Relationship Between Changes of River-lake Networks and Water Levels in Typical Regions of Taihu Lake Basin,China

The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river networks and lakes for different periods were investigated and the influences of river system evolution on water level changes were further explored through the comparison of their fractal characters.The results are as follows:1) River network development of the study area is becoming more monotonous and more simple;the number of lakes is reducing significantly,and the water surface ratio has dropped significantly since the 1980s.2) The box dimension of the river networks in all the cities of the study area decreased slowly from the 1960s to the 1980s,while the decrease was significant from the 1980s to the 2000s.The variations of lake correlation dimension are similar to those of the river network box dimensions.This is unfavorable for the storage capacity of the river networks and lakes.3) The Hurst exponents of water levels were all between 0.5 and 1.0 from the 1960s to the 1980s,while decreased in the 2000s,indicating the decline in persistence and increase in the complexity of water level series.The paper draws a conclusion that the relationship between the fractal dimension of river-lake networks and the Hurst exponents of the water level series can reveal the impacts of river system changes on flood disasters to some extent:the disappearance of river networks and lakes will increase the possibility of flood occurrence.

Maintaining healthy rivers and lakes through water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake in Taihu Basin

On the basis of the Taihu water resources assessment, an analysis of the importance and rationality of the water diversion from the Yangtz,e River to Taihu Lake in solving the water problem and establishing a harmonious eco-environment in the Taihu Basin is performed. The water quantity and water quality conjunctive dispatching ＇decisi＂ofi-makifig support system, which ensures flood control, water supply and eco-aimed dispatching, is built by combining the water diversion with flood control dispatching and strengthening water resources monitoring and forecasting. With the practice and effect assessment, measures such as setting the -integrated basin management format, further developing water diversion and improving the hydraulic engineering projects system and water monitoring system are proposed in order to maintain healthy rivers and guarantee the development of the economy and society in the Taihu Basin.

Sediment transport following water transfer from Yangtze River to Taihu Basin

To meet the increasing ：need of fresh water and to improve the water quality of Taihu Lake, water transfer from the Yangtze River was initiated in 2002. This study was performed to investigate the sediment distribution along the river course following water transfer. A rainfall-runoff model was first built to calculate the runoff of the Taihu Basin in 2003. Then, the flow patterns of river networks were simulated using a one-dimensional river network hydrodynamic model. Based on the boundary conditions of the flow in tributaries of the Wangyu River and the water level in Taihu Lake, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model of the Wangyu River was built to analyze the influences of the inflow rate of the water transfer and the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） of inflow on the sediment transport. The results show that the water transfer inflow rate and SSC of inflow have significant effects on the sediment distribution. The higher the inflow rate or SSC of inflow is, the higher the SSC value is at certain cross-sections along the ：river course of water transfer. Higher inflow rate and SSC of inflow contribute to higher sediment deposition per kilometer and sediment thickness. It is also concluded that a sharp decrease of the inflow velocity at the entrance of the Wangyu River on the river course of water transfer induces intense sedimentation at the cross-section near the Changshu hydro-junction. With an increasing distance from the Changshu hydro-junction, the sediment deposition and sedimentation thickness decrease gradually along the river course.

Unraveling the mechanisms underlying lake expansion from 2001 to 2020 and its impact on the ecological environment in a typical alpine basin on the Tibetan Plateau

Yanhu Lake basin(YHB)is a typical alpine lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP).Its continuous expansion in recent years poses serious threats to downstream major projects.As a result,studies of the mechanisms underlying lake expansion are urgently needed.The elasticity method within the Budyko framework was used to calculate the water balance in the Yanhu Lake basin(YHB)and the neighboring Tuotuo River basin(TRB).Results show intensification of hydrological cycles and positive trends in the lake area,river runoff,precipitation,and potential evapotranspiration.Lake expansion was significant between 2001 and 2020 and accelerated between 2015 and 2020.Precipitation increase was the key factor underlying the hydrological changes,followed by glacier meltwater and groundwater.The overflow of Yanhu Lake was inevitable because it was connected to three other lakes and the water balance of all four lakes was positive.The high salinity lake water diverted downstream will greatly impact the water quality of the source area of the Yangtze River and the stability of the permafrost base of the traffic corridor.

不同营养水平调水对贡湖湾湖区水质及浮游藻类影响的模拟研究

为探究“引江济太”工程调水给受水湖区水体带来的生态效应,采用水生微宇宙模型进行为期11 d的室内模拟实验,以太湖贡湖湾湖区为受水水体,引入3组设定好的不同营养盐水平(贫营养水平O、中营养水平M、富营养水平E)的望虞河河水,研究在不同营养盐水平调水影响下,受水水体水生态环境的动态响应过程。结果表明:整个实验过程中,中营养和贫营养调水组的水体TN、NO_(3)^(-)-N、NH4_(+)-N、TP、SRP、TOC含量下降明显,富营养调水组影响效果较中营养和贫营养调水组差;调水提高了受水水体生态系统的多样性和均匀度水平,硅藻等非蓝藻细胞密度增加,蓝藻细胞生长受到竞争胁迫,中营养和贫营养调水的影响作用效果好于富营养水平。RDA分析结果表明,受水水体的pH、DO、SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si、TDS、NO_(3)^(-)-N、SRP是本实验水体影响藻类群落结构的主要环境驱动因子。

长江安徽段江湖连通性及生物通道恢复研究

江湖阻隔是导致长江中下游江湖复合生态系统衰退的最主要原因,江湖连通和生物通道恢复是流域生态修复的重要措施之一。通过现场调查等方法研究了华阳河湖群、菜子湖、升金湖和安庆西江古道等与长江干流的阻隔现状及连通性特征,在此基础上探讨了技术和管理层面存在的问题并提出对策建议。结果发现:依托涉水工程建设开展恢复河湖生物通道的做法可以有效缓解江湖复合生态系统的衰退,尤其是以“过鱼设施建设、季节性灌江纳苗、生态水网建设”相结合的生物通道恢复方案具有技术可行性。相关成果可为长江中下游江湖连通性及生物通道恢复、国家水网建设提供有益的参考。

典型河湖治理经验及对长江流域生态保护的启示

为做好长江生态环境修复保护工作,选取欧洲莱茵河、英国泰晤士河、韩国清溪川和美国奥基乔比湖4个具有典型特征的河湖作为案例,整理和归纳了这4个河湖的污染治理过程与对应的政治、经济、金融、法律相关的治理措施。针对长江流域生态治理中存在的同类问题,总结了这4个河湖在跨区域协同治理、跨部门统筹管理、健全法律体系、加强公众参与和商业运营等方面的经验,提出建立跨区域共同协商的流域水污染管理体制、强化不同部门之间的统筹管理机制、完善流域统一的环境保护法律体系、公共参与等措施和建议。研究成果可为协同长江的保护与发展、进一步提升长江流域的水生态环境质量提供参考。

基于补偿水头差的沿江口门引排流量计算方法研究

长江支流口门多建有节制闸,利用涨落潮过程自行引排水,而引排水流态的复杂性使得引排流量过程难以精准确定。以太湖流域杨林塘口门为例,通过分析引排水调度方式及流态特征,发现涨潮时开启中孔闸门引水,内河侧流态复杂且附近水位差别大,而落潮时开启全部闸门排水,外江侧流态复杂且附近水位有所差别。为此,提出了一种基于补偿水头差的沿江口门引排流量计算方法。该方法通过设置系列补偿水头差修正堰流公式中的水位,统计了计算流量与实测流量偏差值,进而建立了流量偏差值与补偿水头差的相关关系,最终确定适宜的补偿水头差,从而建立适宜沿江口门引排流量计算公式。结果表明:利用该方法预测的引水流量误差减小40%~50%,排水流量误差减小3%~6%。相关经验可供工程设计人员及闸管单位运行管理人员借鉴。

“引江济太”影响下太湖贡湖湾湖流时空变化

“引江济太”作为流域骨干调水工程,对贡湖湾湖流的影响一直受到较多关注。2022年夏季(8月25日9月5日)和2023年冬季(1月18日2月28日),在贡湖湾布设9个站点,开展“引江济太”和风场共同影响下的贡湖湾湖流运动特征研究。通过监测氯离子浓度分布来分析“引江济太”作用下江水入贡湖湾后输移规律,并建立数值模型,基于示踪粒子验证模型的可靠性。夏季和冬季贡湖湾垂向平均流速均呈现出河口区和交界断面区高、中间过渡区低的特点,河口区湖流主要受“引江济太”影响,中间过渡区、交界断面区湖流主要受风场影响。贡湖垂向平均流场可分为顺时针、逆时针、中间进两岸出、中间出两岸进4种类型。“引江济太”一定程度上会加快贡湖部分水域的流速,贡湖中轴线处流速的改善作用最为明显。

入太湖污染物通量削减目标下水工程调控优化探究

入湖污染物通量削减,一直是太湖水环境治理工作的重点。新孟河作为现状唯一一条可以直接连接长江与太湖流域上游区域腹部的流域性重要河道,前期工作发现,在新孟河工程实施后,随着引长江清水进入太湖,湖西区主要入湖河道的水质得到明显改善,但总体入太湖的污染物通量也进一步增加。在新孟河工程即将常态化运行的背景下,针对工程运行后湖西区入湖污染物通量仍可能进一步增加的难点问题,通过灵活调整工程调度,合理部署区域产水出路,计划增加沿江口门排水机会,利用新孟河向长江排水,以拉动腹部地区水质差的本地产水由东入太湖转而北排长江,从而有效削减入太湖污染物通量。结果表明:通过优化新孟河工程现状调度,典型平水年(p=50%)时可以通过新孟河排江水量新增4.68亿m^(3),湖西区入湖氨氮通量较现状调度方案削减184 t/a、总磷入湖通量削减35.5 t/a,说明优化后的水工程调度方案是利用水利工程调度实现入湖污染物通量削减的可行性措施。相关研究成果可为太湖水环境治理工作提供新的思路。

基于生态系统服务的太湖入湖河道水环境优化路径分析

目前,太湖入湖河道水环境依然面临部分挑战。基于生态系统服务,深入探讨太湖入湖河道水环境质量提升策略。总体来说,要维护生态系统的整体性和连通性,将污染源头控制与生态修复结合,推进水资源的可持续利用,增强公众参与度与幸福感。以常州市雅浦港生态缓冲区建设示范工程为例,分析策略的应用效果,然后提出建议。要明确和细化水生态考核指标,强化重点工程资金保障,产学融合,科学提高治理水平,以提升入湖河道水环境质量,促进太湖流域的高质量发展。

基于特征工程和NGO-LSTM的水质预测模型研究

由于水质数据特征复杂、关联度参差不齐而导致溶解氧浓度预测难度较大,为提高水质溶解氧浓度预测的准确性,提出了一种基于特征工程和北方苍鹰优化算法的长短期记忆网络(Feature Engineering-Northern Goshawk Optimization-Long Short Term Memory,FE-NGO-LSTM)混合模型。首先对水质数据集进行缺失值补齐、特征筛选与特征多项式构造,然后基于NGO-LSTM模型优化模型参数,提升预测性能;对不同多项式阶数下的特征预测效果进行分析之后,将该模型与基于灰狼优化算法、鲸鱼优化算法及粒子群优化算法的LSTM模型进行对比;最后,在太湖流域东苕溪城南监测断面对该模型进行了验证,计算FE-NGO-LSTM模型预见期为4,8,12,16,20,24 h的预测结果。试验结果显示:当多项式阶数为2阶时,模型预测效果最好,FE-NGO-LSTM模型相比基于其他优化算法的LSTM模型,平均绝对误差、均方误差、均方根误差分别至少降低9.0%,12.9%及6.3%,且随着预见期的增加,预测误差仍在可接受范围内,说明FE-NGO-LSTM模型在预测溶解氧浓度时具有一定优势与泛化性。

基于知识图谱的太湖流域重要河湖水量分配分析研究

在河湖基本生态用水保障、幸福河湖建设对河道内水资源配置提出更高要求的背景下,基于太湖流域沿江和环太湖水量数据,根据不同阶段,考虑增长贡献率,分析流域、水资源四级分区及城市沿江、环太湖水量交换趋势变化,运用知识图谱重点分析太湖流域重要河湖河道内水量交换特征和成因机制,并提出相应对策。结果表明:太湖流域(不含黄浦江)年均引江水量略有增加、出入湖水量显著增加。在水资源调度期间,受降雨和下垫面变化影响,湖西区水资源调度期和其他时期均是湖西区入湖来水的主要贡献期;望虞河入湖水量主要集中在水资源调度期间;浙西区入湖水量受太湖水位顶托,有一定程度的减少。建议建立水资源刚性约束制度、推进流域区域水资源配置工程建设、规范水资源调度,实现流域、区域水资源有序调度,进一步优化太湖水位调度线,充分利用雨洪资源。

Variation of Floods Characteristics and Their Responses to Climate and Human Activities in Poyang Lake, China

The Poyang Lake is one of the most frequently flooded areas in China. Understanding the changing characteristics of floods as well as the affecting factors is an important prerequisite of flood disaster prevention and mitigation. The present study identified the characteristics variations of historical floods in the Poyang Lake and their tendencies based on the Mann-Kendall(M-K) test, and also investigated the related affecting factors, both from climate and human activities. The results revealed that the highest flood stages, duration as well as hazard coefficient of floods showed a long-term increasing linear trend during the last 60 years with the M-K statistic of 1.49, 1.60 and 1.50, respectively. And, a slightly increasing linear trend in the timing of the highest stages indicated the floods occurred later and later during the last six decades. The rainfall during the flood season and subsequent discharges of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River and runoff from the Poyang Lake Basin were mainly responsible for the severe flood situation in the Poyang Lake in the 1990 s. In addition, the intensive human activities, including land reclamation and levee construction, also played a supplementary role in increasing severity of major floods. While, the fewer floods in the Poyang Lake after 2000 can be attributed to not only the less rainfall over the Poyang Lake Basin and low discharges of the Changjiang River during flood periods, but also the stronger influences of human activity which increased the floodwater storage of the Poyang Lake than before.

Calculation of instream ecological water requirements under runoff variation conditions:Taking Xitiaoxi River in Taihu Lake Basin as an example

Climate change and human activity can cause remarkable hydrological variation.Traits of hydrological series such as runoff before and after the change points could be significantly different,so the calculation of instream ecological water requirements(EWRs)is confronted with more challenges.Taking the Xitiaoxi River(XTXR)in the upper reach of the Taihu Lake Basin as an example,this paper investigates the calculation of EWRs using the range of variability approach(RVA)under changing environment.The change point diagnosis of the natural and observed runoff series are conducted for XTXR.Then,differences in the hydrological alternation indicators and instream EWRs processes obtained from various daily runoff series are compared.It was found that the natural and observed annual runoff series in XTXR from 1957 to 2018 both show significant variations,and the change points are in 2007 and 1999 respectively.If runoff data before the change points or all runoff data are used,the instream EWRs obtained from natural runoff are significantly lower than those obtained from the observed runoff.At the monthly time step,EWRs differences within a year mainly occurred from May to August.Also,calculation results of the instream EWRs are strongly related to the selected period of runoff series.The EWRs obtained using runoff series after the change points have rather acute fluctuation within a year.Therefore,when the RVA method is used under changing environment,the instream EWRs should be prudently determined by comparing different calculation results on the basis of river runoff restoration and variability analysis.To a certain extent,this paper enriches our understanding about the hydrological method for EWRs estimation,and proposes new ideas for future research on EWRs.

江苏数字孪生水网建设与预报调度一体化应用初探

江苏省地跨长江、淮河两大水系,省内有太湖、洪泽湖和大运河、南水北调东线等重要河湖及工程体系,在国家水网格局中占据重要地位。数字孪生水网建设是新阶段江苏水利高质量发展的重要举措和实施路径。依据江苏省河流水系特点与水利管理工作实际需求,在问题剖析的基础上阐述了数字孪生水网建设思路。以江苏省太湖地区为例,以河网模型为核心,初步构建防洪“四预”功能体系,探索基于江苏数字孪生水网框架的水工程预报调度一体化应用,推动水网建设与智慧应用。

长江流域湖泊富营养化发展趋势与展望

随着国家对生态环境问题的重视和保护治理力度的加大,中国河流与湖泊水质状态的变化及控源截污等治理措施的成效,已日益成为关注焦点。通过收集不同行业、部门与科研单位对长江干流水质和流域内若干典型湖泊水质及富营养化的监测资料,分析发现在最近十余年时间内,长江流域乃至全国河流水质已显著改善,但湖泊水质的提升不明显,富营养化和蓝藻水华无明显改善,部分湖泊甚至还有所加重。造成这种状况的主要原因包括水体自身特性与外部驱动两个方面:①湖泊水流交换速度较河流慢,使污染物和营养盐更容易在湖泊中滞留,底部长期蓄积的氮磷等营养盐极易因风浪等扰动而再次释放产生内源污染,极大延缓或抵消了湖泊水质的恢复;②在全球气候变化的背景下,蓝藻水华暴发时间提前、持续时间延长、暴发频率增加,进一步加剧了富营养化湖泊蓝藻水华的产生强度。长江中下游地区浅水湖泊富营养化控制和蓝藻水华治理将是一个漫长而艰巨的任务。

三峡工程运用后荆江与洞庭湖关系变化研究进展

荆江与洞庭湖之间存在复杂的江湖水沙交换关系,水沙变化引起江湖冲淤变化,进而影响长江中游地区的防洪安全与水资源利用等。三峡工程运用后坝下游水沙条件发生较大改变,江湖关系进一步调整。从江湖水沙关系变化、荆江特别是分流口门附近河道冲淤演变、三口分流洪道冲淤演变、洞庭湖区冲淤变化及城陵矶水位变化等方面,系统梳理了三峡工程运用后荆江与洞庭湖关系变化研究进展,得到以下结论:荆江三口分流量略有减少,分沙量大幅下降,藕池口河势调整较剧烈,进流条件有所恶化,洞庭湖由淤积转为微冲,湖区水位下降,城陵矶—汉口河段冲刷,城陵矶水位下降等,江湖水沙驱动机制仍存在一定不足,在荆江洪水位变化及洞庭湖未来演变趋势方面仍存在争议;指出了目前研究中存在的不足,如缺乏定量分析和系统性与完整性研究,并提出了下一步研究需重点关注的问题。

入太湖河道大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

于2020年9月在太滆运河、漕桥河、徐家大塘和竺山湾布设14个监测点位,调查入太湖河道底栖动物群落结构,并采用Goodnight修正指数(GBI)、生物学污染指数(BPI)和多样性指数(H)进行水质生物学评价。结果表明,研究区域共检出底栖动物6纲18种,霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)为优势种,生物多样性由高到低为竺山湾(H=1.20)>徐家大塘(H=1.09)>太滆运河(H=0.67)>漕桥河(H=0.33)。典范对应分析显示,总氮、正磷酸盐等因子与寡毛类生物量呈正相关,叶绿素a、I Mn与摇蚊幼虫生物量呈正相关。生物学评价表明,太滆运河处于中重度污染状态,漕桥河、徐家大塘和竺山湾处于中度污染状态。

引江济太通道望虞河的水质变化特征及磷通量计算

基于2007—2021年望虞河流域的每月巡测水质数据和2个水利枢纽调水数据,以及2021年沿望虞河布设的13个采样点数据,分析望虞河—贡湖在引江济太工程下的水质时空变化特征并计算望虞河出入湖磷通量。结果表明,长江来水除TN外可达到Ⅲ类水标准,西岸支流恶化望虞河水质,使得沿程水质变化特征复杂并抬升入湖污染负荷。2007—2021年引江济太调水期间,望虞河入湖的COD_(Mn)、TP相较长江来水分别上升40.2%和13.3%,长江来水本身也有导致贡湖水质恶化的风险。同期望虞河引江入湖磷通量累计1306.3 t,净通量237.5 t,对贡湖造成高磷素负荷冲击。