Silicone Chain Extender for Recycled Polyethylene-terephthalate with Higher Flexibility

To decrease the modulus and increase the mechanical properties of recycled PET by introducing the flexible segments, the recycled polyethylene-terephthalate(PET) was modified by the chain extender produced with 2, 4, 6, 8-tetramethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-tetra(2, 3-epoxypropoxy) propylcyclotetrasiloxane by the hydrosilylation reaction. Different percentages of chain extender were used in order to investigate the effect of chain extender content on the modulus of PET. The dynamic mechanical analysis was performed on PET samples, which showed that Tg of PET was firstly raised by the addition of chain extender and then decreased. Small amplitude shearing test performed on PET samples confirmed that the addition of the flexible segments could remarkably decrease the modulus of PET, which would be helpful for the extrusion process. The entanglements from branches were also influenced by the addition of extender.

Comparative Study on Properties of PBAT/PBSA Film Modified by a Multi-Functional Epoxide Chain Extender or Benzoyl Peroxide

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)(PBSA)blend films were prepared with different contents of a multifunctional epoxide chain extender Joncryl ADR-4468(ADR)or benzoyl peroxide(BPO).The long-chain-branching(LCB)introduced by ADR and branched/crosslinked entanglement induced by BPO increased melt elasticity,viscosity and compatibility,as indicated by thermal properties,rheological and morphological analyses.It was found that the elongation at break and the tensile strength were significantly improved,due to the enhancement of compatibility and the interfacial adhesion by the incorporation of ADR or BPO.The best mechanical properties were obtained in PBAT/PBSA/ADR(60/40/0.3)(A4T6A_(0.3))and PBAT/PBSA/BPO(60/40/0.9)(A4T6B_(0.9))films,respectively.With the rapid initiation of chain growth by BPO,it has significantly improved the transparency of the film.ADR and BPO can be used interchangeably in improving the comprehensive properties of PBAT/PBSA films,and it would provide more strategies for developing biodegradable materials for various applications.

Effects of Bifunctional Chain Extender on the Crystallinity and Thermal Stability of PET

Effects of bifunctional chain extender on the crystallinity and the thermal stability of PET were studied in this work. Results of Infrared substractive spectrum indicated that one oxazoline ring of 2,2’-bis(2-oxazoline) (BOZ) reacted with one carboxyl in PET to generate a blocked PET chain with an oxazoline ring, which then reacted with one carboxyl in second PET to form an extended chain. The intrinsic viscosity (IV) of extended PET would increase from 0.61 of initial PET to 0.80 when the addition of BOZ was 0.52 wt%. Furthermore, when BOZ was used with hydroxyl-addition-type chain extender 2,2’-(1,4-phenyl)bis(4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one) (BNZ) or chain end modifier phthalic anhydride (PA), IV of chain extended PET would be 0.83 and 0.97 respectively. DSC results showed that chain extending would result in a decrease in crystallinity of PET. Comparing with initial PET, the intrinsic viscosity loss of the chain extended products would be smaller after multi-melting processing.

Testing and Evaluation for Web Usability Based on Extended Markov Chain Model

As the increasing popularity and complexity of Web applications and the emergence of their new characteristics, the testing and maintenance of large, complex Web applications are becoming more complex and difficult. Web applications generally contain lots of pages and are used by enormous users. Statistical testing is an effective way of ensuring their quality. Web usage can be accurately described by Markov chain which has been proved to be an ideal model for software statistical testing. The results of unit testing can be utilized in the latter stages, which is an important strategy for bottom-to-top integration testing, and the other improvement of extended Markov chain model (EMM) is to present the error type vector which is treated as a part of page node. this paper also proposes the algorithm for generating test cases of usage paths. Finally, optional usage reliability evaluation methods and an incremental usability regression testing model for testing and evaluation are presented. Key words statistical testing - evaluation for Web usability - extended Markov chain model (EMM) - Web log mining - reliability evaluation CLC number TP311. 5 Foundation item: Supported by the National Defence Research Project (No. 41315. 9. 2) and National Science and Technology Plan (2001BA102A04-02-03)Biography: MAO Cheng-ying (1978-), male, Ph.D. candidate, research direction: software testing. Research direction: advanced database system, software testing, component technology and data mining.

A novel chain-extended urea containing hyperbranched polymer used as toughening modifier for epoxy resin

A new kind of reactive toughening accelerator for epoxy resin, amine-teminated hyperbranched polymer (H2O-NMe2) was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to study the glass transition temperature (Tg), loss factor (tanδ) and activation energy (Ea) by using multiplexing frequency. The results show that the Ea at glassy relaxation process of modified system is about 70-80 kJ/mol higher than that of unmodified system, and the high modulus and good thermal properties are still maintained.

Model-driven full system dynamics estimation of PMSM-driven chain shell magazine

Based on the system dynamic model, a full system dynamics estimation method is proposed for a chain shell magazine driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM). An adaptive extended state observer(AESO) is proposed to estimate the unmeasured states and disturbance, in which the model parameters are adjusted in real time. Theoretical analysis shows that the estimation errors of the disturbances and unmeasured states converge exponentially to zero, and the parameter estimation error can be obtained from the extended state. Then, based on the extended state of the AESO, a novel parameter estimation law is designed. Due to the convergence of AESO, the novel parameter estimation law is insensitive to controllers and excitation signal. Under persistent excitation(PE) condition, the estimated parameters will converge to a compact set around the actual parameter value. Without PE signal, the estimated parameters will converge to zero for the extended state. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately estimate the unmeasured states and disturbance of the chain shell magazine, and the estimated parameters will converge to the actual value without strictly continuous PE signals.

STUDY ON THE CHAIN-EXTENDING REACTION OF POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) WITH 2, 2′-BIS (4H-3, 1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE)

2,2'-Bis (4H-3,1-benaoxazin-4-one) (BBON) has been proved to be an effective chain extender for poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). In order to study the reaction mechanism and kinetics of chain-extending reaction, beta-bishydroxyethylene terephthalate (BHET) was selected as model compound. The NMR data, IR spectra and number average molecular weight (<(M)over bar (n)>) of the products obtained from the reaction of BBON and BHET verify that BBON is a hydroxyl-reactive extender. The mechanism was discussed. Kinetics data indicate that extending reaction is a second order reaction, and BBON has high reactivity. The activation energy (E(a)) was measured.

Chain Extender-induced Hydrogen Bonding Organization Determines the Morphology and Properties of Thermoplastic Polycarbonate Polyurethane

Thermoplastic polycarbonate polyurethanes(PCUs) are multiblock copolymers that have been applied for medical devices for long time. Aliphatic diols are common chain extenders(CE) involved in the composition of the hard segments of PCU. However, limited knowledge was discovered about how the chemical structure of CE affects the hydrogen bonding organization within PCUs and their mechanical properties.To investigate this problem, a group of PCUs were synthesized respectively by extending the polymer chain with 1,4-butanediol(BDO),aminoethanol(MEA), ethanediol(EO) as three kinds of chain extenders. Tiny differences in the CE chemical structure results in remarkable variations in phase separation, condensed morphologies, thermal and mechanical properties, which are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, atomic force microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile tests. The microstructural evolution during unilateral deformation and the different mechanism induced by the different CEs was probed and unveil by in situ wide-and small-angle X-ray diffraction. Symmetry of CE can improve the organization of the hydrogen bonding. The coherence strength of the urethane/urea group also plays a key role by comparing the two PCUs with ethanediol and aminoethanol.

Melt Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(L-lactic Acid) Chain Linked by Multifunctional Epoxy Compound

High molecular weight（Mw） poly（L-lactic acid）s（PLLAs） were synthesized using multifunctional epoxy compound（Joncryl-ADR4370） as chain extender. The products were characterized by gel permeation chromatography（GPC） and spectroscopy（1HNMR and FTIR）. The results indicated that the Mw of PLLA increased with the increasing of the ratio of epoxy compound and the extending of reaction time. The highest Mw of PLLA reached 360 000 g/mol when the ratio of epoxy compound was 1.5 wt%. However, the reactants turned to cross-linking when the ratio of epoxy compound was over 1.5 wt%. Differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） measurements demonstrated that the glass transition（Tg） and melting temperatures（Tm） of products increased slightly as the increase of the molecular weight. Analysis of the hydrolytic degradation in vitro showed that the branched PLLA possessed the quicker degradability than that of the linear PLLA.

Analysis of SDEs Applied to SEIR Epidemic Models by Extended Kalman Filter Method

A disease transmission model of SEIR type is discussed in a stochastic point of view. We start by formulating the SEIR epidemic model in form of a system of nonlinear differential equations and then change it to a system of nonlinear stochastic differential equations (SDEs). The numerical simulation of the resulting SDEs is done by Euler-Maruyama scheme and the parameters are estimated by adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo and extended Kalman filter methods. The stochastic results are discussed and it is observed that with the SDE type of modeling, the parameters are also identifiable.

MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION IN PTFE AS A FUNCTION OF MELT TIME AND TEMPERATURE——Ⅱ.LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT FOLDED CHAIN SINGLE CRYSTALS AND BAND STRUCTURES

The effect of sintering dispersed and bulk,low molecular weight(M_n=50,000 Da),nano-emulsionpolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)particles near their melting point is described.With the nascent particles consisting of ca.75 nm diameter,hexagonal,single crystals,sintering at,e.g.,350℃,results,initially,in merger of neighboring particles,followed by individual molecular motion on the substrate and the formation of folded chain,lamellar single crystals andspherulites,and on-edge ribbons.It is suggested these structures develop,with time,in the mesomorphic“melt”.Sintering ofthe bulk resin yields extended chain,band structures,as well as folded chain lamellae;end-surface to end-surface merger,possibly by end-to-end polymerization,occurs with increasing time.

数字化转型、创新发展与制造业价值链高质量发展

创新驱动发展战略背景下,企业数字化转型对制造业价值链高质量发展具有重要意义。采用2007—2021年沪深A股制造业上市企业数据,从价值链上游度即“强链”和价值链长度即“延链”双重视角,探析企业数字化转型对制造业价值链高质量发展的影响效果、作用机制与异质性特征。研究结果表明:企业数字化转型从“强链”和“延链”两方面推动了制造业价值链高质量发展,且该结论通过了稳健性检验。作用机制检验表明,企业创新发展在此过程中具有显著的正向传导作用。异质性分析表明,在非国有制企业、技术密集型行业、劳动密集型行业和创新引领型城市,企业数字化转型通过“强链”和“延链”推动制造业价值链高质量发展的效果更为显著。为此,在城市层面应健全数字化转型治理体系,在行业层面应加快“新基建”建设进程,促进数字化均衡发展,在企业层面应鼓励以强带弱、协同发展,为企业数字化转型提速增质。

考虑渠道结构的竞争性网购供应链产品-延保联合定价策略

本文考虑网络商店销售由两个竞争性制造商生产的同类但具有差异化的替代性产品,在网络商店提供延保的服务模式下分别针对RO/MO/PO三种典型渠道结构构建产品-延保决策模型,分析了制造商之间,以及制造商与网络商店之间的互动决策。研究结果表明,各渠道结构下供应链均存在唯一的均衡,使供应链系统中各参与者的利润同时实现最大化;当制造商之间的竞争强度处于中等及以下水平时,RO渠道结构有利于系统各参与者;当竞争强度处于中高水平区间时,采用MO渠道结构会拉大制造商之间的绩效差距;当竞争强度较高时,采用RO渠道结构有助于提升两个制造商的利润,但更高的竞争强度更有利于网络商店且在高强度区间内的竞争波动对零售商和制造商的影响并非线性,即存在具有区间依赖和强度差异特性的影响。此外,较高的平台佣金率并非总有利于网络商店,反而可能影响其销售渠道选择;消费群体延保服务质量敏感性存在差异,该差异决定相应消费群体的延保购买率上限且延保服务质量成为影响高端群体延保购买率的重要因素。

Extended Jacobian Elliptic Function Expansion Method and Its Applications in Biology

In this work, an extended Jacobian elliptic function expansion method is proposed for constructing the exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. The validity and reliability of the method are tested by its applications to Dynamical system in a new Double-Chain Model of DNA and a diffusive predator-prey system which play an important role in biology.

海水条件下延展型表面活性剂降低界面张力性能研究

为系统探究海水条件下延展型表面活性剂降低界面张力的结构-性能关系,本研究选取不同结构的延展型表面活性剂进行了界面张力测试,并分别考察了疏水烷基链长、烷基支链化、氧丙烯(PO)基团数、氧乙烯(EO)基团数对降低界面张力能力的影响。结果表明,通过增加烷基链长和疏水基支链化,对界面张力降低能力影响幅度小,不能达到超低数值(<10^(-2)m N/m)。PO数是影响延展型表面活性剂降低界面张力能力的关键因素,通过长PO链段螺旋卷曲,增大疏水基尺寸,在适宜的亲水亲油平衡条件下,可以将界面张力降至10^(-3)m N/m数量级。EO基团增加不利于分子在界面上紧密排列,造成界面张力升高。原油组分在界面上的竞争吸附不利于界面张力降低,PO数增加,与原油的界面张力逐渐降低。该类表面活性剂在海水条件下依然具有高界面活性,适用于海上油藏化学驱提高采收率。

聚乳酸基水性聚氨酯的制备及其在合成革中的应用研究

以聚乳酸二元醇(PLA⁃OH)和六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)为原料,2,2⁃二羟甲基丁酸(DMBA)为亲水扩链剂合成了亲水扩链剂含量不同的聚乳酸(PLA)基水性聚氨酯(PLA⁃WPU)乳液,制备了PLA⁃WPU胶膜和超细纤维合成革。结果表明,随DMBA含量的增加,PLA⁃WPU乳液粒径减小、固含量增大,PLA⁃WPU超细纤维合成革拉伸强度和最大负荷增大,水接触角减小。当DMBA含量为5.5%时,PLA⁃WPU乳液固含量达到35.4%,粒径为196.37 nm,PLA⁃WPU超细纤维合成革的拉伸强度提高到29.9 MPa,约为超细纤维基布的1.7倍,水接触角降低到73°。

聚乙醇酸高温降解性能研究及其调控方法

评价聚乙醇酸(PGA)在不同温度和不同pH环境下的降解性能,研究降解过程中PGA的结晶性能、热稳定性的变化,并通过液相色谱-质谱联用分析PGA的降解产物。随后,分别使用聚碳化二胺类抗水解剂HyMax@210和环氧类扩链剂ADR-6488熔融共混改性PGA,研究2种助剂对PGA的熔体流动性、热稳定性、力学性能和降解性能的影响。结果表明:PGA在高温水溶液中的降解性能远优于传统可降解材料,130℃水中10 h降解完全,降解产物主要为乙醇酸三聚体,提高pH值可促进PGA的降解。扩链剂和抗水解剂的存在提高了PGA的热稳定性和力学性能,延缓了PGA的降解速率。

聚酯/聚硅氧烷复合型自交联水性聚氨酯的制备及性能

为了制备能够应用在双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)薄膜上的水性油墨连接料。以乙二胺和双丙酮丙烯酰胺为原料,合成了N,N'-二双丙酮丙烯酰胺基乙二胺(DDA)扩链剂,然后以DDA、双羟甲基硅油(PDMS-OH)、聚碳酸酯二元醇、二羟甲基丙酸等原料,制备了一系列聚酯/聚硅氧烷复合型自交联水性聚氨酯(WPU)分散体,并制备了WPU固化膜(WPU-1~WPU-5)。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外可见分光光度计、差示扫描量热、热重、接触角、固体质量分数、吸水率、表面自由能以及拉伸性能等检测,对WPU进行了表征。结果表明,成功制备了DDA功能性扩链剂,以及含有聚硅氧烷特征官能团、酮羰基官能团及酮肼交联反应官能团的目标聚合物;聚硅氧烷链段的嵌入,以及酮羰基官能团质量分数的增加明显提高了WPU固化膜的相分离程度和交联度,相反固化膜的透明性逐渐变差。交联度的增加改善了固化膜的拉伸强度,降低了断裂伸长率,并且柔性聚硅氧烷的引入增大了固化膜的断裂伸长率;随着交联度的增加固化膜的玻璃化转变温度也随之增加,WPU固化膜均表现出较好的热稳定性;同时,固化膜的耐水性能增加,且含聚硅氧烷链段的WPU耐水性能更好;除WPU-1外,其余分散体均在BOPP和PET薄膜上表现出良好的黏附性能。当PDMS-OH质量分数为5%,DDA质量分数为9%时,WPU-4展现出最优异的综合性能:可见光透过率在70%以上;水接触角为68.32°,吸水率降低到5.62%;初始分解温度和失重为5%时分解温度分别达到131.2,220.7℃;拉伸强度达到21.27 MPa;WPU-4对BOPP和PET薄膜有较低的界面张力、较大的黏附能以及铺展系数,表现出优异的黏附性能,有望作为BOPP和PET薄膜印刷用WPU油墨的连接料。

基于废弃PET的环氧超支化聚酯扩链剂应用性能

以废弃聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)的降解产物为核心,制备了环氧超支化聚酯扩链剂(EHBP),探究了该扩链剂对聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二酯/聚乳酸/碳酸钙(PBAT/PLA/CaCO_(3))三元复合材料微观结构、热性能、力学性能的影响。结果表明,以PET降解产物制备的EHBP对复合材料有明显的增容作用。扩链剂中的高活性环氧基团能够与PBAT和PLA上的端羧基、端羟基发生开环加成反应,形成扩链大分子以增强PBAT和PLA之间的界面相互作用。当EHBP添加量达到0.6份时,可以明显观察到两相间变得模糊、孔洞减少。缺口冲击强度由6.48 kJ/m^(2)增加到43.02 kJ/m^(2),拉伸强度由10.15 MPa增加到24.59 MPa,断裂伸长率由11.8%增加到56.72%。

成核剂ST-NAB3改性扩链聚乳酸的微观结构与性能研究

使用转矩流变仪将扩链剂CEAX8840、成核剂ST-NAB3与PLA熔融共混制备改性PLA,采用扫描电子显微镜、偏光热台显微镜、差示扫描量热仪、热变形仪、万能试验机以及冲击测试仪对改性PLA微观结构、结晶性能以及力学性能和耐热性进行了表征与测试。结果表明,CEAX8840和ST-NAB3的含量分别为6%(质量分数,下同)和1%时,PLA的晶体最小,密度最大,结晶温度提高到123.9°C,结晶度达到44.9%;此外,其冲击强度和热变形温度分别提高到了64.7 kJ/m2和84.9℃。