Effects of Planting Density, Duration of Disclosing Plastic Film and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth Dynamics of Rapeseed under No-tillage Cultivation

[ Objective] This study was to understend the optimized combination of planting density, duration of disclosing plastic film and nitrogen fertilization under no-tillage cultivation. [ Method] Quadratic polynomial regression and saturated D-optimal design were employed to investigate the effects of planting density, duration of disclosing plastic film and nitrogen fertilization on the dynamics growth of rapeseed under no-tillage cultivation.[ Result] Within the experimental range, the growth dynamics of no-tillage cultivated rapeseed assumed a rise-fall tend. For the effects to the growth dynamics of no-tillage cultivated rapeseed, nitrogen application amount was higher than planting density and duration of disclosing plastic film. The interaction effect between planting density and duration of disclosing plastic film was higher than that between nitrogen application amount and planting density, and between nitrogen application amount and duration of disclosing plastic film. [ Conclusion] The optimized combination of these factors for dynamic growth of rapeseed under no-tillage cultivation was determined to be： planting density of per hectare 154 925 individuals, duration of disclosing plastic film of 110 d, nitrogen application amount of 315 kg/hm^2.

Experimental Study on No-tillage Cultivation of Flowering Chinese Cabbage in Rice Winter Fallow Fields

The research made comparisons on no-tillage cultivation and ploughing cultivations of Flowering Chinese cabbage on one-season paddy fields and explored the effects of no-tillage cultivation of Flowering Chinese cabbage on survival rate, insect damages, production cost, yield and benefits of plants. The results indicated that no-tillage cultivation reduced the injured rate of Flowering Chinese cabbage by cutworms, and production cost, but crop yield and output value declined as well. Specifically, yield in the treatment as per no-tillage cultivation lowered by 10.3% and 11.9% compared with the treatments by machine-based ploughing and manual ploughing, and the production interests declined by 11.9% and 11.1%, accordingly.

Growth Characteristics and Yield of Late-Season Rice under No-tillage and Non-flooded Cultivation with Straw Mulching

A long-term field experiment （started at 2003） was conducted to determine the effects of different dce cultivation methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of late-season rice under double-rice cropping system in seasonal drought region of southeast China （Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province）. The rice cultivation methods included no-tillage and flooded rice cultivation （N-F）, no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching （N-SM）, and no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation without straw mulching （N-ZM）. There was no significant difference in rice grain yield between the N-SM and N-F treatments. However, the rice grain yields in the N-SM and N-F treatments were significantly higher than that in the N-ZM treatment. The late-season rice plants in the N-SM treatment had significantly higher numbers of effective panicles and total grains per hill compared with those in the N-ZM treatment. The above-ground dry matter of late-season rice was similar between the N-SM and N-F treatments. Compared with the N-F treatment, the N-ZM and N-SM treatments significantly decreased the leaf area at the heading stage. Moreover, the N-SM treatment could significantly increase total root length and root tip number at the grain-filling stage compared with the N-ZM treatment.

Chinese yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) Notillage Ecological Cultivation Technique

For traditional cultivation of Chinese yam, it is necessary to dig a deep trench duringsowing and harvest, wasting labor and time, and Chinese yam requires good quality of cultivated land, causing serious impact on the development of yam industry due to the competition with food production. Yam no-tillage ecological cul- ture techniques, combined with advantage of yam directional tuberization, could en- able the cultivation of yam inlow-production field, barren hills and sloping field, forest land and other non-staple food land and thus could promote farmers＇ income as well as improving the ecological environment.

Effects of Land Management Practices on Labile Organic Carbon Fractions in Rice Cultivation

A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the 15th year after its establishment to assess the effects of different management practices on labile organic carbon fractions (LOCFs), such as easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in a typical paddy soil, Chongqing, Southwest China. The results indicated that LOCFs were significantly influenced by the combination of no-tillage, ridge culture and crop rotation. And, different combination patterns showed different effectiveness on soil LOCFs. The effects of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation on EOC, DOC, POC and MBC mainly happened at 0-10cm. At this depth, soil under CTW had higher EOC, DOC, POC and MBC contents, compared to TTF, TTW and CTF, respectively. Moreover, the contents of LOCFs for different practices generally decreased when the soil depth increased. Our findings suggest that the paddy soil in Southwest China could be managed to concentrate greater quantities of EOC, DOC, POC and MBC.

Design of Stubble-breaking Ditching Colter Based on SolidWorks and Its Strength Analysis

Stubble-breaking device is a key working part of no-tillage seeder in stub land,and directly affects planting quality of seeder.Based on the current domestic used stubble-breaking device,a new kind of stubble-breaking ditching colter was designed.To study its strength property and reduce trouble in work,the three-dimensional model of stubble-breaking ditching colter was established based on SolidWorks.By using Cosmos,it was carried out the finite element analysis.The distortion and stress of stubble-breaking ditching colter in work were obtained,and the weak link of strength was found.The result showed that the maximum stress of stubble-breaking ditching colter was 5.862×108 N/m2,and the maximum twisted displacement was 2.648 mm.The stubble-breaking ditching colter was carried out improved design.Based on Cosmos,the static analysis was carried out.It showed that the strength and rigidity of improved stubble-breaking ditching colter were obviously improved.The research provided reference basis for optimal design of the stubble-breaking ditching colter.

香蕉种植方式和环境因子对土壤热导率的影响

【目的】探究香蕉种植方式和环境因子对土壤热导率的影响,为广西调整香蕉合理种植模式及有效利用喀斯特地区土壤水热资源提供参考依据。【方法】以广西地区水田起畦(DT处理)与旱地开沟(ST处理)种植的香蕉为研究对象,利用田间定位监测系统对研究区域环境因子及5、20和40 cm深度土层的土壤含水量进行连续观测,计算土壤热导率,并结合土壤的基本理化性质,分析2种种植方式下土壤热导率的变化规律。【结果】DT处理的土壤砂粒和黏粒含量均高于ST处理,且在20和40 cm土层处差异显著(P<0.05,下同);土壤容重显著高于ST处理。随着土壤深度的增加,DT处理土壤的有机质含量分别比ST处理增加56.0%、35.8%和48.0%。在各土层中,DT处理的土壤热导率平均值均显著大于ST处理,其中DT处理20 cm土层的土壤热导率平均值高于ST处理26.2%。降雨和环境温度是影响土壤热导率的主要因素,其中,环境温度与2种种植方式下5和20 cm土层的土壤热导率呈负相关;降水量与2种种植方式下5和20 cm土层的土壤热导率呈显著或极显著(P<0.01,下同)正相关;在40 cm土层,降水量仅与DT处理的土壤热导率呈极显著正相关。除雨型Ⅰ外,DT处理的土壤热导率平均值均大于ST处理;雨型Ⅳ和Ⅵ发生时,DT处理在各土层对降雨的响应程度均大于ST处理。【结论】降雨和环境温度因子改变对广西地区种植香蕉的土壤热导率动态变化具有重要影响。降雨发生时,水田起畦种植香蕉方式对土壤热导率的提高效果更佳,更有利于广西地区调整香蕉合理种植模式和高效利用喀斯特地区水热资源。

灌溉方式和氮肥运筹对免耕厢沟栽培杂交稻氮素利用及产量的影响

【目的】免耕厢沟是四川重点推广的水稻栽培模式。研究该模式下不同灌溉方式和氮肥运筹对水稻干物质累积、转运和氮素利用效率等的影响,可为免耕厢沟水稻栽培水肥管理提供依据。【方法】以杂交中稻F优498为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,主区为传统水层灌溉(W_1)和干湿交替灌溉(W_2)两种灌溉方式,副区为氮肥运筹模式,在总施氮量为150 kg/hm^2条件下,设置基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥分别为6∶2∶2(N_1)、4∶2∶4(N_2)、2∶2∶6(N_3)等3种氮肥运筹模式,以不施氮(N_0)为对照,研究免耕厢沟模式下,杂交稻在齐穗期、成熟期各处理下干物质氮素积累、茎鞘的干物质转运、产量及其构成因子以及氮素利用效率。【结果】灌溉方式和氮肥运筹对水稻主要生育期干物质量和氮吸收、转运及产量具显著影响及互作效应。干湿交替灌溉能扩"库"增"源",保证足够的穗数,提高干物质积累量;淹水灌溉无效分蘖较多,群体质量变差,对干物质积累、氮素吸收、产量造成不利影响。适宜的前氮后移能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,促进氮素的吸收、提高氮素积累、协调氮素分配;N2模式下氮素表观利用率达69%以上,氮肥的农学利用效率、表观利用率比N_1(6∶2∶2)和N_3(2∶2∶6)分别高4.50%~36.85%、8.09%~28.54%,增产7.47%~15.76%。合理的水氮管理显著提高各生育期的氮素积累量,促进齐穗后叶和茎鞘氮素向穗的运转量。【结论】干湿交替灌溉(W_2)和氮肥运筹4∶2∶4(N_2)为本试验条件下的最优水氮运筹模式,其充分发挥了水氮耦合优势,促进齐穗后"源"(茎鞘、叶)氮素向"库"(穗)的运转,有利于高产群体构建,有效提高氮素利用率,提高水稻每穗实粒数和结实率,增产效果显著。

向日葵新品种LD5009特征特性及配套高产栽培技术

[目的]为宁夏地区优质向日葵新品种的选育及其生产利用提供技术支持。[方法]通过多年对向日葵新品种筛选及配套栽培技术的研究,宁夏农业科学院作物研究所成功筛选出了适合宁夏种植的食葵杂交种LD5009,并总结出了与之配套的向日葵沟种垄植机械化精量栽培技术。[结果]LD5009产量高,籽粒饱满,商品性好,抗病性强,但不抗黄萎病,种子价格高。沟种垄植机械化精量栽培技术能极大地节省农户的种植成本,提高种植户的经济效益,实现大面积机械化精量播种,对宁夏向日葵产业的发展有推动作用。[结论]LD5009的综合农艺性状较好,是一种高产优质的食葵杂交种。沟种垄植机械化精量栽培技术实现了大面积全程机械化种植,可以节约时间和成本。

免耕油菜机沟机播与机沟撒播栽培技术效益分析

通过对两种免耕直播栽培油菜播种方式进行两年的比较试验,结果表明:机沟机播较机沟撒播可增加产量81.7kg/hm2,增加产值571.9元/hm2,降低成本1875.0元/hm2,提高效益2446.9元/hm2,因此,机沟机播既能增产增收,又能节本增效,是值得推广的一种油菜机械化栽培模式。

设施蔬菜种植开沟机的设计与试验

针对开挖设施蔬菜种植沟的作业要求,设计一种与大棚拖拉机挂接使用的设施蔬菜种植开沟机,该机采用液压折叠式机架、安装若干个船形铲式开沟器等部件,一次可完成旋耕整地、开挖8~10条种植沟、稳固沟形等作业。介绍设施蔬菜沟内种植的农艺要求,论述设施蔬菜种植开沟机的结构、工作原理及关键部件的设计,并用UG软件对该机进行三维建模和对其主要受力部件的有限元分析,仿真结果表明,机架最大位移为3.091 mm,作业时需要液压缸以较大的推力压住左(右)边机架。田间试验结果表明,沟形准确性≥99.5%、沟形稳固性≥92%,设计的设施蔬菜种植开沟机满足作业要求,并提高开蔬菜种植沟的质量和效率。

半干旱区旱地马铃薯全膜覆盖起垄微沟种植技术

目前西北旱作区马铃薯种植仍以传统的平作培土栽培花期起垄为主,致使马铃薯产量不高、商品率低,生产效益不理想,限制了马铃薯产业的发展。为充分发挥旱地马铃薯生产潜力,增加生产效益,本试验在长期试验研究和技术示范的基础上,以全膜覆盖起垄微沟为核心,通过调节株行距、垄沟大小及垄沟比,并综合土壤耕作、品种选择、适期播种、田间管理、病虫草害防治、适时收获、清除废膜等技术要素,形成了旱地马铃薯全膜覆盖起垄微沟种植技术。该技术的推广应用将对推进西北旱作区马铃薯产业发展有积极作用。

基于微耕机驱动的旱地小麦播种机设计与试验

针对西南旱地麦区缺乏适宜播种机具的问题,设计了基于微耕机驱动的小型小麦播种机。整机重量28kg,方便转运和移动;播种机与微耕机连接方式为插销式,方便连接或卸载;排种管为开放式,兼具开沟和排种功能,且避免了泥土堵塞排种管口;排种管上部为V型、下部为U型,既利于收集排种口跌落的种子,又可以减少前进阻力,且利于泥土回落盖种;在镇压轮两侧加装驱动齿,减少前进阻力;镇压轮转轴与排种器主轴由链条连接,镇压轮停止转动,播种过程自动终止;播幅1m,播行4行,很好的适应了西南旱地套作种植制度。该机具一次作业就可完成开沟、播种、盖种过程,作业效率0.17hm2/h。田间试验结果表明,盖种率和播种深度符合当地农艺要求。和传统播种方式相比,出苗率、出苗均匀度、整齐度均有大幅提高,产量增加10.0%以上,本机具较好的满足西南旱地套作小麦播种的技术需求。

垄作沟灌栽培技术的研究进展

综述了河西走廊绿洲灌区垄作沟灌栽培技术对土壤和作物的影响及节水效益,指出在垄作沟灌技术主要技术参数、垄作沟灌条件下作物生理反应、垄作沟灌技术条件下的水肥耦合模式、垄作沟灌对土壤养分损失的影响等方面还需深入研究。

不同栽植模式对葡萄果实品质影响的研究

试验以4年生鲜食葡萄京亚、酿酒葡萄赤霞珠和梅鹿辄为试材,研究了深沟栽植和常规平畦栽植两种栽植方式对葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明:深沟栽培有利于葡萄果实外观品质形成、糖分积累及有机酸代谢;其中深沟栽植下3个葡萄品种果实可溶性固形物、总糖、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比显著高于常规平栽,果实重量及果实纵横径差异不显著。深沟栽植下葡萄根际水分状况及叶幕微气候条件均优于常规平畦栽培,从而确保葡萄保持较高的光合效率,提高了葡萄产量和果实品质。

西南地区仔姜不同栽培模式的效益分析

为仔姜在重庆及西南地区的推广、农民增收脱贫提供技术支撑,对仔姜不同栽培模式的技术要点、种植成本、田间发病率、产量等比较分析。结果表明:短畦网格栽培集起垄与播种于一体,可降低劳动成本,分别较大沟栽培和洞子栽培降低1020元/667m^2和300元/667m^2;短畦网格栽培通过降低病害发病率和严重度,增加产量,分别较大沟栽培和洞子栽培增加收益2680元/667m^2和1793元/667m^2。短畦网格栽培具有轻简栽培特点,能够通过降低成本和增产达到增效目的,是西南地区仔姜生产的适宜栽培技术。

蔬菜地土壤含水量对旋耕效果影响的试验研究

南方大田蔬菜种植生产周期短,一年四季不同品种蔬菜轮作4～6次,每次种植前均需对蔬菜地土壤进行耕作、起垄。由于蔬菜的浅根特性,以及将旋耕与起垄结合的作业方式效量高的特点,旋耕起垄机具是蔬菜地整地普遍使用的机具。为此,以日本洋马ER125G旋耕起垄机为样本,在广东番禺农机中心试验研究旋耕起垄作业效果与土壤特性的关系。研究表明,旋耕起垄机的作业效果与土壤含水量密切相关。通过试验,确定了该旋耕起垄机在试验土壤能顺利工作的极限含水量,为其应用提供了依据。

联合整地机平整部件的设计

为提高联合整地机碎土保墒、平整地表和合墒的效果,设计一种与深松铲等配套进行耕整作业的装置。合墒装置是平整部件的重要组成部分,其结构设计是否合理直接影响到平整作业质量。本文介绍了合墒装置的工作原理、结构组成及关键部件的设计。

旋耕开沟两用机的研究

在旋耕机的基础上，研制了旋耕、开沟两用机⒚就该机的运动学、动力学、作业质量。

稻虾种养对水稻产量和粮食安全的影响

稻虾种养模式是指将小龙虾的养殖与水稻种植相结合的一种复合种养模式,该模式因其较高的经济效益,近些年在全国发展迅速。在稻虾种养模式大面积推广的背景下,有关稻虾种养模式对粮食产量安全的问题受到关注。本文通过多年定位试验、不同生态区农户调查和湖北省近10年统计年鉴资料,对稻虾种养稻田的粮食安全问题进行分析。结果表明:1)稻虾种养提高了农民的种稻积极性,扩大了水稻种植面积,增加了水稻总产量。稻虾种养面积与水稻种植面积呈显著正相关,稻虾主产区湖北省潜江市、荆州市和湖北省的水稻种植面积与10年前相比分别提高77.77%、16.23%和12.20%,水稻总产量分别提高68.12%、16.61%和20.49%。同时近10年湖北省夏收粮食(小麦等)产量维持稳定。2)湖北稻虾产区养殖沟占比(G)平均值为13.42%,G在一定程度上会影响水稻产量。在不考虑G情况下,与传统稻田单作相比,稻虾种养水稻产量提高17.63%。当G≤10%时,稻虾种养水稻产量略低于传统单作,差异不显著,但是10%<G<20%和G≥20%条件下,水稻产量显著降低,分别降低18.19%和34.81%。3)稻虾种养发展区存在优劣势差异。水稻、小龙虾产量的表现在江汉平原、鄂东沿江平原优于鄂中北丘陵。因此按照G≤10%的标准规范稻虾模式田间工程建设,坚持因地制宜地发展稻虾模式,可在维持稻虾收益的同时保持水稻粮食安全,是确保我国稻虾产业持续健康发展的重要保证。