A Financial Approach to Evaluate an Optimized Combined Cooling, Heat and Power System

Iran’s removing subsidy from energy carrier in four years ago leads to spike electricity price dramatically. This abrupt change increases the interest on distributed generation (DG) because of its several benefits such as lower electricity generation price. In Iran among all type of DGs, because of wide natural gas network infrastructure and several incentives that government legislated to support combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) investors, this type of technology is more prevalent in comparison with other technologies. Between existing CCHP technologies, certain economic choices are to be taken into account. For different buildings with different load curves, suitable size and operation of CCHP should be calculated to make the project more feasible. If CCHP does not well suited for a position, then the whole energy efficiency would be plunged significantly. In this paper, a model to find the optimal size and operation of CCHP and auxiliary boiler for any users is proposed by considering an integrated view of electricity and natural gas network using GAMS software. Then this method is applying for a hospital in Tehran as a real case study. Finally, by applying COMFAR III software, useful financial parameters and sensitivity analysis are calculated.

Initiative Optimization Operation Strategy and Multi-objective Energy Management Method for Combined Cooling Heating and Power

This paper proposed an initiative optimization operation strategy and multi-objective energy management method for combined cooling heating and power(CCHP) with storage systems.Initially,the initiative optimization operation strategy of CCHP system in the cooling season,the heating season and the transition season was formulated.The energy management of CCHP system was optimized by the multi-objective optimization model with maximum daily energy efficiency,minimum daily carbon emissions and minimum daily operation cost based on the proposed initiative optimization operation strategy.Furthermore,the pareto optimal solution set was solved by using the niche particle swarm multi-objective optimization algorithm.Ultimately,the most satisfactory energy management scheme was obtained by using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS) method.A case study of CCHP system used in a hospital in the north of China validated the effectiveness of this method.The results showed that the satisfactory energy management scheme of CCHP system was obtained based on this initiative optimization operation strategy and multi-objective energy management method.The CCHP system has achieved better energy efficiency,environmental protection and economic benefits.

Water, Air Emissions, and Cost Impacts of Air-Cooled Microturbines for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems： A Case Study in the Atlanta Region

城市化进程的加快意味着城市和国际组织需要去寻找各种能够提高能源效率和减少空气中污染物排放的方法。冷热电联产(CCHP)系统可以同时供暖、制冷和发电,具有提高城市或城市区域能源发电效率的潜力。本研究的目的是在满足建筑热需求(供热和制冷)的各种运行条件下,对亚特兰大大都市区内的五种常见建筑类型在采用CCHP系统时的发电耗水、CO_2和NO_x排放,及其经济性进行评价。对于大多数采用或不采用净计量策略的建筑类型来说,以满足每小时热需求去运行CCHP系统均可减少CO_2的排放量。该系统能否对这些建筑类型产生经济效益,主要取决于天然气的价格、净计量策略的采用和假定的CCHP系统的成本结构。当建筑物采用净计量策略并且CCHP系统是以满足建筑物每年的最大热需求而运行时,CCHP系统的发电耗水量和NO_x的排放量均有最大限度的减少,尽管此时该运行情景会增加温室气体排放和发电成本。CCHP系统对中型办公楼、大型办公楼和多户型住宅建筑更经济、实用。

Thermodynamic Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Based Combined Cooling,Heating,and Power System Integrated with Solar-Assisted Electrolytic Cell

Syngas fuel such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide generated by solar energy is a promising method to use solar energy and overcome its fluctuation effectively.This study proposes a combined cooling,heating,and power system using the reversible solid oxide fuel cell assisted by solar energy to produce solar fuel and then supply energy products for users during the period without solar radiation.The system runs a solar-assisted solid oxide electrolysis cell mode and a solid oxide fuel cell mode.The thermodynamic models are constructed,and the energetic and exergetic performances are analyzed.Under the design work conditions,the SOEC mode’s overall system energy and exergy efficiencies are 19.0%and 20.5%,respectively.The electrical,energy and exergy efficiencies in the SOFC mode are 51.4%,71.3%,and 45.2%,respectively.The solid oxide fuel cell accounts for 60.0%of total exergy destruction,caused by the electrochemical reactions’thermodynamic irreversibilities.The increase of operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cell from 800℃to 1050℃rises the exergy and energy efficiencies by 11.3%and 12.3%,respectively.Its pressure from 0.2 to 0.7 MPa improves electrical efficiency by 13.8%while decreasing energy and exergy efficiencies by 5.2%and 6.0%,respectively.

Feasibility Analysis of the Operation Strategies for Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems (CCHP) based on the Energy-Matching Regime

Although numerous studies have considered the two traditional operation strategies:following the electric load(FEL)and following the thermal load(FTL),for combined cooling,heating,and power(CCHP)systems in different case studies,there are limited theoretical studies on the quantification methods to assess the feasibility of these two strategies in different load demands scenarios.Therefore,instead of a case study,we have undertaken a theoretical analysis of the suitable application scenarios for FEL and FTL strategies based on the energy-matching performance between systems'provision and users'demands.To compare the calculation models of energy saving rate(ESR)for FEL and FTL strategies in the left and right sub-regions of the energy-supply curve,a comprehensive parameter(^)that combines three inherently influential factors(off-design operation parameter,energy-matching parameter,and install capacity coefficient)is defined to determine the optimal installed capacity and feasibility of FEL or FTL strategies quantitatively.The results indicate that greater value of x contribute to a better energy saving performance,and FEL strategy shows better performance than FTL in most load demands scenarios,and the optimal installed capacity occurs when the load demand points were located in different regions of the energy-supply curve.Finally,taking a hotel in Beijing as an example,the value of the optimal install capacity coefficient is 0.845 and the FEL strategy is also suggested,and compared to the maximum install capacity,the average values of the ESR on a typical summer day,transition season,and winter can be enhanced by 3.9%,8.8%,and 1.89%,respectively.

基于改进型以热定电模式的CCHP系统最优运行方法研究

冷热电联产(CCHP)系统是提高能源集约使用效率,深化能源体系转型,实现“双碳”目标的重要方式。搭建了含有微型燃气轮机、光伏发电单元、燃气锅炉和蓄电池组等在内的CCHP系统模型,基于常见的以热定电运行模式和以电定热运行模式提出了改进型以热定电运行模式。所提运行模式能有效提升系统运行的经济性和系统能源管理的有效性,实现更高的能源节约率。

Optimization of Operation Strategies for a Combined Cooling, Heating and Power System based on Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage

The fluctuations of renewable energy and various energy demands are crucial issues for the optimal design and operation of combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)system.In this paper,a novel CCHP system is simulated with advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage(AA-CAES)technology as a join to connect with wind energy generation and an internal-combustion engine(ICE).The capital cost of utilities,energy cost,environmental protection cost and primary energy savings ratio(P E S R)are used as system performance indicators.To fulfill the cooling,heating and power requirements of a district and consider the thermal-electric coupling of ICE and AA-CAES in CCHP system,three operation strategies are established to schedule the dispatch of AA-CAES and ICE:ICE priority operation strategy,CAES priority operation strategy and simultaneous operation strategy.Each strategy leads the operation load of AA-CAES or ICE to improve the energy supply efficiency of the system.Moreover,to minimize comprehensive costs and maximize the P E S R,a novel optimization algorithm based on intelligent updating multi-objective differential evolution(MODE)is proposed to solve the optimization model.Considering the multi-interface characteristic and active management ability of the ICE and AA-CAES,the economic benefits and energy efficiency of the three operation strategies are compared by the simulation with the same system configuration.On a typical summer day,the simultaneous strategy is the best solution as the total cost is 3643 USD and the P E S R is 66.1%,while on a typical winter day,the ICE priority strategy is the best solution as the total cost is 4529 USD and the P E S R is 64.4%.The proposed methodology provides the CCHP based AA-CAES system with a better optimized operation.

太阳能与压缩空气耦合储能的燃气轮机CCHP系统特性

针对燃气轮机冷热电联产系统在"以热定电"运行方式下可能造成的电能过剩和部分负荷时效率不高等问题,该文提出一种太阳能与压缩空气耦合储能(solar andcompressed air energy storage,S-CAES)的燃气轮机冷热电联产系统。通过燃气轮机冷热电联产系统典型变工况模型和储能系统的Aspen Plus分析模型,获得S-CAES燃气轮机冷热电联产系统的变工况特性;讨论了各子系统的变工况特性和耦合系统在不同储能率下的运行性能,比较了储能系统释气流量调节与空气透平入口温度调节两种调节方式对系统性能的影响。将S-CAES燃气轮机冷热电联产系统用于华南地区某宾馆建筑进行案例分析,结果表明:与无储能燃气轮机冷热电联产系统相比,在夏季、过渡季、冬季典型日,该系统每天分别节约能量16.57、15.94、11.87GJ;平均能量利用率分别提高5.68%、7.88%和4.69%。

PV/PTST-CCHP系统的运行策略分析和优化配置

建立一种新型的太阳能冷热电联供(PV/PTST-CCHP)系统,研究以热定电和以电定热2种运行策略下的最优容量配置。研究对象是以槽式太阳能热发电为主以光伏和燃气轮机发电为辅的冷热电联供系统。以北京某宾馆作为算例,基于全寿命周期法,以经济、能源和环境为目标建立数学模型,通过对比各指标选出优势运行策略。应用爬山算法(HCA)对系统的配置进行优化,将最优配置下的指标与分供系统指标对比。结果表明联供系统比分供系统更具有优势。

小型汽油机改装用于CCHP的实验研究

以小型汽油机改装为天然气原动机,配置热水型溴化锂吸收式制冷机及发电机,搭建了一套小型的CCHP系统。对余热回收能力、发电品质及发动机稳定性、溴冷机热力特性进行了实验研究和分析。根据溴冷机温度的变化情况,将其启动至达到名义工况之间的过程分为3个阶段,并进行了运行参数分析。此外,提出几点建议以提高发电品质。

基于太阳能的CCHP系统的多目标优化

在传统的利用内燃机驱动的冷热电三联供(combined cooling,heating and power,CCHP)系统的基础上,文章提出了结合太阳能发电和内燃机联合驱动的新型冷热电联供系统模型,并加入了储能电池以提高可再生能源的利用率并克服太阳能发电的缺点;通过分析新型CCHP系统的能量流动过程,针对该新型模型提出了基于该系统的经济性、一次能源消耗量、用户满足度的多目标优化模型,以天然气的使用量、向电网侧的购电量以及切除的负载数为优化变量,使用字典序优化算法对其进行求解。

上海地区不同类型建筑的CCHP-ORC系统评价与分析

将传统的分供能源(SP)系统作为基准,以一次能源消耗量、年总费用和碳排放量构成的综合指标为优化目标,根据相关约束条件建立线性优化模型,分析评价了含有机朗肯循环(ORC)的冷热电联供(CCHP)能源系统在不同建筑类型的应用。对上海5种典型建筑进行研究,计算结果表明,相对于分供系统,商业和办公建筑等在使用CCHP系统后可提高能源系统的综合性能,但由于这种建筑的特点是热电比低、用电量大,内燃机在过渡季节会有大量过剩的余热无法合理利用,加入ORC系统后,能源系统的综合性能会有明显的改善;对于酒店和医院等热电比高、用热(冷)量大等特点的建筑,ORC系统的加入,对原有CCHP系统的综合性能影响较小。

CCHP在上海某城市综合体建筑中的经济环境效益分析

从城市综合体建筑的负荷特性出发,探讨以办公、商业为主的城市综合体在系统设计时,逐时负荷系数及同时使用系数的确定方法,为冷热源系统的配置增加其合理性;并以上海某办公、商业为主的城市综合体为实例,分析分布式能源应用的可行性,确立了分布式能源天然气冷热电三联供系统的供能方案,并且制定了系统的运行策略;通过与常规系统做比较,对分布式能源进行了经济环境效益分析,为该类建筑的系统设计提供了参考。

具有两种制冷方式的CCHP系统优化运行策略及其判别条件

基于冷热电负荷组合和满足制冷负荷的方式,将包含吸收式制冷和电动制冷的冷热电联产系统的运行空间分成4种状态,每种状态下有3种运行策略。基于冷热电联产系统的运行优化模型,采用库恩—塔克(KT)条件获得了4种状态下各个运行策略为最优策略的条件。基于最优运行策略的条件分析,一种新的同时满足冷热电负荷的运行策略被证明具有最优性质。分析表明,最优策略与负荷的特征、购电价格、天然气价格、冷热电联产系统的效率等因素有关,提出的最优策略判别式可基于这些因素得出最优的运行策略。基于冷热电负荷组合和实际系统的计算结果验证了所述最优运行策略条件的正确性。

基于改进型BP神经网络的大型CCHP系统负荷预测研究

为了解决BP神经网络在预测空调负荷时存在的学习速度慢、维数灾难、容易陷入局部收敛及无法保证全局收敛最优解等问题,首先采用Spearman秩相关系数分析冷负荷的主要影响因素,确定了动态冷负荷预测模型的输入参数,然后构建复合遗传算法的改进型GA-BP神经网络预测模型,并分别利用BP和GA-BP神经网络模型对位于上海的某大型区域CCHP系统进行了冷负荷预测。结果显示:利用Spearman秩相关系数分析.可缩短模型训练时间,规避维数灾难,提高预测精度;相对BP神经网络预测结果,GA-BP神经网络避免了局部收敛,明显提高了模型的预测精度。

考虑碳税的大型CCHP系统经济运行优化研究

针对大型CCHP系统构建了考虑碳税的经济运行优化模型。采用改进粒子群算法对上海某大型CCHP系统优化模型进行求解,分别获得了夏季和冬季典型日设计负荷下的优化运行策略,得到了碳税变化对其经济性和碳排放量的影响。结果显示:夏季因碳税价格、峰谷平电价及天然气价格影响,CCHP系统需要根据价格变化反复调整运行策略才能实现经济性最优运行,现有控制系统难以实现;碳税水平是决定运营方盈利和碳排放量的关键因素,在我国现有能源价格体系下,碳税约为20美元/t时,可大幅减少碳排放量,并保证企业具有相当的盈利能力;冬季运行时碳税价格提高会显著降低供能企业的盈利,却基本不能减少CCHP系统的碳排放量。

Optimal Operation and Size for an Energy Hub with CCHP

The interest in distributed generation has been increasing in recent years, especially due to technical devel- opment on generation systems that meet environmental and energy policy concerns. One of the most impor- tant distributed energy technologies is Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (CCHP) systems. CCHP is a small and self-contained electric, heating and cooling generation plant that can provide power for households, commercial or industrial facilities. It can reduce power loss and enhance service reliability in distribution systems. The proposed method in this paper determines the optimal size and operation of CCHP, auxiliary boiler and also heat storage unit as elements of an energy hub, for users by an integrated view of electricity and natural gas network. Authors apply cost and benefit analysis in the optimization. To confirm the proposed method, the optimum sizes of these elements are determined for a hotel in Tehran as a case study.

小型燃气轮机CCHP系统变工况性能入口加热调控研究

提出了一种利用冷热电联产系统(CCHP)低温烟气与环境空气混和加热控制压气机入口温度,提升燃气轮机冷热电系统变工况性能的方法,并以1.9 MW小型燃气轮机OPRA16为例,建立了CCHP系统模型,分析了调控方法的效果、机理。结果表明,入口混和加热可以有效改善冷热电联产系统变工况下系统性能,并扩展系统节能运行范围。与传统燃料流量调控方法相比,新型调控手段下夏季制冷与冬季供热模式下系统节能率分别提升5.7%和21.6%。

耦合液化天然气压力能的CCHP系统构建及优化

提出了一种耦合液化天然气压力能的新型冷-热-电联供(CCHP,combined cooling,heating and power)系统.以西安某工业园为研究对象,采用单纯形算法,以经济性最优为目标函数对系统的运行参数进行了优化,分析了电上网政策对设备出力和系统性能的影响,并以能效、火用效和单位产能CO;排放量作为评价指标,对该系统进行了综合评价.结果表明,与常规CCHP系统相比,该新型系统的年费用和单位产能CO;排放量可分别减少2.9×10;元和29.82 g/(kW·h),一次能源利用率和火用效率可分别提高4.05%和0.44%.

双碳背景下CCHP系统运行策略优化

冷热电三联供(combined cooling heating and power,CCHP)系统有着较高的一次能源利用率、较小的环境污染以及较高的经济性等优点,可有效减轻目前困扰全球的环境污染问题,是社会经济、环境可持续发展的需要,也被认为是实现双碳目标的手段之一。随着我国3060双碳目标的提出和国内碳交易市场的发展,碳排放问题势必会成为影响CCHP系统运行策略的一个重大因素。为解决在双碳背景下的CCHP系统运行策略优化问题,通过Matlab软件建立CCHP系统的数学模型,分别在碳排放价格与碳排放指标这2种不同约束条件下,以运行成本最低为目标,采用非线性规划法,优化CCHP系统的运行策略,并通过对某建筑的CCHP系统的负荷计算,验证了该数学模型在不同碳排放约束条件下都可很好地提供合适的运行策略,同时也为CCHP系统在双碳背景下的应用与发展提供了参考。