Rural labor migration and farmers’arrangements of rice production systems in Central China:Insight from the intergenerational division of labor

Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a discernible trend wherein adult children have started migrating to cities while their elderly parents return to villages to re-engage in on-farm work.The phenomenon has notably shaped the intergenerational division of labor(IDL)within households.However,it remains to be seen how farmers adjust their rice production systems in response to the IDL.The age of 60 years for employment injury insurance is the eligibility threshold for off-farm employment and is used to obtain a source of exogenous variation in the IDL.Based on a representative household survey of 1,752 rice farmers in the Hubei Province of Central China,our fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis reveals that farmers in IDL households are more likely to adopt ratoon rice(RR)than single cropping rice(SR)or double cropping rice(DR).The effect of the IDL varies under different levels of operational scales and specialized agricultural service availability.Further analysis suggests that farmers’arrangements are associated with two potential mechanisms of downward intergenerational transfer.Monetary transfer for urban housing purchases increases RR in IDL households,and time transfer for intergenerational childcare significantly promotes SR in IDL households.This study enhances the understanding of the relationship between rural labor migration and rice production in China,providing a reference for adjusting rice production systems to ensure food security.

Division of labor, perceived labor-related stress and well-being among European couples

Background: The objective of this study was to analyze how involvement in paid and unpaid work and perceived labor-related stress are related to the well-being of married or cohabiting men and women in Europe. Methods: Data from the European Social Survey round two has been used. The sample consists of 5800 women and 6952 men, aged between 18-65 years. Exposure variables were divided into labor involvement, time spent on paid and unpaid work, and labor-related stress. Multiple logistic regressions with 95 % confidence interval were used. Results: Women spent more hours on housework than men did, but fewer hours on paid work. Women tended to perceive higher degrees of housework-related stress than men did. Furthermore, women who experienced houseworkrelated stress tended to have higher odds of reporting a low level of perceived well-being than men, while men had higher odds of reporting a low level of perceived well-being when they experienced work/family conflicts. Conclusion: For both men and women, the perceptions of labor involvement are of more importance for the well-being than the actual time spent on paid and unpaid work. This implies that, when studying the relationship between labor involvement and well-being, perceived stress should be considered.

Re-measuring Status of China＇s High-Tech Industries in International Division of Labor： Applying a Non-Competitive Input-Output Model

Based on a refined ＂non-competitive input-output model,＂ this paper proposes a new framework for analyzing the status of a country＇s high-tech industries in the international division of labor, i.e. calculates the index of＂ weighted value-added productivity ＂ by compiling non-competitive input-output tables which distinguish high-tech industries from traditional industries. The new method effectively avoids ＂statistical illusion＂ which stems from a biased focus on gross exports under intra-product specialization. The empirical study shows that since 1995, the status of China＇s high-tech industries has grown quickly as a result of enhanced labor productivity, but still lags behind those of major developed countries. In addition, the study also suggests that the status of China＇s high-tech industries has been over-estimated using the traditional gross export statistical method.

Differing Effects of Intra-Product International Division of Labor on Technological Progress:Comparing Proactive Participation with Passive Inclusion

This paper has identified two models of intra-product international division of labor:the model of passive inclusion and the model of proactive participation.Their difference is essentially whether participation in international division of labor is dominated by multinational firms or by local firms.At the level of representative sectors,some characteristic variables of participation in international division of labor demonstrate significant industry differences.Models of division of labor affect technology progress.According to the empirical analysis result at the micro-level of four sectors,no matter for export or the contribution of learning by doing to corporate technology progress,the model of proactive participation is superior to the model of passive inclusion;under the model of passive inclusion,the technology spillover effect of import is smaller than "learning by doing " effect;under the model of proactive participation,technology spillover effect is over two times the "learning by doing" effect.

A blockchain bee colony double inhibition labor division algorithm for spatio-temporal coupling task with application to UAV swarm task allocation

It is difficult for the double suppression division algorithm of bee colony to solve the spatio-temporal coupling or have higher dimensional attributes and undertake sudden tasks.Using the idea of clustering,after clustering tasks according to spatio-temporal attributes,the clustered groups are linked into task sub-chains according to similarity.Then,based on the correlation between clusters,the child chains are connected to form a task chain.Therefore,the limitation is solved that the task chain in the bee colony algorithm can only be connected according to one dimension.When a sudden task occurs,a method of inserting a small number of tasks into the original task chain and a task chain reconstruction method are designed according to the relative relationship between the number of sudden tasks and the number of remaining tasks.Through the above improvements,the algorithm can be used to process tasks with spatio-temporal coupling and burst tasks.In order to reflect the efficiency and applicability of the algorithm,a task allocation model for the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)group is constructed,and a one-to-one correspondence between the improved bee colony double suppression division algorithm and each attribute in the UAV group is proposed.Task assignment has been constructed.The study uses the self-adjusting characteristics of the bee colony to achieve task allocation.Simulation verification and algorithm comparison show that the algorithm has stronger planning advantages and algorithm performance.

Genotype and task influence stinging response thresholds of honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>L.) workers of African and European descent

The stinging response thresholds of individual European and Africanized worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were analyzed. Workers of each genotype performing defense (guard and soldier bees) and non-defense (nest and forager bees) associated tasks were collected and exposed to an electric stimulus of 0.5 mA, and the time they took to sting a leather substrate was recorded. Africanized bees had significant lower thresholds of response than European bees. Guards and soldiers were faster to sting than nest and forager bees for the Africanized genotype, whereas for the European genotype, guards stung significantly faster than bees of the other three task groups. This is the first study that shows that individual bees specialized in two defensive tasks also have a lower response threshold for stinging. Our results fit a model of division of labor based on differences in response thresholds to stimuli among workers of different genotypes and task groups.

Reflections on,and Improvements of,the Mediation Functions of People's Assessors

Legislatively,the people’s assessors are defined as individuals who share judicial power.However,in the context of dispute resolutions,their role is restricted by the courts,which affects the extent of their assessorial activities.It is imperative to reconsider the implications of the people’s assessors’deep involvement in mediation from the standpoint of societal division of labor.To enhance this division of labor,it is advisable that the people’s assessors relinquish their mediation roles.It is necessary to redefine the distinctions between people’s assessors,judges,and people’s mediators,including specially invited mediators.This would not only make up the deficiencies in the role of professional judges but also relieve the tension between judicial professionalism and popular accountability.

Piercing the Veil of the Disharmony of Edna's Marriage and Family

The paper aims mainly at deploring the reasons of the disharmony in marriage and family life of Edna, the heroine of Kate Chopin's The Awakening by analyzing the traditional social labor division and procreation concept. And it is the unbalanced social labor division and the patriarchal procreation conception that caused the alienation between the husband and wife rather than the capriciousness of female.

A Study on Compensation for Management and Protection Expenses of Non-commercial Forests

This paper analyzes the compensation nature of non-commercial forests under different ownership from two aspects, namely, whether the property right is limited and whether the management and protection expense has been incurred: there are no economic loss compensation problems caused by changes and limitation of property rights for the state-owned non-commercial forests with only the compensation on management and protection expense; but for the non-commercial forests owned by collectives or individuals, double compensation for both the economic loss and management expense exists because of limitation on the property right. In addition, an inframarginal economic analysis framework has been built for the management and protection compensation problems faced by non-commercial forests under different ownership in the perspective of the division of labor. Research results show that: the compensation standard for the management and protection expenses of non-commercial forests shall fall in between the "completely self-sufficient forestry economic structure U(Ayz)" and the "completely specialized productive structure of non-commercial forests U(B1)".

Optimization model and algorithm for system operation division of labor at two-way marshaling station

Based on the systematic analysis of the operation process at two-way marshaling station, the operation ways of through car flows, sorting car flows and loading car flows are comprehensively studied. An optimal model of system operation division of labor based on resource constraint is constructed. The model is solved by using genetic algorithm, and the improving strategy for solving the model is proposed. The application example indicates that the model and algorithm can effectively solve the problem of operation division of labor at two-way marshaling station.

中国OFDI对外贸高质量发展的影响路径研究

外贸高质量发展是现代化经济体系建设的重要内容。本文从外贸规模、外贸结构、外贸竞争力和外贸可持续性4个层面构建了外贸高质量发展的评价指标体系,并采用熵值法对OFDI促进外贸高质量发展的产业路径和技术路径展开理论和实证分析。研究表明:我国OFDI能显著促进外贸高质量发展;产业结构升级和技术进步的中介效应显著存在。为推动我国外贸实现高质量发展,政府应进一步完善相关政策措施,促进企业对外直接投资,不断深化产业转型、技术创新等保障机制改革;企业则应加大对自身技术的研发投入,加大对知识和技术密集型行业的对外投资,并加强企业之间的合作交流。

Causes of the exchange rate with the U.S. trade deficit

With debate that the U.S. trade deficit is due to overestimate exchange rate of RMB, the paper pointed out that exchange rate is not the main factor for the formation of balance of payments on trade. U.S. trade deficit is largely due to the current international monetary system, international division of labor and the trade structure determined by it, low savings rates and other factors.

Intrafloral differentiation of stamens in heterantherous flowers

Flowers that have heteromorphic stamens （heterantherous flowers） have intrigued many researchers ever since the phenomenon was discovered in the 19th century. The morphological differentiation in androecia has been suggested as a reflection of ＂labor division＂ in pollination in which one type of stamens attracts pollinators and satisfies their demand for pollen as food and the other satisfies the plant＇s need for safe gamete dispersal. The extent and patterns of stamen differentiation differ notably among taxa with heterantherous flowers. Seven species with heteromorphic stamens in three genera were sampled from Leguminosae and Melastomataceae, and the morphological difference of androecia, pollen content, pollen histochemistry and viability, pollen micro- morphology, as well as the main pollinators were examined and compared. Pollen number differs significantly between stamen sets of the same flower in most species investigated, and a correlation of pollen number and anther size was substantiated. Higher pollen viabilities were found in the long （pollinating） stamens of Senna alata （L.） Roxb. and S. bicapsularis （L.） Roxb. Dimorphic pollen exine ornamentation is reported here for the first time in Fordiophytonfaberi Stapf. The height of stigma and anther tips of the long stamens in natural conditions was proved to be highly correlated, supporting the hypothesis that they contact similar areas of the pollinator＇s body.

Climate Change and Green Growth:A Perspective of the Division of Labor

This paper presents a new research agenda on climate change and green growth from the perspective of the division of labor in classical economics. The paper covers three major dimensions of green growth （i.e. carbon emissions, environmental proteetion and material resources use） and some related important topics, as well as the fresh policy implications of the new research agenda, Typical marginal analysis in a given structure of the division of labor suggests that ＂green＂ action is a burden to economic development. Therefore, climate negotiation has become a burden-sharing game and has reached a stalemate. New thinking is badly needed to rescue these negotiations and to drive a shift to a new ＂green growth＂ paradigm. The proposed new research agenda represents an effort to create a new narrative on climate change and green growth. Because the new research agenda can theoretically predict the possibility that a more competitive structure of the division of labor could be triggered by ＂＇green ＂＇ policy, it has promising policy implications for various important challenges facing us in the 21st century.

More children nutrition distribution, less labor incentive: Evidence from Chinese collective agriculture

Distribution system will affect the labor incentive that has been heatedly discussed by recent literatures.Using a unique micro dataset, this paper dem on strates that the equalitaria n distributi on system is one of the reas ons for the in sufficie nt labor incentive during the Chinese Collective Agriculture period. Specifically speaking, in the distribution of basic rations, the proportion for children (aged 1-3 and 4-7 years) was often beyond their nutrition demand, resulting the dissatisfaction of other families with more laborers and less children, thus these households will reduce their labor supply gradually. At the same time, the existence of outstanding accounts makes it a failure to use work points to buy distributions, which is the mechanism of the distribution system and insufficient labor incentive. All the results have been accepted by the robustness tests. The study will help to understand the distribution system and labor incentive, as well as the failure of the Chinese collective agriculture.

Effect of Larval Topical Application of Juvenile Hormone on Caste Determination in the Independent-Founding Eusocial Wasp <i>Mischocyttarus consimilis</i>(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Eusocial wasps are excellent models for understanding polyethism and division of labor among castes in social insects. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling caste determination in eusocial wasps. Evidence suggests that the phenotype of queens in independent-founding (IF) eusocial wasps of the subfamily Polistinae can be partly fixed in the larval stage;however, this hypothesis has not yet been investigated. In this study we evaluate whether juvenile hormone (JH) affects pre-imaginal caste determination in the IF eusocial wasp Mischocyttarus consimilis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Analyzing morphometric and behavioral data, we demonstrated experimentally that females emerging from larvae that were treated with JH in the third instar had a significantly larger body size, spent more time in the nest, and were subject to less physical aggression from nestmates compared with females emerging from untreated control larvae. These results indicate that phenotype differences among castes in IF eusocial wasps can be partly fixed in the pre-adult stage and influenced by variations in the JH titer.

企业参与全球价值链分工的战略选择——基于CNKI与Web of Science的CiteSpace文献计量分析

全球生产碎片化分割和国际格局深刻演变,使企业在参与全球价值链分工战略选择上面临重大考验。本文以2020年以前有关企业参与全球价值链分工战略的2 478篇中外文献为研究对象,借助Cite Space文献计量研究工具,综合运用定量及定性研究方法探究企业参与全球价值链分工战略选择的研究脉络,提出了一个企业参与全球价值链分工战略选择的逻辑框架,并归纳总结企业战略的影响因素。研究发现:(1)企业参与全球价值链分工的战略选择可以分为市场性战略和非市场性战略两大类型,市场性战略可以分为外向拓展型战略和内部优化型战略;(2)外向拓展型战略可以分为离岸外包、海外布局和产业集群三种战略类型,内部优化型战略可以分为企业定位、禀赋利用和能力提升三种战略类型。(3)非市场性战略主要涉及企业政治战略、企业社会公众及媒体战略以及企业社会责任战略三种战略类型。(4)影响企业参与全球价值链分工战略制定的因素可以分为管理因素和环境因素,管理因素包括管理者因素、企业因素和网络因素;环境因素包括营商环境、融资约束、产业政策、市场结构和市场开放度五种母国因素,经济发展、制度质量、资源禀赋和技术水平四种东道国因素,以及文化距离、双边政治关系两种超国家因素。本文研究为后续理论研究和政策实践提供了方向性指引。

Division of domestic labor and fertility behaviors in China:the impact of extended family traditions on gender equity theory

Gender equity in division of domestic labor and its positive effects on fertility have been well documented in Western countries.This research extends the classic gen-der equity theory to East Asia,a country with an extended family tradition that complicates gender roles.Using four waves of data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS),we find that:(1)parents or parents-in-law serve as a major source of informal help for housework and childcare in China;(2)the domestic help from parents can significantly increase the likelihood of childbearing for Chinese women;(3)the help from husbands is less important and only significant when parental help is absent.While gender equity in the West has a profound influence on gender equity in the East,Confucian traditions that assign roles according to gender and to the relationships among grandparents,parents,and children are a force to be reckoned with in China.

China-US High-Tech Competition,Trade Conflict and Development Rights

The power and interest of industrial manufacturers are determined by their status in the relations of production.At the international level,countries see their economic and political status rise only when they climb the ladder in the international division of labor.As the primary production forces,science and technology are the main drivers behind such change.As new technologies give rise to new industries and restructure the international division of labor,developed countries strive to enhance the protection of their intellectual property rights(IPR)and safeguard their monopoly over core technologies.For developed countries,technological prowess holds the key to their supremacy in the global supply chain and international relations.The 19 th CPC National Congress makes clear the overarching goal in the new era is to rejuvenate the Chinese nation and turn China into a strong modern country.As an important material condition for achieving this goal,China must transition from being medium-and low-end links in the international division of labor to becoming high-end links.In this process,China will encounter backlash from developed countries that lead in the international division of labor.The recent China-US tussle over trade in high-tech goods is a case in point,and should be viewed through the lens of the relations of production and the international division of labor.The insights thus achieved will be of great significance to China’s future development.

An Interpretation of The Song of the Lark From the Marxist Feminism

The Song of the Lark tells the story of young girl Thea who doesn’t give up and achieves her wish when faced with all sorts of setbacks. Based on the Marxist feminism, this paper is going to study the differences that the female and male characters have experienced both in family and society in order to find out the root of females’oppressed status and reveal Cather’s writing in? tention—provide a possible way of improving the dilemma of women caused by capitalist ideology and the patriarchal ideology.