Combined Use of FSR Sensor Array and SVM Classifier for Finger Motion Recognition Based on Pressure Distribution Map

For controlling dexterous prosthetic hand with a high number of active Degrees of Freedom （DOF）, it is necessary to reliably extract control volitions of finger motions from the human body. In this study, a large variety of finger motions are discriminated based on the diversities of the pressure distribution produced by the mechanical actions of muscles on the forearm. The pressure distribution patterns corresponding to the motions were measured by sensor array which is composed of 32 Force Sensitive Resistor （FSR） sensors. In order to map the pressure patterns with different finger motions, a multiclass classifier was designed based on the Support Vector Machine （SVM） algorithm. The multi-subject experiments show that it is possible to identify as many as seventeen different finger motions, including individual finger motions and multi-finger grasping motions, with the accuracy above 99% in the in-session validation. Further, the cross-session validation demonstrates that the performance of the proposed method is robust for use if the FSR array is not reset. The results suggest that the proposed method has great application prospects for the control of multi-DOF dexterous hand prosthesis.

Maps of epicentre distribution in 1993

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Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans

The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one of the microzooplankton grazers in the foodweb. In contrast, green Noctiluca contains a photosynthetic symbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae （a prasinophyte）, but it also feeds on other plankton when the food supply is abundant. In this review, we document the global distribution of these two forms and include the first maps of their global distribution. Red Noctiluca occurs widely in the temperate to sub-tropical coastal regions of the world. It occurs over a wide temperature range of about 10℃ to 25℃ and at higher salinities （generally not in estuaries）. It is particularly abundant in high productivity areas such as upwelling or eutrophic areas where diatoms dominate since they are its preferred food source. Green Noctiluca is much more restricted to a temperature range of 25℃-30℃ and mainly occurs in tropical waters of Southeast Asia, Bay of Bengal （east coast of India）, in the eastern, western and northern Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and recently it has become very abundant in the Gulf of Oman. Red and green Noctiluca do overlap in their distribution in the eastern, northern and western Arabian Sea with a seasonal shift from green Noctiluca in the cooler winter convective mixing, higher productivity season, to red Noctiluca in the more oligotrophic warmer summer season.

Global black soil distribution

Black soils, characterized by their thick, dark horizons enriched with organic matter, epitomize highly fertile soils. However, their fertility precipitates intense land use, engendering challenges such as soil erosion, nutrient depletion, pollution, compaction, salinization, and acidification. Notably, these soils are significant contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, primarily due to substantial losses in soil organic carbon. Despite these challenges, black soils are pivotal for global food production. This paper delineates the implementation of digital soil mapping for the global cartography of black soils and human interference on these soils. Predominantly distributed in Eastern Europe, Central and Eastern Asia, and North and South America, black soils cover an approximate area of 725 Mha, with the Russian Federation,Kazakhstan, and China collectively have over half of this area. Agriculturally,these soils underpin significant proportions of global crop yields, producing 66% of sunflower, 30% of wheat, and 26% of potato outputs. The organic carbon content in the upper 30 cm of these soils is estimated at 56 Gt.Sustainable management of black soils is imperative for ensuring food security and addressing climate change on a global scale.

Recognition of the major scattering sources on complex targets based on the high frequency radar cross section integrated calculation technique

Based on the high frequency （HF） integrated radar cross section （RCS） calculation approach, a technique of detecting major scattering source is developed by using an appropriate arithmetic for scattering distribution and scattering source detection. For the perfect adaptability to targets and the HF of the HF integrated RCS calculation platform, this technique is suitable to solve large complex targets and has lower requirement to the target modeling. A comparison with the result of 2-D radar imaging confirms the accuracy and reliability of this technique in recognition of the major scattering source on complex targets. This technique provides the foundation for rapid integrated evaluation of the scattering performance and 3-D scattering model reconstruction of large complex targets.

Structure design and establishment of database application system for alien species in Shandong Province,China

This paper presents a case study on structure design and establishment of database application system for alien species in Shandong Province, integrating with Geographic Information System, computer network, and database technology to the research of alien species. The modules of alien species database, including classified data input, statistics and analysis, species pictures and distribution maps, and out date input, were approached by Visual Studio.net 2003 and Microsoft SQL server 2000. The alien species information contains the information of classification, species distinction characteristics, biological characteristics, original area, distribution area, the entering fashion and route, invasion time, invasion reason, interaction with the endemic species, growth state, danger state and spatial information, i.e. distribution map. Based on the above bases, several models including application, checking, modifying, printing, adding and returning models were developed. Furthermore, through the establishment of index tables and index maps, we can also spatially query the data like picture, text and GIS map data. This research established the technological platform of sharing information about scientific resource of alien species in Shandong Province, offering the basis for the dynamic inquiry of alien species, the warning technology of prevention and the fast reaction system. The database application system possessed the principles of good practicability, friendly user interface and convenient usage. It can supply full and accurate information inquiry services of alien species for the users and provide functions of dynamically managing the database for the administrator.

Geochemistry of magnetite in beach sands, stream sediments,and in situ magnetites in surrounding rocks at north Taiwan island

The geochemistry of magnetite provides constraints on the source(s) of the magnetite and other ore minerals. In this study, we constructed a magnetite distribution map, compared the chemical composition of magnetite present in hard rocks with that present in sand beach and stream deposits to determine magnetite’s provenance,investigated relationships among different trace elements,examined variations in the concentrations of trace elements present in magnetite, and identified the type of studied magnetite. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry/inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used to analyze samples available in small and large amounts, respectively. The average magnetite compositions of beach and river samples were substantially similar to those of andesite rocks,revealing that the magnetite samples may have originated from surrounding andesite rocks;this finding is consistent with the chemical composition of the samples analyzed using LA-ICP-MS. Some of the andesite rocks found in the study area were the primary source of magnetite aggregations in the beach sands and stream sands near or slightly away from these rocks. High Ti–V magnetites lie within the fields of Fe–Ti–V bearing magnetite and titanomagnetite(ulv?spinel). These titanomagnetites may be undergoing transformation to spinel minerals such as galaxite,gahnite, magnesiochromite, and chromite, which are characterized by the high concentrations of Al, Ti, Mg, Cr,Ni, Mn, and Zn. The positive correlation between Fe and Ti, Cr and Ni, and also the negative correlation between Fe and Mg, Mn and Zn can be attributed to various magnetite phases present in the study area. V, Co, Mo, Nb, Ga, Sn,and Ta exhibited a positive correlation with Fe and a negative correlation with Al. The positive correlation between Fe and these elements indicates the enrichment of these elements in the magnetite series. We observed a negative correlation between Fe and Li, Rb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Cu,Cd, Sb, As, Sc, Y, REE, U, and Th. A positive correlation between Al and these elements indicates the enrichment of these elements in the spinel series.

Guidance method to use mixed coal in blending for coking

Based on the principle that the adaptation can be reflected by the overlap of reflectance distribution peaks,the effect of various types mixed coal for coking is analyzed.Based on the action of the vitrinite of different reflectance range and the adaptation,a new method for guidance blending coal is established.Through simulation,blending coal using the software of HD automatic microscope photometer,makes the synthetic blending coal reflectance distribution map to nothing notch wide single peak flat-shaped symmetrical distribution,blending coal random reflectance meets 1.1 - 1.2,the standard deviation meets 0.35 - 0.4.It is based on the conditions that active component in the blending is excessive.Using this method,the mixed coal can be used as much as possible and play a positive role.The problem about implementation process is discussed.

可数度量空间上的完全分布混沌映射

设X={x_0,x_1,…}是一个自密的可数度量空间.则对任意0<δ<diamX,存在X上的同胚φ满足:(a)X={φ~ix_0:i∈Z}且{φ~ix_0:i≥0},{φ^(-i)x_0:i≥0}均为X的稠密子集;(b)φ,φ^(-1)均以X为其一个分布式δ-混沌集.

Mapping carbon distribution in 35SiMn steel by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy

In this study,the three-windows method,the jump-ratio method and the R-map method in energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy(EFTEM) have been applied to mapping carbon distribution in 35SiMn steel after a quenching-partitioning treatment.The carbon contamination is successfully suppressed by using EFTEM and plasma-cleaning TEM samples.Compared to the three-windows method and the jump-ratio method,the R-map method provides carbon distribution with less noises,and is insensitive to changes in sample thickness.We have demonstrated that the R-map method is a better way for carbon mapping in middle-carbon steel without the influence of carbon contamination.

Development of 3-actoxymethoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl as an electron paramagnetic resonance imaging reagent for in vivo mapping brain oxygen distribution and infarction in ischemic brain

Measurement of oxygen concentration and distribution in brain is essential to understanding the pathophysiology of stroke. Although brain oxygen level is critical for brain tissue survival,

Rapid detection of chlorophyll content and distribution in citrus orchards based on low-altitude remote sensing and bio-sensors

The accuracy of detecting the chlorophyll content in the canopy and leaves of citrus plants based on sensors with different scales and prediction models was investigated for the establishment of an easy and highly-efficient real-time nutrition diagnosis technology in citrus orchards.The fluorescent values of leaves and canopy based on the Multiplex 3.6 sensor,canopy hyperspectral reflectance data based on the FieldSpec4 radiometer and spectral reflectance based on low-altitude multispectral remote sensing were collected from leaves of Shatang mandarin and then analyzed.Additionally,the associations of the leaf SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development)value with the ratio vegetation index(RVI)and normalized differential vegetation index(NDVI)were analyzed.The leaf SPAD value predictive model was established by means of univariate and multiple linear regressions and the partial least squares method.Variable distribution maps of the relative canopy chlorophyll content based on spectral reflectance in the orchard were automatically created.The results showed that the correlations of the SPAD values obtained from the Multiplex 3.6 sensor,FieldSpec4 radiometer and low-altitude multispectral remote sensing were highly significant.The measures of goodness of fit of the predictive models were R^(2)=0.7063,RMSECV=3.7892,RE=5.96%,and RMSEP=3.7760 based on RVI_((570/800)) and R^(2)=0.7343,RMSECV=3.6535,RE=5.49%,and RMSEP=3.3578 based on NDVI[(570,800)(570,950)(700,840)].The technique to create spatial distribution maps of the relative canopy chlorophyll content in the orchard was established based on sensor information that directly reflected the chlorophyll content of the plants in different parts of the orchard,which in turn provides evidence for implementation of orchard productivity evaluation and precision in fertilization management.

Basin flood control system risk evaluation based on variable sets

Flood control system risk evaluation is an effective measure for flood risk management and decisions.In order to make better flood risk decisions and thereby improve social and economic benefits,the flood control risk evaluation index system should be built to quantify and normalize flood risk effectively and efficiently.Because the current evaluation index has the binary miscibility characteristic of fuzziness and clarity,this paper establishes a new flood control system risk evaluation method based on the theory of variable sets(VS).Through a comparison of flood control risk evaluation with variable fuzzy sets(VFS) in the same basin flood control system risk evaluation,it is revealed that the new method,i.e.,flood control risk evaluation with variable fuzzy/clear mixture sets(variable sets),will be reasonable in all cases.Finally,in one case study,i.e.,the flood control system risk evaluation of Fengman Reservoir Basin,which is located in the southeast central of Jilin Province in China,the risk evaluation levels for each county in the basin as well as the whole flood risk distribution map of the basin could be provided with the new method.This provides useful information for basin flood control planning and design.

On-site identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis using multispectral imaging and chemometrics

For the reasonable and effective collection of Ophiocordyceps sinensis,a new method of on-site identification was attempted using a portable multispectral imaging(MSI)technique.Three dimensional(3D)data-cubes of representative Ophiocordyceps sinensis and weeds samples were acquired and pre-processed with standard normal variate transformation(SNV).Principal component analysis(PCA)and simulated annealing particle swarm optimisation(SAPSO)algorithms were used to extract characteristic images and develop the support vector classification(SVC)models.Results show that the fused feature model of SAPSO-SVC has the best performance,resulting in a recognition accuracy of the prediction set of 96.30%.Moreover,on-site distribution map of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and weeds was created using the spectral feature model of SAPSO-SVC,and the target could be easily identified from the distribution map.This work demonstrates the potential for on-site identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using a portable MSI technique combined with the SAPSO-SVC algorithm.

Distributed environment representation and object localization system in intelligent space

A kind of new environment representation and object localization scheme is proposed in the paper aiming to accomplish the task of object operation more efficiently in intelligent space. First, a distributed environment represen- tation method is put forward to reduce storage burden and improve the system＇s stability. The layered topological maps are separately stored in different landmarks attached to the key positions of intelligent space, so that the robot can search the landmarks on which the map information can be read from the QR code, and then the environment map can be built autonomously. Map building is an important prerequisite for object search. An object search scheme based on RFID and vision technology is proposed. The RFID tags are attached to the target objects and reference objects in the indoor environ- ment. A fixed RFID system is built to monitor the rough position （room and local area） of target and a mobile RFID system is constructed to detect the targets which are not in the covering range of the fixed system. The existing area of target is determined by the time sequence of reference tags and target tags, and the accurate position is obtained by onboard vision system at a short distance. The experiments demonstrate that the distributed environment representation proposed in the paper can fully meet the requirements of object localization, and the positioning scheme has high search efficiency, high localization accuracy and precision, and a strong anti-interference ability in the complex indoor environment.

Performance Comparison of Distributed State Estimation Algorithms for Power Systems

A newly proposed distributed dynamic state estimation algorithm based on the maximum a posteriori(MAP) technique is generalised and studied for power systems. The system model involves linear time-varying load dynamics and nonlinear measurements. The main contribution of this paper is to compare the performance and feasibility of this distributed algorithm with several existing distributed state estimation algorithms in the literature. Simulations are tested on the IEEE 39-bus and 118-bus systems under various operating conditions. The results show that this distributed algorithm performs better than distributed quasi-steady state estimation algorithms which do not use the load dynamic model. The results also show that the performance of this distributed method is very close to that by the centralized state estimation method. The merits of this algorithm over the centralized method lie in its low computational complexity and low communication load. Hence, the analysis supports the efficiency and benefits of the distributed algorithm in applications to large-scale power systems.