Operation Control Method of Relay Protection in Flexible DC Distribution Network Compatible with Distributed Power Supply

A novel operation control method for relay protection in flexible DC distribution networks with distributed power supply is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate fault location during relay protection,leading to poor performance.The method combines a fault-tolerant fault location method based on long-term and short-term memory networks to accurately locate the fault section.Then,an operation control method for relay protection based on adaptive weight and whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is used to construct an objective function considering the shortest relay protection action time and the smallest impulse current.The adaptive weight and WOA are employed to obtain the optimal strategy for relay protection operation control,reducing the action time and impulse current.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately locating faults and improving relay protection performance.The longest operation time is reduced by 4.7023 s,and the maximum impulse current is limited to 0.3 A,effectively controlling the impact of large impulse currents and enhancing control efficiency.

Optimal operation of water distribution networks under local pipe failures

The optimal operation of water distribution networks under local pipe failures, such as water main breaks, was proposed. Based on a hydraulic analysis and a simulation of water distribution networks, a macroscopic model for a network under a local pipe failure was established by the statistical regression. After the operation objectives under a local pipe failure were determined, the optimal operation model was developed and solved by the genetic algorithm. The program was developed and examined by a city distribution network. The optimal operation alternative shows that the electricity cost is saved approximately 11%, the income of the water corporation is increased approximately 5%, and the pressure in the water distribution network is distributed evenly to ensure the network safe operation. Therefore, the proposed method for optimal operation under local pipe failure is feasible and cost-effective.

Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generator via Improved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization in Active Distribution Network Considering Multi-Resource

In the framework of vigorous promotion of low-carbon power system growth as well as economic globalization,multi-resource penetration in active distribution networks has been advancing fiercely.In particular,distributed generation(DG)based on renewable energy is critical for active distribution network operation enhancement.To comprehensively analyze the accessing impact of DG in distribution networks from various parts,this paper establishes an optimal DG location and sizing planning model based on active power losses,voltage profile,pollution emissions,and the economics of DG costs as well as meteorological conditions.Subsequently,multiobjective particle swarm optimization(MOPSO)is applied to obtain the optimal Pareto front.Besides,for the sake of avoiding the influence of the subjective setting of the weight coefficient,the decisionmethod based on amodified ideal point is applied to execute a Pareto front decision.Finally,simulation tests based on IEEE33 and IEEE69 nodes are designed.The experimental results show thatMOPSO can achieve wider and more uniformPareto front distribution.In the IEEE33 node test system,power loss,and voltage deviation decreased by 52.23%,and 38.89%,respectively,while taking the economy into account.In the IEEE69 test system,the three indexes decreased by 19.67%,and 58.96%,respectively.

Two-stage Planning Method for Energy Router Considering Its Optimal Operation in Distribution Networks

An energy router can effectively optimize the network loss and power quality of distribution networks. The optimal configuration of the energy router is relatively complex because issues dynamically influence each other, such as the location of the energy router, optimal number and capacity of its ports, and building new distribution lines for the ports. Presently, there has been very few research studies on the practical problems for the energy router. In this paper, a planning model of an energy router combined with the distribution network is established, which fully exploits the active and reactive power control abilities of the energy router to optimize the operation of the grid. The configuration problem is decoupled into two stages. The upper layer determines the location of the energy router and the parameters of the candidate new distribution lines for the ports. The lower layer calculates the optimal configuration of the energy router by minimizing the total annual cost. Because of the same rated bus voltage in the distribution network, the existing structure of the energy router is changed to be more applicable for the distribution network, and then the power flow model of the energy router is also modified. Due to the nonlinearity of the model, the planning model is converted into a mixed-integer second-order cone model to solve efficiently. In addition, some core factors influencing the optimal scheme of the energy router are also analyzed in this paper. Simulation results show that the optimal scheme of the energy router can significantly improve the economic deployment of the energy router, and optimize the network loss and power quality of the distribution network.

Operational Risk Assessment for Integrated Transmission and Distribution Networks

To satisfy the requirements of accurate operationalrisk assessment of integrated transmission and distribution networks (I-T&D), an integrated operational risk assessment (IORA) algorithm is proposed. Specific cases demonstrate thatan I-ORA is necessary because it provides accurate handlingof the coupling between transmission and distribution networks,accurate analysis of power supply mode (PSM) changes ofimportant users and helps to improve security and stability ofpower grid operations. Two key technical requirements in theI-ORA algorithm are realized, i.e., integrated topology analysisand integrated power flow calculation. Under a certain contingency, integrated topology analysis is used to assess the risksof substation power cuts, network split and PSM changes ofimportant users, while the integrated power flow calculation,based on the self-adaptive Levenburg-Marquard method andNewton method, can be implemented to assess risks of heavyload/overload and voltage deviation. In addition, the graphicsprocessing unit is used to parallelly process some computationintensive steps. Numerical experiments show that the proposedI-ORA algorithm can realize accurate assessment for the entireI-T&D. In addition, the efficiency and convergence are satisfying,indicating the proposed I-ORA algorithm can significantly benefitreal practice in the coordination operation of I-T&D in the future.

Optimal Operation of Flexible Distribution Networks for Security Improvement Considering Active Management

This paper presents a stochastic optimal operation problem of gas turbine integrated distribution networks in the presence of active management schemes,which is formulated as a multi-objective chance-constrained mixed integer nonlinear programming problem.The control variables are the on-load tap-changer tap position,the power provided by the distributed generation(DG),the DG power factor angle,the load participating in demand side management and the switch status.The objectives defined in this paper are to simultaneously minimize the expectation cost and variation coefficient of security distance.Uncertainties related to DG output and load fluctuation and fault power restoration under contingencies are also considered in the optimization problem.The collaboration of normal boundary intersection and the dynamic niche differential evolution algorithm is proposed to handle the optimal operation mode.Simulation results are presented and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.Compared with the operation result without the consideration of security,the security-constrained operation can reduce the expectation cost.Therefore,the proposed optimization is reasonable and valuable.

Circle quorum system-based non-stop network service model

Rapid developments in network systems of business service have resulted in more reliance on distributed computing, typified by “subscriber/push” architectures. Unfortunately, frequent and unexpectable network failures were routine, and downtime was not in hours, but in days. High availability has become the most important factor decreasing business risk and improving Quality of Service. Cluster technology has solved the non-stop problem on Local Area Network. However, most technologies including cluster today fail to ensure the non-stop Internet service based on Routers. With good performance on high availability and fault tolerance, quorum systems are very suitable for application to distributed business service networks. In this work, we modeled and developed a non-stop Internet service system based on a new quorum system, circle quorum system, for Boston Mutual Fund Broker, US. With five protocols, it provided highly available data services for clients on Internet.

Distributed and Redundant Design of Ship Monitoring and Control Network

The world trend in ship automation is to integrate the monitoring, intelligent control and systematic management of the instruments and equipments both on bridge and in engine room. The paper presents a design scheme of the ship integrated monitoring and operating system based on two layers distributed and redundant computer network. The lower layer network is the field bus network connected mainly by CAN bus; the upper one is the PC local network in TCP/IP protocol, which consisted of a database server, monitoring and operating computers, industrial computers and a set of switches. Distributed schemes are fully applied to both software and hardware. This paper specifically describes the composition, software distribution and redundant technology of the upper local network and gives some important sample codes for the implement of the redundant and distributed design. The technologies here have been proved in the many applications and it may be applied to other industrial fields.

基于机器学习的主动配电网能量管理与运行控制

随着分布式资源和灵活负荷广泛接入,配电网正演变成为主动配电网,其能量管理与运行控制面临着巨大挑战:1)海量分布式资源并网使得调控需求大增,同时引入了大量随机性使得运行风险增加,需要挖掘其主动支撑能力;2)分布式资源量大且异动频繁,难以及时维护,配电网模型精度差,基于精确建模的运行控制和优化调度技术的工程应用困难。为应对上述挑战,文中介绍了基于机器学习的理论和方法,提出了“测-辨-控”一体化的主动配电网能量管理与运行控制技术体系,实现少/免模型维护的运行控制与优化调度。同时,分析了以下核心技术:1)配电网弱/无模型实时调控技术,实现自律优化;2)分布式资源集群自适应动态控制技术,实现对电网的主动支撑;3)风险量化的概率优化调度方法,实现风险与经济的平衡。最后,简要介绍了适应含极高比例分布式资源的主动配电网的能量管理与运行控制系统架构。

基于最优经济运行区域的主动配电网日前日内协同调度方法

传统的日前-日内协同调度通常以与日前时序计划曲线偏差最小作为日内目标函数,当日内新能源出力预测值与日前相差较大时,储能装置(energy storage systems,ESS)等由于其时间耦合约束日内调整范围有限,导致经济性和灵活性较差。对此,提出了基于最优经济运行区域(optimal economic operation region,OEOR)的主动配电网(active distribution networks,ADN)日前-日内协同调度方法。在日前阶段,构建线性化ADN调度模型,基于拉丁超立方采样法生成的大量随机场景下调控设备优化曲线,以全时间段内设备出力上下界内所包含的随机场景优化结果数量最大为目标,考虑储能装置荷电状态的相邻时段约束和微型燃气轮机的爬/滑坡率,构建OEOR生成模型。最后,在日内阶段,调控设备在OEOR内滚动优化调整,当该时段优化值贴近OEOR边界时,考虑相邻时段出力约束,将OEOR扩展为最优经济极限运行区域(E-OEOR)。算例结果表明,所提方法相比于传统方法能够更有效地提升配电网经济性。

配电网中性点柔性接地装置四象限运行机理与控制方法

针对现有配电网柔性接地装置在进行接地故障处置时,易因网侧能量倒灌而导致直流侧电压失稳,甚至直流电容击穿的问题,分析注入电流与中性点电压间相角差随系统参数的变化规律,揭示系统参数变化对柔性接地装置输出有功功率、能量流向的影响机理,阐明造成系统能量倒灌的内在原因。在此基础上,提出一种具备四象限运行功能的柔性接地装置拓扑结构,在整流侧采用电压型三相半桥可控整流拓扑,并经配电变压器接入电网,能够维持能量在装置内双向流通,提升直流侧电压稳定性,同时实现直流侧供电自给。进一步提出基于四象限运行柔性接地装置的多目标复合控制方法,通过dq旋转坐标系下整流双环控制实现装置整流网侧单位功率因数运行及直流侧电压稳定,并由逆变侧控制对中性点电压进行快速精准调控。在PSIM(power simulation)仿真环境与10 kV真型配电网实验场中模拟各种运行和故障工况,对所提装置运行机理和控制方法进行验证,仿真与实验结果表明四象限运行柔性接地装置能有效解决现有柔性接地装置在网侧能量倒灌条件下直流侧电压失稳的问题,提升装置的运行和调控性能,实现接地故障快速安全可靠处置。

Directed graph-based distribution network reconfiguration for operation mode adjustment and service restoration considering distributed generation

We present a directed graph-based method for distribution network reconfiguration considering distributed generation. Two reconfiguration situations are considered: operation mode adjustment with the objective of minimizing active power loss(situation Ⅰ) and service restoration with the objective of maximizing loads restored(situation Ⅱ). These two situations are modeled as a mixed integer quadratic programming problem and a mixed integer linear programming problem, respectively. The properties of the distribution network with distributed generation considered are reflected as the structure model and the constraints described by directed graph. More specifically, the concepts of "in-degree" and "out-degree"are presented to ensure the radial structure of the distribution network, and the concepts of "virtual node" and"virtual demand" are developed to ensure the connectivity of charged nodes in every independent power supply area.The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by test results of an IEEE 33-bus system and a 5-feeder system.

适用于新型配电网的改进型电流保护

随着新型配电网的发展,分布式电源(distributed generation, DG)广泛接入配电网,由于DG运行状态多样随机,传统基于最大、最小运行方式整定的电流保护难以同时满足保护“四性”。为此,本文首先搭建具有低电压穿越能力的多类型高比例DG接入的新型配电网模型,分析多类型DG接入后配网短路计算方法,研究DG接入对电流保护“四性”的影响;提出的改进方案将配网运行状态聚类为多个运行状态集,集内分别整定,当配网运行状态满足定值切换判据时更新定值,形成适用于新型配电网的“离线整定、在线更新”的改进电流保护,最后利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证所提方法的有效性。

自动驾驶环境下交通-配电网协同优化运行

为深入分析耦合电力-交通网在混行条件下产生的协同优化效果,提出自动驾驶环境下交通-配电网协同优化策略。建立智慧交通-配电系统协同运行框架,并分析自动驾驶与人工驾驶汽车的行驶特性,构建基于变分不等式的交通网动态混合均衡模型;结合基于二阶锥规划的配电网动态最优潮流模型,设计两阶段迭代求解算法实现耦合网络协同运行仿真。通过与现有单一车型场景及非协调运行情况对比分析,探究在需求高峰时段混行环境下的优化运行效果,最终结果证明了所提协同优化策略的优越性,使得网络综合运行成本相较现有场景有了显著降低,实现了自动驾驶汽车渗入这一新场景下的耦合网络优化运行。

计及电-气双向耦合的综合能源配电网优化重构

综合能源系统是实现电网、气网以及热网等多种能源系统深度融合,利用能量耦合互补等优势提升整个系统能源利用效率的有效形式。为提升综合能源系统优化运行能力,文章首先基于电转气技术与天然气发电技术,构建了的电-气双向耦合综合能源系统总体模型。进而考虑配电网重构技术(Distribution Network Reconfiguration Technology,DNR)中拓扑结构灵活可控这一特性,在配电子系统中引入开关变量、系统运行总费用最低这一目标函数及网络辐射状拓扑结构等约束,建立了配电子系统重构模型。从降低模型求解复杂性的角度,应用二阶锥松弛、乘积变量线性化及分段线性化等方法,将原始综合能源配电网重构非凸非线性模型转化为混合整数二阶锥规划(Mixed Integer Second-Order Cone Programming,MISOCP)问题求解。仿真结果表明,在电-气双向耦合的综合能源系统中应用配电网重构技术,能够降低综合能源系统运行费用,同时有效支撑了配电子系统电压与配气子系统气压。

A Risk-based Competitive Bi-level Framework for Operation of Active Distribution Networks with Networked Microgrids

This paper presents a risk-based competitive bi-level framework for optimal decision-making in energy sales by a distribution company(DISCO)in an active distribution network(ADN).At the upper level of this framework,the DISCO and a rival retailer compete for selling energy.The DISCO intends to maximize its profit in the competitive market.Therefore,it is very important for the DISCO to make a decision and offer an optimal price for attracting customers and winning the competition.Networked microgrids(MGs)at the lower level,as the costumers,intend to purchase energy from less expensive sources in order to minimize costs.There is a bi-level framework with two different targets.The genetic algorithm is used to solve this problem.The DISCO needs to be cautious,so it uses the conditional value at risk(CVaR)to reduce the risk and increase the probability of making the desired profit.The effect of this index on the trade between the two levels is studied.The simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce the cost of MGs as the costumers,and can enable the DISCO as the seller to win the competition with its rivals.

高比能二次锂电池电极材料的储能系统配电网运行建模与仿真研究

对于包含储能系统的配电网运行建模与仿真,传统方法由于缺少对储能系统变量增补约束,导致建模后储能系统的电热转换效率较低。为此,提出高比能二次锂电池电极材料的储能系统配电网运行建模与仿真研究。依据储能系统在配电网中的运行特性,建立储能系统等效电路,并以高比能二次锂电池电极材料的储能系统的经济性指标构建电网运行模型,同时对其加以变量增补约束,以动态描述配电网的运行过程。实例应用结果显示,所提方法能够有效提高储能系统的电热转换效率,建模结果更加可靠。

基于优化SOM算法的智能手术室应用系统研究

针对目前医院的手术室信息化和资源利用率低等问题,提出了一个高效实时的手术室调度系统。首先,采用混合分布式网络结构建立手术室内各医疗设备的通信连接和手术室内与室外的通信连接,解决手术室信息互通问题。然后,基于自组织映射(self-organizing map,SOM)算法提出了SOM优化调度算法(SOM optimization scheduling algorithm,SOMO-SA),解决手术室资源调度问题。最后,基于信息互通与资源调度的系统架构对手术室的设备与耗材的可追溯、手术室环境的智能监控、资源和能源消耗的智能监控等功能进行设计与完善。所建立的手术室调度系统能够提高手术室的工作效率和工作质量,促进手术室数字化建设的发展。

基于DWA算法的配网作业机器人避障路径规划

配网作业机器人运行环境中存在不同大小的障碍物,作业过程中会出现路径冗余问题,导致配网作业机器人避障能力差,为此提出基于DWA算法的配网作业机器人避障路径规划方法。根据机器人质量、车轮半径和轮间距信息构建机器人运动学模型,描述机器人在不同时刻的位姿;确定机器人作业空间,结合起点与目标点位置构建局部地图,约束机器人运动范围;设计DWA算法的速度向量空间,多采样机器人速度,获取限速区域,在该区间内生成多条待选择的路径;利用方向评价、障碍物距离评价和速度评价3个子函数组成DWA评价函数,分别对子函数做归一化处理,选取评价值最高的路径作为最优避障规划路径。实验结果表明,该方法在简单和复杂的作业环境下均能准确避障,且路径最短。

基于广义Benders分解的分布式光伏接入容量规划方法

针对目前分布式光伏电源大规模接入配电网中带来的问题,提出了基于广义Benders分解的分布式光伏接入容量规划方法。采用数据驱动顺序选择方法确定C-Vine Copula模型中变量的最优顺序,结合拉丁超立方采样方法和场景评估指标,构建典型负荷-资源相关性场景。在生成的典型场景的基础上,建立了基于广义Benders分解的光伏接入规划模型。该模型分为光伏规划主问题与配电网运行子问题,采用线性规划与最优潮流的方法进行求解。在IEEE 33节点系统网架开展算例分析,结果表明,提出的典型场景生成方法比传统方法的资源误差与负荷误差减少50%以上;规划模型求解所需的计算量减小为原来的11%,计算时间缩短为原来的9%。