In Bangladesh, both manual and e-GP system is used to perform public procurement. Before tender publication, tender documents have to be prepared by the Procurement Entities (PEs). The problem is that the manual tende...In Bangladesh, both manual and e-GP system is used to perform public procurement. Before tender publication, tender documents have to be prepared by the Procurement Entities (PEs). The problem is that the manual tendering system involves more cost and time in preparing tender documents. The study’s purpose is to compare now the efficiency of tender document preparation in the manual system with the e-GP system. This study tests the cost and time involved in tender document preparation, both manual and e-procurement tenders. Sample data was collected from the 11 RHD zones. Structured survey questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the PE officers of RHD. A hypothesis test was performed using the model of independent samples t-test. The test results indicated that e-Procurement tender document preparation costs and time were less than manual tendering. Academicians, researchers, PE officers, and policymakers will benefit from the study’s conclusions.展开更多
WITS-Math is a mathematical equation formatting tool in WITS, a multilingual document preparation environment. WITS-Math includes a library manager and an equation formatter. The main task of WITS-Math is to format di...WITS-Math is a mathematical equation formatting tool in WITS, a multilingual document preparation environment. WITS-Math includes a library manager and an equation formatter. The main task of WITS-Math is to format diversities of mathematical equations and organize them into an equation library used by other tools in the WITS environment.WITS-Math is a direct manipulation mathematics editor. It uses syntax directed markup language as the internal representation, alld provides an interactive WYSIWYG interface for users to format equations. WITS-Math provides an equation access mechanism. Other tools can access equations in a library by cross-reference from a source file or through data exchange without knowillg the structure of equation libraries. The common data structure and the rendering object in the WITS platform ensure that the formatted equations can be directly used by other tools.展开更多
文摘In Bangladesh, both manual and e-GP system is used to perform public procurement. Before tender publication, tender documents have to be prepared by the Procurement Entities (PEs). The problem is that the manual tendering system involves more cost and time in preparing tender documents. The study’s purpose is to compare now the efficiency of tender document preparation in the manual system with the e-GP system. This study tests the cost and time involved in tender document preparation, both manual and e-procurement tenders. Sample data was collected from the 11 RHD zones. Structured survey questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the PE officers of RHD. A hypothesis test was performed using the model of independent samples t-test. The test results indicated that e-Procurement tender document preparation costs and time were less than manual tendering. Academicians, researchers, PE officers, and policymakers will benefit from the study’s conclusions.
文摘WITS-Math is a mathematical equation formatting tool in WITS, a multilingual document preparation environment. WITS-Math includes a library manager and an equation formatter. The main task of WITS-Math is to format diversities of mathematical equations and organize them into an equation library used by other tools in the WITS environment.WITS-Math is a direct manipulation mathematics editor. It uses syntax directed markup language as the internal representation, alld provides an interactive WYSIWYG interface for users to format equations. WITS-Math provides an equation access mechanism. Other tools can access equations in a library by cross-reference from a source file or through data exchange without knowillg the structure of equation libraries. The common data structure and the rendering object in the WITS platform ensure that the formatted equations can be directly used by other tools.
