized VMS-type deposit discovered in recent years.The major ore minerals are sphalerite,galena,chalcopyrite ect.

Mineral Geochemical Characteristics and Indication Significance of Biotite-Rutile in the Gabbro Intrusions in the Yinmin Iron-Copper District, Yunnan

1 Introduction After the Dongchuan Orogenic movement(Hudsonian Orogeny,ca.1800 Ma±),the tectonic basement layer of the continental crust on the Yangtze massif could have been formed.And then tectonic-magmatic emplacement

Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of picritic rocks in Permian Tiaohu Formation from Santanghu Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

1 Introduction Santanghu Basin is located between the Armantai and Karamaili suture zone,at the junction of the Siberia,Kazakhstan and Tarim plates(Chen and Jahn,2004;Xiao et al.,2008).As an important part of the Central Asian

The abundance,distribution,and enrichment mechanism of harmful trace elements in coals from Guizhou,Southwestern China

Coal seams can enrich a variety of harmful trace elements under specific geological conditions.The spatial distribution of harmful trace elements in coal is extremely uneven,and the distribution characteristics of each element content are different.The harmful elements released in the process of coal mining and utilization will cause serious harm to the environment and the human body.It is of great resource significance to study the geochemistry of coal that affects the enrichment and distribution characteristics of harmful trace elements.Based on the domestic and foreign literature on coal geochemistry in Guizhou published by previous investigators,this study counted 1097 sample data from 23 major coal-producing counties in Guizhou Province,systematically summarized the relevant research results of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou,and revealed the overall distribution and enrichment characteristics of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou.The results show that the average contents of Cd,Pb,Se,Cu,Mo,U,V,As,Hg,and Cr in coal of Guizhou are higher than those in Chinese coal and world coal.A variety of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou have high background values,especially in Liupanshui,Xingyi and Qianbei coalfield.The enrichment of various harmful trace elements in the Late Permian coal in Guizhou is mainly related to the combined action of various geological and geochemical factors.The supply of terrigenous debris and sedimentary environment may be the basic background of the enrichment of harmful elements in western Guizhou,while low-temperature hydrothermal activity and volcanic ash deposition may be the main reasons for the enrichment of harmful elements in southwestern Guizhou.

The occurrences and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ore in the Bayan Obo deposit, Northern China

The Bayan Obo deposit in northern China is an ultra-large Fe–REE–Nb deposit.The occurrences,and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ores from the Bayan Obo Main Ore Body were examined using chemical analysis,field emission scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometer,and automatic mineral analysis software.Results identified that 91.69%of ThO2 in the combined samples was mainly distributed in rare earth minerals(bastnaesite,huanghoite,monazite;56.43%abundance in the samples),iron minerals(magnetite,hematite,pyrite;20.97%),niobium minerals(aeschynite;14.29%),and gangue minerals(aegirine,riebeckite,mica,dolomite,apatite,fluorite;4.22%).An unidentified portion(4.09%)of ThO2 may occur in other niobium minerals(niobite,ilmenorutile,pyrochlore).Only a few independent minerals of thorium occur in the iron ore samples.Thorium mainly occurs in rare earth minerals in the form of isomorphic substitution.Analyses of the geochemical characteristics of the major elements indicate that thorium mineralization in the Main Ore Body was related to alkali metasomatism,which provided source material and favorable porosity for hydrothermal mineralization.Trace elements such as Sc,Nb,Zr,and Ta have higher correlation coefficients with thorium,which resulted from being related to the relevant minerals formed during thorium mineralization.In addition,correlation analysis of ThO2 and TFe,and REO and TFe in the six types of iron ore samples showed that ThO2 did not always account for the highest distribution rate in rare earth minerals,and the main occurrence minerals of ThO2 were closely related to iron ore types.

Geochemical Characteristics of Saturated Hydrocarbons from Strata Inferred from the Multitubular Cores of the Prydz Bay and the Sources/Environmental Variations

The content and distribution of saturated hydrocarbons (n-alkanes,isoprenoid,steranes and terpanes) in the multitubular cores ANT29-M2 from the Prydz Bay of the Antarctic were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and the organic matter sources,sedimentary environments and geochemical parameters of the sediments were discussed.The results showed that the carbon number of the multitubular samples ANT29-M2 was between C14 and C32 with low-carbon single peak group and main peak carbon of C18 .n-alkane gas charomatography fingerprint spectra indicated that unmixable complex compounds displayed a significant bulge,and the obvious UCM shape suggested a large input of bacteria.The ∑C21^-/∑C22^+ values varied from 1.82 to 3.9,and C21^+C22 /C28 ^+C 29 values ranged from 1.26 to 6.30,indicating that the sedimentary organic matter mainly originated from marine algae.The CPI and OEP values varied from 1.54 to 2.29 and from 4.48 to 4.82,respectively,with a significant odd even predominance.Pr/Ph values ranged from 0.34 to 0.76,significantly smaller than 1,with a clear distribution of C29 >C27 >C28 and C27 >C29 >C28 for regular steranes and a V-shaped C29 predominance and C27 predominance.This indicated that the sedimentary organic matter in the Prydz Bay originated from a mixed marine/continental source,and was deposited under a strongly reducing environment.The maturity parameters of the sedimentary strata from the Prydz Bay displayed significant inconsistency.Geochemical parameters of hopane C 32 22S/C 32 (22S+22R) and sterane C 29 αββ/(αββ+ααα) suggested a high maturity,but other geochemical parameters such as C29 ααα20S/C29 ααα(20S+20R),CPI and OEP reflected that those of columnar strata were within the range of modern marine sediments (lowly mature to immature),probably resulting from the development of microorganisms.

Restoration of Eroded Thickness of the Neogene Strata in the Western Qaidam Basin and Its Significance for Oil and Gas Occurrence

During the Pleistocene, the western Qaidam Basin has largely experienced strong structural reconstruction and strong erosion. First, the eroded thickness of Neogene strata was restored approximately by the stratigraphic profile comparison method and plane trend surface restoring method; then, accurate calculation of erosion was recovered using vitrinite reflectance, and the erosion that was restored by the trend surface restoring method was corrected; finally, a distribution map of cumulative erosion was produced. This study marks an important achievement in that one of the most important parameters of basin tectonic evolution, sedimentary evolution, and oil and gas accumulation history has been obtained, and that a basic geological problem has been solved in the Qaidam Basin. The areas with high erosion and low erosion are shown in the map and a close relation between the distribution of oil and gas fields and erosion was recognized. Large and medium oil and gas fields are mainly distributed in areas with medium and low erosion. It is difficult to form large-scale oil and gas accumulation in areas in which erosion is more than 2000 m. The mechanism of the relation between oil and gas distribution and erosion is explained. This study will be of use in predicting the distribution of oil and gas.

Geochemical records of phosphorus in Jiaozhou Bay sediments—Impli-cations for environmental changes in recent hundred years

Phosphorus is a key element and plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycles. The evolution of sedimentary environment is also influenced by phosphorus concentrations and fractions as well as phosphate sorption characteristics of the marine sediments. The geochemical characteristics of phosphorus and their environmental records were presented in Jiaozhou Bay sediments. Profiles of different forms of phosphorus were measured as well as the roles and vertical distributions of phosphorus forms in response to sedimentary environment changes were investigated. The results showed that inorganic phosphorus （IP） was the major fraction of total phosphorus （TP）; phosphorus which is bound to calcium, iron and occluded phosphorus, as well as the exchangeable phosphorus were the main forms of IP, especially calcium - phosphorus, including detrital carbonate-bound phosphorus （Det- P） and authigenic apatite-bound phosphorus （ACa- P）, are the uppermost constituent of IP in Jiaozhou Bay sediments. Moreover, the lead-210 chronology technology was employed to estimate how much phosphorus was buried ultimately in sediments. And the research showed that the impacts of human activities have increased remarkably in recent years especially between the 1980s and 2000. According to research, the development of Jiaozhou Bay environment in the past hundred years can be divided into three stages ： （ 1 ） before the 1980s characterized by the relatively low sedimentation rate, weak land-derived phosphorus inputs and low anthropogenic impacts; （2） from the 1980s to around 2000, accelerating in the 1990s, during which high sedimentation rates, high phosphorus abundance and burial fluxes due to the severe human activities impacted on the whole environmental system ; （ 3 ） after 2000, the period of the improvement of environment, the whole system has been improved including the decreasing sedimentation rates, concentration and the burial fluxes of phosphorus.

青海上庄含碳酸岩杂岩体的地球化学特征及其地质意义

青海上庄杂岩体为磷、铁、稀土矿化岩体,且磷矿石是磷肥生产的重要材料。上庄杂岩体包括超镁铁质岩、碱性正长岩和碳酸岩,碳酸岩主要为方解石碳酸岩,次为白云石碳酸岩,前人对辉石岩进行了详细的研究,然而,辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩整体的岩石成因和矿化机制还不清楚。文章开展了岩相学、全岩主微量元素、C-O-Sr-Nd同位素的研究。岩相学研究表明,岩石形成顺序为辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩。方解石碳酸岩的Sr、Ba含量分别为10928.13×10^(-6)、14293.18×10^(-6),δ^(13)C值为-4.72‰,表明其为火成碳酸岩。辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Sr、Ba,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf亏损,相似的微量元素配分型式及Sr-Nd同位素特征表明杂岩体具有共同的地幔源区,该地幔源区曾被俯冲物质交代而富集。研究表明,上庄偏碱性辉石岩-碱性正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体形成于俯冲向伸展环境转变的构造体制,幔源偏碱性碳酸质基性岩浆由于镁铁质矿物及磷灰石结晶形成Fe-P-REE富集的单斜辉石岩,残余熔体成分向长英质端元分异,形成正长岩,随后碳酸岩熔体可能由不混溶作用产生,形成碳酸岩,碳酸岩出溶的流体对正长岩交代可能是交代正长岩具较高稀土含量的原因。

Distribution and Geochemical Characteristics of Fluids in Ordovician Marine Carbonate Reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield

The Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield are highly heterogeneous, which have undergone multiple superimposed transformations by tectonic activities and karst processes, leading to an extremely complex fluid distribution. The geochemical characteristics of geofluids also display great disparities. Results show that the vertical distribution of oil and gas are continuous, however the oil-water interfaces in different blocks of the Tahe Ordovician Oilfield are numerous. Meteoric water infiltration is regarded as the main reason for the high oil-water interface and high water content to the north of Tahe Oilfield, especially in well blocks S78–S73. The isotopic values of deuterium-oxygen in the groundwater and carbon-oxygen from calcite veins confirm that formation water in Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield was a mix of meteoric water and connate water, and the proportion of meteoric water gradually increases from south to north, while connate water decreases. The Tahe Ordovician reservoirs are characterised by multiple hydrocarbon charges, and the general migrating direction is from southeast to northwest and from east to west. High production could be obtained in the northern area of the Tahe Oilfield since the oil layers are thick and oil is highly saturated. The residual water within the reservoirs is low, and heavy oil is dominant in this area. Only a small amount of pore water has been replaced by oil in the southern Tahe Oilfield, leading to low oil saturation and a high content of residual water. Crude oil is herein mainly of medium-light type. During the process of exploration in this region, acid fracturing reformation is usually required for wells to increase their output; however the yield is still low.

Prediction and quantification of effective gas source rocks in a lacustrine basin:Western Depression in the Liaohe Subbasin,China

Due to limited data on the geochemical properties of natural gas,estimations are needed for the effective gas source rock in evaluating gas potential.However,the pronounced heterogeneity of mudstones in lacustrine successions complicates the prediction of the presence and geochemical characteristics of gas source rocks.In this paper,the Liaohe Subbasin of Northeast China is used as an example to construct a practical methodology for locating effective gas source rocks in typical lacustrine basins.Three types of gas source rocks,microbial,oil-type,and coal-type,were distinguished according to the different genetic types of their natural gas.A practical three-dimensional geological model was developed,refined,and applied to determine the spatial distribution of the mudstones in the Western Depression of the Liaohe Subbasin and to describe the geochemical characteristics(the abundance,type,and maturation levels of the organic matter).Application of the model in the subbasin indicates that the sedimentary facies have led to heterogeneity in the mudstones,particularly with respect to organic matter types.The effective gas source rock model constructed for the Western Depression shows that the upper sequence(SQ2)of the Fourth member(Mbr 4)of the Eocene Shahejie Formation(Fm)and the lower and middle sequences(SQ3 and SQ4)of the Third member(Mbr 3)form the principal gas-generating interval.The total volume of effective gas source rocks is estimated to be 586 km^(3).The effective microbial,oil-type,and coal-type gas source rocks are primarily found in the shallow western slope,the central sags,and the eastern slope of the Western Depression,respectively.This study provides a practical approach for more accurately identifying the occurrence and geochemical characteristics of effective natural gas source rocks,enabling a precise quantitative estimation of natural gas reserves.

东准噶尔塔合尔巴斯陶蛇绿岩带特征及地质意义

塔合尔巴斯陶蛇绿岩位于卡拉麦里俯冲增生杂岩带的西北段,共有5个大小不同的岩片组成。地球化学显示,塔合尔巴斯陶蛇绿岩中的玄武岩具LREE轻度亏损或整体平坦特征,与MORB特征相似;辉长岩稀土元素分布模式整体显示平坦型特征,接近MORB。微量元素N-MORB标准化蛛网图显示,玄武岩、辉长岩中大离子亲石元素Sr,K,Rb,Ba明显富集,高场强元素Nb明显亏损,Ta适度富集。认为塔合尔巴斯陶蛇绿岩为卡拉麦里混杂岩带的组成部分,兼有岛弧火山岩特征,是早石炭世弧后盆地扩张的产物。

内蒙古扎嘎乌苏地区地球化学特征及找矿意义

近年来兴蒙造山带陆续取得找矿突破,通过对内蒙古扎嘎乌苏地区矿产地质预查,在分析区域成矿地质特征的基础上,开展了多尺度土壤(岩屑)地球化学测量,包括Au、Cu、Ag、Zn、Pb、As、Sb、Bi、W、Sn、Mo、Fe12种元素,运用地球化学参数统计、聚类分析及因子分析等方法对调查测量数据结果进行多元统计分析,采用不同岩性分区异常下限衬值法圈定地球化学异常,进一步进行因子叠加,圈定综合异常4处,通过槽探等工程手段进一步了解了矿点特征,为扎嘎乌苏地区下一步找矿工作奠定了基础、指明了方向。

南秦岭大堡组奥陶纪洋岛玄武岩的识别及其构造意义:来自地球化学和年代学证据

秦岭造山带以商-丹构造带为界分为北秦岭和南秦岭构造带。大堡组位于南秦岭构造带内,由灰色-深灰色的泥岩、粉砂岩和炭硅板岩,以及夹含炭硅质岩、灰岩和基性火山岩块体组成。在大堡组中出露的能干上和蚂蝗峡基性岩块夹于黑色的泥岩之中,岩石地球化学分析结果表明,SiO_2含量为41.53%～53.59%,富TiO_2为2.14%～3.58%,REE的总量为∑REE=282.3×10^(-6),轻稀土元素较重稀土元素富集[(La/Yb)_N=8.34],略显Eu正异常(Eu~*=1.13～1.25),具有较高的Ti/Y(300～622)和Zr/Y(3.8～7.4)比值。大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba和K相对富集,无明显的Nb和Ta异常,其Nb和Ta值为N-MORB标准值的10～20倍,为典型洋岛玄武岩(OIB)地球化学特征。锆石SHRIMPⅡU-Pb测年获得能干上和蚂蝗峡基性岩块体分别形成于446Ma和455Ma。这些资料进一步表明,奥陶纪时期南秦岭存在着古洋盆。

滇池近代沉积物的元素地球化学特征及其环境意义

在滇池水域采集了10个近代沉积物芯柱,系统测定了2个芯柱的常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素含量和8个芯柱的总磷(TP)及磁化率。研究表明,元素垂向分布上多存在分段富集的特征:自下而上,Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O、TiO2、Cu、Co、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、Sr、U、Zr、TP含量逐渐增加;P2O5和CaO含量逐渐升高,在表层沉积物中(12～0cm)达最高;MgO、Na2O、MnO、Cr、V、Rb、Sc、Th、Cs、Ba含量总体较稳定,但在上部有降低趋势;稀土元素总量略微降低,各稀土元素含量也表现出差异变化趋势;磁化率也缓慢增加,反映了不同历史时期物源输入的变化。在此基础上,结合前人对滇池近代沉积物的137Cs定年结果,确定了滇池约150年以来的沉积速率,其污染历史主要开始于20世纪60年代初期,而70年代末期以来的30多年是Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Cr等重金属污染的主要时期,还发现20世纪20年代末至30年代末还存在一次沉积环境的改变事件。滇池近代沉积环境的演化与昆明市的工业化、城市化和经济发展历史相吻合,人为活动日趋加剧应是导致滇池近代沉积物污染的主导因素。

青海湖南岸全新世黄土地球化学特征及气候环境意义

位于青藏高原东北部的青海湖是我国最大的内陆湖泊,通过湖相沉积进行湖区全新世环境演变研究已取得诸多成果。作者选择青海湖南岸黑马河有绝对年代控制的全新世黄土剖面,利用CaCO3、CaO、MgO和Sr元素组分以及氧、碳同位素等较为可靠的地球化学指标,尝试进行了湖区全新世黄土的分层,探讨了黄土堆积过程中的气候环境演变。结果表明,青海湖南岸的黄土按成土作用强度的不同可分为两层:上部为成土化较弱的黄土层;下部为成土化较高的古土壤层,其仍可进一步分为两个亚层。全新世湖区气候环境的波动在地球化学分布特征中有较强表现。

胶州湾沉积物中氮的地球化学特征及其环境意义

通过分级浸取的方法获得了胶州湾沉积物中不同形态的氮,将可转化态氮分为离子交换态(IEF-N)、弱酸浸取态(WAEF-N)、强碱浸取态(SAEF-N)和强氧化剂浸取态(SOEF-N),讨论了其地球化学特征和控制因素,并结合210Pb测年计算了不同年代氮的埋藏通量。在此基础上,分析了胶州湾沉积物中氮给出的环境信息。结果表明,强氧化剂浸取态氮是胶州湾沉积物中可转化态氮主要赋存形态,NO3-N是胶州湾沉积物中氮的优势形态,氮的含量及埋藏通量的分布受到pH、盐度、温度、生物扰动、沉积物粒度、沉积速率等多种因素的影响。受人为活动的影响,目前每年排入胶州湾的固体垃圾和污水中的悬浮颗粒物的量已超过河流来沙,成为胶州湾主要的沉积物来源。在20世纪初由于污染情况较轻,并且受人为活动的影响较小,胶州湾沉积物各形态氮的埋藏通量较低,但自从20世纪80年代开始,环胶州湾地区的工农业迅猛发展,氮的埋藏通量急剧增加,胶州湾地区的环境一度恶化,但由于近年来采取的较为得力的治污与排放措施,胶州湾的环境状况已有明显改观。

大兴安岭中段二叠系大石寨组细碧岩的岩石学地球化学特征及其成因探讨

大兴安岭中段林西地区二叠纪大石寨组下部的细碧角斑岩建造记录了大石寨裂陷槽早期的发育历史,因而对其成因和构造环境的研究具有一定的意义。本文在详细的野外工作基础上,对二叠系大石组的细碧岩进行了较为系统的岩石学、元素地球化学及同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,细碧岩的岩石类型为玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩、橄榄粗安岩和粗安岩(或歪长粗面岩),属于拉斑玄武岩岩石系列;细碧岩的主量元素质量分数及变化范围类似于N-MORB玄武岩;与正常洋中脊玄武岩相比较,细碧岩的LILE元素明显富集,HFSE元素的质量分数与大洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)相接近,Nb、Ta明显亏损;细碧岩的稀土元素分配模式具平坦型;(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)t为0.7013～0.7056。细碧岩形成于大石寨裂陷槽早期裂陷阶段弧后盆地局部扩张的构造环境;细碧岩是由拉斑玄武质岩浆在上升过程中经热卤水的严重混染后喷出地表结晶而形成的。

沉积物中NSO杂环芳烃的分布特征及其地球化学意义

对金湖凹陷原油和烃源岩中分子骨架结构相似、分别含N、S、O的三类杂环芳烃——吡咯类、硫芴和氧芴系列的分布特征及其应用进行了初步探讨。烃源岩中这三类杂原子化合物的丰度一般高于原油,其在油、岩中的丰度差异按含N、O和S化合物的顺序依次降低,指示三类化合物吸附性依次降低;原油和烃源岩中三类杂原子化合物丰度具有较好的正相关性,并与芴系列具有良好的多项式关系,暗示三类杂原子化合物在原生和或后生作用与干酪根降解方式上可能有某些相似性与相关性;在未熟—低熟阶段,随着成熟度的增加,三类化合物的丰度逐渐增加,指示成熟度对其有一定的控制作用。NSO化合物在油气运移、成熟度评价和指相等方面具有重要意义。

长江中下游浅水湖沉积物磷形态及其分布特征研究

对长江中下游7个浅水湖泊的表层沉积物,应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)测定了其中的总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷和钙磷等5个部份,分析了各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与沉积物理化性质如总氮、有机质、主要氧化物组成之间的相关性。结果表明,研究区域内,表层沉积物总磷含量在217.8～3337.2mg·kg-1之间,城市湖泊总磷含量总体上高于太湖等五大淡水湖;表层沉积物中的磷以无机磷为主,有机磷为辅,前者占总磷的比例多数处于60%～80%之间;从各形态磷含量的变化范围来看,Fe/Al-P>OP>Ca-P,而从百分含量的变化范围来看,则是Fe/Al-P>Ca-P>OP。表层沉积物中TP含量的增加主要来自Fe-P部分,其次来自OP部分;OP含量与Ca-P和Fe/Al-P的含量均有较好的正相关关系,而Ca-P与Fe/Al-P只有很弱的相关性。TN、有机质含量与OP、TP、Ca-P和Fe/Al-P均呈极显著正相关。TFe2O3与Fe/Al-P、TP、OP呈极显著正相关,而与Ca-P的相关性较弱;CaO与Ca-P呈极显著正相关,与OP有一定的正相关,与其他形态的磷则没有或只有微弱的相关性。