Model of bidirectional reflectance distribution function for metallic materials

Based on the three-component assumption that the reflection is divided into specular reflection,directional diffuse reflection,and ideal diffuse reflection,a bidirectional reflectance distribution function（BRDF） model of metallic materials is presented.Compared with the two-component assumption that the reflection is composed of specular reflection and diffuse reflection,the three-component assumption divides the diffuse reflection into directional diffuse and ideal diffuse reflection.This model effectively resolves the problem that constant diffuse reflection leads to considerable error for metallic materials.Simulation and measurement results validate that this three-component BRDF model can improve the modeling accuracy significantly and describe the reflection properties in the hemisphere space precisely for the metallic materials.

Bidirectional reflectance one-dimensional rough distribution function modeling of surface in the microwave band

In this study, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function （BRDF） of a one-dimensional conducting rough surface and a dielectric rough surface are calculated with different frequencies and roughness values in the microwave band by using the method of moments, and the relationship between the bistatic scattering coefficient and the BRDF of a rough surface is expressed. From the theory of the parameters of the rough surface BRDF, the parameters of the BRDF are obtained using a genetic algorithm. The BRDF of a rough surface is calculated using the obtained parameter values. Further, the fitting values and theoretical calculations of the BRDF are compared, and the optimization results are in agreement with the theoretical calculation results. Finally, a reference for BRDF modeling of a Gaussian rough surface in the microwave band is provided by the proposed method.

Three-Component Model for Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function of Thermal Coating Surfaces

We present a bidirectional reflection distribution function （BRDF） model for thermal coating surfaces based on a three-component reflection assumption, in which the specular reflection is given according to the microfacet theory and Snell＇s law, the multiple reflection is considered Nth cosine distributed, and the volume scattering is uniformly distributed in reflection angles according to the experimental results. This model describes the reflection characteristics of thermal coating surfaces more completely and reasonably. Simulation and measurement results of two thermal coating samples SR107 and S781 are given to validate that this three-component model significantly improves the modeling accuracy for thermal coating surfaces compared with the existing BRDF models.

Simulation Calculation and Distribution Characteristics of Terrain Reflected Radiation in Fujian Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the distribution characteristics of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province.[Method] Based on solar radiation data,digital elevation model (DEM) and surface meteorological observation data in Fujian Province,plus surface albedo obtained by using remote sensing inversion method,the distribution of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province from 1988 to 2007 was simulated,and then its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics was studied.[Result] The simulation results of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province was credible.Terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province was the highest in July (about 160 MJ/m2) and lowest in January (about 60 MJ/m2),and it was obviously higher from May to August compared with other months,while the order of terrain reflected radiation in four seasons was summer>spring>autumn>winter,and complex terrain affected the distribution of terrain reflected radiation greatly,especially in autumn and winter when sun elevation angle was small.In addition,terrain reflected radiation in most areas of Fujian Province was below 100 MJ/m2,and it was high in Ningde,Sanming and Nanping City in northern Fujian,while the maximum value (630 MJ/m2) could be found in Dong’an Island in Xiapu County in Ningde City and had good utilization value.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of solar energy resources under complex terrain in China.

Modeling bidirectional reflection distribution function of microscale random rough surfaces

The radiative properties of three different materials surfaces with one-dimensional microscale random roughness were obtained with the finite difference time domain method(FDTD) and near-to-far-field transformation.The surface height conforms to the Gaussian probability density function distribution.Various computational modeling issues that affect the accuracy of the predicted properties were discussed.The results show that,for perfect electric conductor(PEC) surfaces,as the surface roughness increases,the magnitude of the spike reduces and eventually the spike disappears,and also as the ratio of root mean square roughness to the surface correlation distance increases,the retroreflection becomes evident.The predicted values of FDTD solutions are in good agreement with the ray tracing and integral equation solutions.The overall trend of bidirectional reflection distribution function(BRDF) of PEC surfaces and silicon surfaces is the same,but the silicon's is much less than the former's.The BRDF difference from two polarization modes for the gold surfaces is little for smaller wavelength,but it is much larger for the longer wavelength and the FDTD simulation results agree well with the measured data.In terms of PEC surfaces,as the incident angle increases,the reflectivity becomes more specular.

Temporal response of laminated graded-bandgap GaAs-based photocathode with distributed Bragg reflection structure:Model and simulation

To describe the dynamic response characteristics of the laminated graded-bandgap GaAs-based photocathode with distributed Bragg reflection structure,a general theoretical temporal response model is deduced by combining the unsteady continuity equation and numerical calculation method.Through the model,the contribution of the distribution Bragg reflec-tion structure and graded-bandgap emission layer to the temporal response are investigated.Meanwhile,the relationships between the temporal response characteristics of the laminated GaAs-based photocathode and different structural parame-ters are also analyzed,including average electron decay time,emission layer thickness,and incident light wavelength.It is found that the introduction of distribution Bragg reflection(DBR)layer solves the discrepancy between the absorption capability of the emission layer and the temporal response.Moreover,the distributed Bragg reflection layer can improve the time response by optimizing the initial photoelectron distribution.The improvement effect of the DBR layer on the temporal response is enhanced with the emission layer thickness decreasing or the incident light wavelength increasing.These results explain the effect of the DBR layer of the photocathode on the dynamic characteristics,which can offer a new insight into the dynamic research of GaAs-based photocathode.

Understanding the Variability of Z-R Relationships Caused by Natural Variations in Raindrop Size Distributions(DSD):Implication of Drop Size and Number

In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.

基于反射系数谱的配电电缆局部缺陷识别定位

传统配电电缆在局部缺陷识别与精准定位上灵敏度较差,位置范围识别受到限制,为解决现有技术在配电电缆缺陷诊断上存在的不足,提出一种基于反射系数谱的配电电缆局部缺陷识别定位方法。首先依据电缆分布参数模型,获得配电电缆完好状态与存在局部缺陷段的反射系数谱,然后利用广义正交积分法,将反射系数谱的虚部从频域转换到空间域,建立积分诊断图,得到具有直观性的定位图谱,根据积分诊断图实现配电电缆局部缺陷的识别与精准定位,方法适用于同时存在多处电缆缺陷的情况。最后,在实验室50 m长的配电电缆上制作老化与破损两种缺陷,用于验证所提方法的有效性。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法对不同缺陷情况均具有较高的识别精度,定位误差小于0.15 m。

激光散射特性的红外瞄准镜基线检测方法

为提升武器射击精度,设计激光散射特性的红外瞄准镜基线检测方法。通过固定瞄准镜并利用黑体发射红外激光,在镜子反射后形成红外平行光束,并在瞄准镜视场内生成靶标的像。通过调整瞄准镜分划中心与靶标像中心重合,实现基线检测。采用双向反射分布函数和基尔霍夫近似理论的驻留相位近似法,分析红外激光的散射特性及波长与散射角对成像精度的影响,从而提高基线检测的精度。实验证明:当入射波长在9.5μm左右时,射击目标粗糙度为8μm时,双站极化散射系数最低,在1.0左右;当散射角在29°左右时,射击目标粗糙度为8μm时,双站极化散射系数最低在0.146左右;校正后目标位置偏差平均为0.01 m。

点云空间与反射强度融合的非结构化道路可行驶区域检测

可行驶区域检测旨在检测和提取智能车辆在道路上可行进的区域,目前主流的检测方法主要基于三维激光雷达的空间特征实现,难以处理路面边缘无清晰空间特征的非结构化道路.为此,本文提出了一种基于点云空间和反射强度融合的非结构化道路可行驶区域检测方法.首先,通过融合反射强度因子改进了基于空间特征的柱坐标系检测模型;然后,使用强度和降维空间检测对检测精度较低的环形检测模型进行优化,并将其与柱坐标系检测模型联合使用以提高方法检测准确率;最后,在自录实际道路数据集上进行对比实验.实验结果表明本文方法显著提高了非结构化道路可行驶区域检测的成功率与精确率,在结构化道路上也具有良好效果.

改进鲸鱼优化算法的壁面红外反射特性求解

壁面的红外反射特性由双向反射分布函数(BRDF)表征和求解。目前BRDF测量需要大量实验数据,同时存在精度不高的问题。通过构建壁面反射特性测试平台,使用MR170型傅立叶红外光谱辐射计获取2~15μm波段下入射角度和各个反射角度的目标辐射亮度。针对隐身目标,应用RBF网络对3~5μm以及8~14μm波段的辐射亮度曲线进行拟合,排除大气干扰,进而求解出上述两个波段隐身目标的BRDF值。为了解决BRDF模型精度不高的问题,提出了改进的鲸鱼优化算法(IWOA),对BRDF模型参数进行反演,并设计了基于BRDF的反射率求解方法。IWOA对BRDF计算模型参数反演有良好的效果。根据反射法,应用所得到的BRDF数据求解得到的反射率为0.5496,相对误差为6.17%,满足工程需求。

高反射釉料对不同厚度光伏玻璃断裂强度的影响

高反射釉料常被涂覆在光伏玻璃上以提升其光电转化效率,然而,高反射釉料对光伏玻璃断裂强度的影响尚不明确。本文采用双环测试和四点弯曲测试定量研究了玻璃厚度(1.55、1.86和2.89 mm)、釉料种类(A和B)、加载速率(2、20、50 mm/min)及上压头受力面(釉料面、玻璃面)等对光伏玻璃断裂强度的影响,并结合Weibull分布分析变量对光伏玻璃断裂强度的影响。研究结果表明,两种高反射釉料都能显著降低光伏玻璃的断裂强度,其中,在釉料面朝下时,双环测试的断裂强度降低超过72%,远超过四点弯曲强度的降低幅度(26%~46%)。此外,随着玻璃厚度的下降,断裂强度显著降低,例如,四点弯曲测试中,2.89 mm厚度带釉料的全钢化光伏玻璃断裂强度为104 MPa,而1.55和1.86 mm厚度半钢化光伏玻璃的断裂强度仅为68和73 MPa。通过扫描电子显微镜发现,釉料层与光伏玻璃基体中的微孔等缺陷是导致光伏玻璃断裂强度下降的主要原因。

典型多尺度海面结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性计算与分析

针对3级以上海况的高精度海洋场景红外仿真问题,提出一种“先拆后建”的研究思路:将含泡沫和破碎波的多尺度海面抽象为粗糙海面、泡沫、破碎波的组合,进而拆解出“粗糙海面”、“含泡沫粗糙海面”、“含破碎波粗糙海面”3类典型多尺度海面结构体,最后通过海面栅格化、结构体匹配、方向-光谱特性重构渲染等方法,由3类典型多尺度结构体方向-光谱特性组合重构大范围海面辐射散射特性,完成多尺度海面“气-面-体”耦合辐射/散射特性的计算。对拆解出的3类典型多尺度海面结构体分别开展多尺度耦合辐射、散射特性建模研究,构建3类多尺度海面结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性计算模型,并对结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性的影响因素进行分析,结果表明:随着海面风速的增大,海面典型结构体中的泡沫厚度及气泡浓度逐渐增大,使得结构体的散射能力增强,从而增大结构体的双向反射分布函数;随着探测波长的增大,海水的吸收性显著增强,导致不同风速条件下结构体双向反射分布函数之间的差异显著增大;对于不同的入射角,结构体双向反射分布函数最大值对应的天顶角随入射天顶角的变化逐渐发生变化。

基于BRDF可见光偏振成像技术的海面溢油油种识别研究

海上溢油事件发生后需要及时判断溢油种类,为溢油事故处置提供及时有效的应对措施。本文利用BRDF多角度测量装置和可见光偏振相机对不同油种和清洁海水进行观测,基于可见光偏振特征筛选出最佳观测Stokes参量和对应观测几何,构建了清洁海水和不同油种数据集,并建立了基于BRDF偏振特征的DBN溢油油种识别模型。研究发现,在实验室可控条件下,相对方位角–60°、0°、–30°组合时油种识别效果较好,光源天顶角和相机观测角二者在接近±50°时识别效果较好;多次重复实验显示,海水、原油、重油、汽油、柴油、棕榈油的最优识别率分别为90%、86.27%、84%、80.44%、82.08%和82%;基于可见光偏振特征所建立的油种识别模型,对于海面溢油种类区分具有较好的效果。

空间特性光谱反演及对户外光谱修正的可行性研究

户外高光谱探测可以快速获取样品的光谱信息,但受环境光线和样品二向反射特性的影响,采集到的光谱并不能准确反映样品的真实信息,对户外探测精度有一定影响。为了提高户外高光谱探测精度,提出了一种使用空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正的方法,以冬枣、红提、小白杏为研究对象,使用Walthall、Shibayama、Ross-li、Roujean与Rahman这5种BRDF模型反演3种果品的空间特性光谱,利用反演的空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正,之后分别建立暗室光谱、户外光谱与修正光谱的品质预测模型。反演结果表明:3种果品的空间特性光谱均有较好的反演效果,反演误差从低到高依次为冬枣、小白杏、红提,平均决定系数R2分别为0.957、0.947、0.927,平均误差分别为3.56%、4.90%、8.23%;5种BRDF模型中,Walthall模型的反演效果最佳,平均决定系数R2与误差分别为0.949、5.33%,Ross-li模型的反演效果最差,平均决定系数与误差分别为0.934、6.05%。户外光谱修正结果表明:户外光谱经过修正后噪声减少,光谱更为平滑,且光谱趋势与暗室光谱一致,受反演效果影响,冬枣光谱的修正效果最佳,而红提与小白杏的修正光谱中噪声较多。品质预测模型结果表明:3种果品的品质预测模型预测效果差异较大,从高到低依次为冬枣、小白杏、红提,可能与3种果品的品质不同有关;5种BRDF模型得到的修正光谱所建立的模型预测效果不同,但无显著差异;预测模型中,使用暗室光谱建立的预测模型最优,修正光谱建立的模型预测能力优于户外光谱建立的模型,表明户外光谱经过修正后模型预测能力得到提升。BRDF模型能够较好地反演果品的空间特性光谱,修正后的光谱与暗室光谱较为接近,修正光谱建立的模型优于户外光谱建立的模型,表明使用空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正的方法是可行的,可为提高户外无损检测的精度提供一种新的思路。

复杂场景散射特性的参数化仿真模型

针对复杂场景电磁散射特性的实时仿真需求,提出了一种基于散射中心的散射特性参数化仿真模型。首先基于数字高程数据,利用蒙特卡罗法补充粗糙度信息,构建复杂地形网格模型;再利用双向反射分布函数修正的属性散射中心(bidirectional reflection distribution function modified attribute scattering center,BRDF-ASC)模型建立参数化仿真模型。数值实验结果表明:所提算法仿真的典型山峰和沙丘地形的雷达散射截面积(radar cross section,RCS)与物理光学(physical optics,PO)法仿真的RCS的均值误差低于3.6 dBsm;与大型海港的实测合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)图像进行对比,其参数化散射模型仿真SAR图像的变更检出率为0.1097,验证了所提算法的可行性。

基于Spark的叠加能量寻优反射波剩余静校正算法的工程化实现

叠加能量寻优反射波剩余静校正方法是解决剩余静校正问题的有效方法之一,该方法精度高,但计算量大且需要进行多域数据切换。随着原始数据量的不断增长,其算法实现的高效运行成为主要的应用瓶颈问题。分析了叠加能量寻优反射波剩余静校正方法计算密集、通讯密集的特征,针对算法难以实现并行计算的难点,提出了基于Spark分布式内存计算模型的技术解决方案,实现了海量地震数据弹性分布式数据集的高效流转和多域数据的灵活切换,完成了叠加能量寻优反射波剩余静校正方法的多节点分布式并行计算,提高了大数据情形下方法的适应性和计算效率,提升了其在地震数据处理中的实用化程度。实际生产数据的应用结果表明,基于Spark的叠加能量寻优反射波剩余静校正的软件模块在复杂近地表地震数据的处理中取得了能满足实际生产要求的应用效果,兼具适应性强和计算效率高的特点。

基于时域曲线相关性鉴别的分布式光纤扰动定位算法研究

针对瑞利散射信号的随机性以及光纤衰减导致分布式光纤传感系统扰动定位困难、事件误报率高的问题,根据瑞利散射曲线的时域相关性,提出了基于滑动窗的相关系数的扰动事件校验与定位算法。该算法根据在发生扰动事件时相邻周期的光时域反射曲线、扰动点及后续位置相关性骤降的特征,在相邻两周期的光时域反射曲线末端设置数据窗并计算相关系数,设定相关系数的阈值校验有无扰动事件发生。若判别存在扰动事件,则向前滑动数据窗并计算相关系数,然后与定位阈值对比从而定位事件。文中搭建了分布式光纤振动传感系统,在25 km长的光纤范围内实现了±3 m的定位误差、±5 m的空间分辨率,系统响应时间仅为0.15 s。

Distribution dependent reflecting stochastic differential equations

To characterize the Neumann problem for nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations,we investigate distribution dependent reflecting stochastic differential equations(DDRSDEs)in a domain.We first prove the well-posedness and establish functional inequalities for reflecting stochastic differential equations with singular drifts,and then extend these results to DDRSDEs with singular or monotone coefficients,for which a general criterion deducing the well-posedness of DDRSDEs from that of reflecting stochastic differential equations is established.

大气湍流对LIF探测海面溢油影响的BRRDF仿真研究

及时定位海面溢油事故发生地并监测海面溢油信息对海洋污染治理和海洋生态环境保护有重要意义。激光诱导荧光(LIF)可搭载于无人机构建LIF雷达系统并应用于海洋环境监测。LIF雷达系统以大气为传输信道,大气湍流会导致信号衰落。双向反射再辐射分布函数(BRRDF)利用受激辐射荧光光子的权重、位置和方向描述物质的荧光特性,为LIF探测海面溢油提供理论指导。基于大气湍流理论和蒙特卡罗方法模拟海面溢油的受激辐射荧光过程,建立光子传输模型进行海面溢油BRRDF的仿真研究。仿真分析不同湍流强度下,光强闪烁、光束漂移、光束扩展效应对海面溢油BRRDF的影响。仿真结果表明,海面溢油受激辐射荧光信号具有各向同性,其强度与激发光的强度成正比。光束漂移效应对荧光漂移范围影响微弱,可以忽略;在弱大气湍流下(湍流强度参数σ_(R)^(2)<1),BRRDF所表征的荧光信号强度集中在2×10^(-5)~5×10^(-5)范围内,荧光光斑半径由1mm扩展至5mm,LIF雷达系统可以正常进行探测工作;大气湍流强度到达中等后(σ_(R)^(2)≈1),荧光信号强度在10^(-5)~10^(-4)范围内波动,荧光光斑半径扩展至15mm,此时大气湍流的不利影响无法忽视,LIF雷达系统探测到的荧光信号不够稳定,最终导致光谱不理想。在实际探测中,可通过适当提高探测器性能参数来增强系统的抗湍流能力。强大气湍流下(σ_(R)^(2)=25),出现光斑破裂现象,荧光信号分散并衰落至某一阈值之下,LIF雷达系统无法探测到荧光信号。文中的分析与提出的可行的研究建议,为LIF探测海面溢油相关研究提供参考依据,对LIF雷达系统设计具有一定的参考价值。