Nigel Wiseman:Modern Texts,Classics,Terminology,and Language-learning Material

In this article,I trace my career from an early interest in language that eventually led me to engage in Chinese medical translation.Born in the United Kingdom in 1954,I gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and Spanish from the University of Heriot-Watt,Edinburgh.Subsequent study of Chinese took me to Taiwan,China,where I gained an interest in Chinese medicine and developed a coherent linguistic approach to Chinese medical term translation,which I and various colleagues have systematically applied in the translation and compilation of numerous works spanning modern texts,classics,dictionaries,and language-learning materials.Our translation approach,though conforming to principles universally recognized by translation theorists,has proven to be highly controversial,with opponents in both Western and Chinese circles.

SNOMED CT: A Clinical Terminology but Also a Formal Ontology

Context and Objective: Over the past few decades, terminologies developed for clinical descriptions have been increasingly used as key resources for knowledge management, data integration, and decision support to the extent that today they have become essential in the biomedical and health field. Among these clinical terminologies, some may possess the characteristics of one or several types of representation. This is the case for the Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine—Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), which is both a clinical medical terminology and a formal ontology based on the principles of semantic web. Methods: We present and discuss, on one hand, the compliance of SNOMED CT with the requirements of a reference clinical terminology and, on the other hand, the specifications of the features and constructions of descriptive of SNOMED CT. Results: We demonstrate the consistency of the reference clinical terminology SNOMED CT with the principles stated in James J. Cimino’s desiderata and we also show that SNOMED CT contains an ontology based on the EL profile of OWL2 with some simplifications. Conclusions: The duality of SNOMED CT shown is crucial for understanding the versatility, depth, and scope in the health field.

The notion of dominant terminology in bibliometric research

In this opinion paper, we introduce the expressions of dominant terminology and dominant term in the quantitative studies of science in analogy to the notion of dominant design in product development and innovation.

Tentative New Terminology: Initial Comedonal Phase Preceding Acute Inflammatory Phase of Acne Vulgaris—Importance of Early Treatment

We report a case of a 12-year-old female with closed and open comedo without inflammatory lesions at the first visit. She had been treated with topical adapalene once daily, and closed and open comedo subsided without inflammatory lesions one month after the treatment without any side effects induced by adapalen. The recurrence of comedo had not been observed afterwards. In the Japanese Dermatological Association (JDA) guidelines for the treatment of acne vulgaris, comedonal phase has not been stated. Then we propose the tentative new terminology of a comedonal phase and emphasize its importance in the early initial treatment for comedo to prevent the development of the acute inflammatory phase such as red papules and pustules and formation of acne scars.

Exploration of French-Chinese Translation Methods of Electrical Engineering Terminology Using Online Image-Text Retrieval Mode

With the incessant propulsion of the Open Door Policy,which is related to the consolidation of international collaborative partnerships,an increasing number of Chinese companies are moving toward cooperating countries to participate in infrastructure construction,employing a win-win strategy in favor of the people and governments of both countries.Among the cooperation domains,our country’s electrical companies have achieved a series of remarkable results in the international Engineering,Procurement,and Construction(EPC)project market with their outstanding business capabilities and technical advantages.Nevertheless,some shortcomings cannot be overlooked,the most notable of which appears to be the impediment associated with engineering translation,which has always been an obsession among translators of Chinese companies.Taking the transmission line project in the Republic of Madagascar as an example,an analysis of French-Chinese translation methods of electrical engineering terminology in the field of the transmission line is carried out.

A Case Study of Periodical Terminologies’Mis-translations in History of Chinese Journalism by Ko Kung-chen under Analysis-Synthesis Translation Mode

From the perspective of analysis-synthesis translation mode,this paper discusses the translator’s responsibility and the translator’s role in the translation of historiography,based on the case of Ko Kung-chen’s History of Chinese Journalism.Missionary J.S.Roberts believed that translation is the logical combination of two processes of analysis and synthesis.The analysis process is characterized by understanding,emphasizing accurate understanding and professional analysis of the source text,while the synthesis process focuses on the transformation of language and culture.The two processes are dependent,forming the whole process of translation altogether.As the indisputable subject of translation,the translator should assume his own subjective responsibility in the two processes.The translator should be responsible for the fact and professional academics in the analysis process,and language and culture and translation itself in the synthesis process,playing the role of a reviewer,disseminator and translator to ensure that the translation text would be correct,accurate and professional so as to realize the value of himself and translation.

五年制高职涉外护理专业Medical Terminology课程开发的研究探索

目的开发沟通公共英语和专业英语的桥梁课程，为培养实用型国际护理人才奠定基础。方法以课题为引领，确定课程标准，开发系列双语教材，培养双语师资队伍，变革教学理念，创新教学方法、教学手段，打造MedicalTermindogy精品课程。结果开发的新课程MedicalTerminology实施一年多来，教学内容与教学方法获得学生的好评，学生参加全国医学英语等级考试（METs）通过率不断提高，为通过出国前的专业英语考试奠定基础。结论MedicalTerminology课程标准定位准确，教材创新，教学方法、教学手段符合学生的认知规律，可为培养实用型国际护理人才奠定坚实的基础。

Operative terminology and post-operative management approaches applied to hepatic surgery:Trainee perspectives

Outcomes in hepatic resectional surgery(HRS) have improved as a result of advances in the understanding of hepatic anatomy,improved surgical techniques, and enhanced peri-operative management.Patients are generally cared for in specialist higher-level ward settings with multidisciplinary input during the initial post-operative period,however,greater acceptance and understanding of HRS has meant that care is transferred,usually after 24-48 h,to a standard ward environment.Surgical trainees will be presented with such patients either electively as part of a hepatobiliary firm or whilst covering the service on-call,and it is therefore important to acknowledge the key points in managing HRS patients.Understanding the applied anatomy of the liver is the key to determining the extent of resection to be undertaken.Increasingly,enhanced patient pathways exist in the post-operative setting requiring focus on the delivery of high quality analgesia,careful fluid balance,nutrition and thromboprophlaxis.Complications can occur including liver,renal and respiratory failure,hemorrhage,and sepsis,all of which require prompt recognition and management.We provide an overview of the relevant terminology applied to hepatic surgery,an approach to the post-operative management,and an aid to developing an awareness of complications so as to facilitate better confidence in this complex subgroup of general surgical patients.

The International Organization for Standardization Published its First Terminology International Standard of TCM Diagnosis ISO 23961-1: 2021

The International Organization for Standardization(ISO)published its first terminology International Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis ISO 23961-1:2021 Traditional Chinese medicine-Vocabulary for diagnostics-part1:Tongue on 5th November,2021.

The terminology of the 2012 Atlanta consensus conference on post-inflammatory collections after acute pancreatitis:An assessment of utilization in practice

To the Editor The report of the 1992 Atlanta consensus conference provided a framework for standardization of the terminology for description of acute pancreatitis and its complications[1].Terms such as“pancreatic phlegmon”which had historically been subjected to differential interpretation were discontinued and modern terminology was introduced[1].With subsequent clinical usage and with the accrual of new knowledge it became clear that further changes were necessary.

Measurements and Terminology of Different Measure Methods

Body measuring is very important for garment sizing and pattern making. In this paper, we study the difference of the landmarks between the traditional method and 3D scanner and we also select the 19 circumference measurements,29 height and length measurements, 18 breadth and depth measurements and 3 other measurements, which are quite important in fashion body measuring, to compare the terminology of them in these two measuring method. 3D scanners seem better than the traditional method on these aspects, which are the number of measurements, speed,privacy and data accuracy, but they are limited on measuring posture. And there is no uniform standard for the scanners and the definitions of the measurements in the scanners are diversified.

Nonlocal Physics in the Wave Function Terminology

Shortcomings of the Boltzmann physical kinetics and the Schrödinger wave mechanics are considered. From the position of nonlocal physics, the Schrödinger equation is a local equation;this fact leads to the great shortcomings of the linear Schrödinger wave mechanics. Nonlocal nonlinear quantum mechanics is considered using the wave function terminology.

Principles and Methods of the Terminology Translation

Technical Terminology refers to the professional terms of science and technology.The translation of technical terminologies be comes more and more important and urgent with the development of technology.This thesis begins from the features of technical terminol ogies,combining with lots of relevant examples,and then discusses the methods and principles of English-Chinese translation of technical terminology which is in order to make some contribution to the technical terminology translation.

Terminology in Doing Business English Translation

Terminology plays an important role in doing business English translation. This paper will try to give tentative definitions of what is terminology, of what is business English translation, and render some examples to exemplify the significant impacts of terminology in doing BET. In author's opinion the scope of "terminology" is quite broad.

A New Combinational Terminology for Geothermal Systems

A geothermal resource can be defined as a reservoir inside the Earth from which heat can be extracted economically Geothermal resources are classified on the basis of different aspects, such as heat source, heat transfer, reservoir tem perature, physical state, commercial utilization and geological settings. Unfortunately most of the current classifications that are used for geothermal systems are not complete. So, a combinational terminology of geological and tempera ture-based classifications would be more complete. This terminology can explain all geological situations, temperature and physical state of geothermal reservoir altogether. According to geological settings, in combinational terminology (from left to right), the class of geothermal resource’s name would be placed at first, then the physical state of reservoir (Liquid-dominated or Two-phase or Vapor-dominated) would be written and finally the class of the geothermal reser voir which is related to its temperature, is written.

Is the ATIC terminology oriented to nursing phenomena?

The main goal of this observational and descriptive study is to evaluate whether the diagnosis axis of a nursing interface terminology meets the content validity criterion of being nursing-phenomena oriented. Nursing diagnosis concepts were analyzed in terms of presence in the nursing literature, type of articles published and areas of disciplinary interest. The search strategy was conducted in three databases with limits in relation to period and languages. The final analysis included 287 nursing diagnosis concepts. The results showed that most of the concepts were identified in the scientific literature, with a homogeneous distribution of types of designs. Most of these concepts (87.7%) were studied from two or more areas of disciplinary interest. Validity studies on disciplinary controlled vocabularies may contribute to demonstrate the nursing influence on patients’ outcomes.

A nursing interface terminology: Evaluation of face validity

A range of different language systems for nursing diagnosis, interventions and outcomes are currently available. Nursing terminologies are intended to support nursing practice but they have to be evaluated. This study aims to assess the results of an expert survey to establish the face validity of a nursing interface terminology. The study applied a descriptive design with a cross-sectional survey strategy using a written questionnaire administered to expert nurses working in hospitals. Sample size was estimated at 35 participants. The questionnaire included topics related to validity and reliability criteria for nursing controlled vocabularies described in the literature. Mean global score and criteria scoring at least 7 were considered main outcome measures. The analysis included descriptive statistics with a confidence level of 95%. The mean global score was 8.1. The mean score for the validity criteria was 8.4 and 7.8 for reliability and applicability criteria. Two of the criteria for reliability and applicability evaluation did not achieve minimum scores. According to the experts’ responses, this terminology meets face validity, but that improvements are required in some criteria and further research is needed to completely demonstrate its metric properties.

Standardization of English Navigation Terminology in Railway Traffic Domain

The technical progress and the globalization accelerate rapidly the development of new disciplines and sub-disciplines. Consequently, new and specific terminology is necessary. In addition, the interdisciplinarity contributes as well to the development of communication problems between non-professionals and experts of a special domain or between experts of different domains--as well at international level. Usually, technical terms are defined differently according to their domains. Therefore, a new terminological approach will avoid semantic vagueness as synonymy, antonymy, risk of confusion, hypernymy-hyponymy relations and polysemy, homonymy, etc.. For example, the terms ＂localization＂ and ＂positioning＂ are prototypes for this semantic vagueness. The objective of the iglos （＂intelligent glossary＂） terminology work of the Institute of Traffic Safety and Automation Engineering of the Technische Universigit Braunschweig is to clarify the multilingual and multidisciplinary misunderstanding between special languages of different domains by standardizing the definitions of technical terms. The focus of this paper lies on semantic problems of English navigation terminology in railway traffic domain and the clarification of the semantic vagueness between its terms with a modeling process and a linguistic method with different criteria. Finally, the result of these approaches should be a consistent navigation terminology in the railway domain.

Influence of SCENIC recommendations on terminology used for histopathologic diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease-associated dysplasia

BACKGROUND Published in 2015,the International Consensus Recommendations on Surveillance for Colorectal Endoscopic Neoplasia Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients(SCENIC)recommended abandoning the use of diagnostic term“dysplasia-associated lesion or mass(DALM)”for polypoid dysplastic lesions detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The aim of this study was to investigate whether this recommendation had any influence on diagnostic terminologies used by pathologists in their practice.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all pathology reports for surveillance colonoscopic biopsies from ulcerative colitis(UC)patients in our institution during 1/2012-12/2014(pre-SCENIC)and 1/2016-12/2018(post-SCENIC).These included 1203 biopsies from 901 UC patients during the pre-SCENIC period and 1273 biopsies from 977 UC patients during the post-SCENIC period.Their corresponding endoscopic findings and histopathologic diagnoses were recorded.Clinical indications for total colectomy for UC patients and corresponding histopathologic findings in colectomy specimens were also recorded and compared.RESULTS A total of 347 and 419 polyps/polypoid lesions were identified during the preSCENIC and post-SCENIC periods,among which 60 and 104 were dysplastic/adenomatous,respectively.More polypoid dysplastic lesions were simply diagnosed as“adenoma”during the post-SCENIC period in comparison with the pre-SCENIC period(97.1%vs 65.0%;P<0.001).The number of cases with a comment in pathology reports regarding the distinction between DALM and sporadic adenoma was also significantly decreased during the post-SCENIC period(5.8%vs 38.3%;P<0.001).In addition,the term“dysplasia”was more consistently used for random biopsies during the post-SCENIC period.Furthermore,the terms“sessile serrated adenoma/polyp”(SSA/P)and“serrated epithelial change”(SEC)were more consistently used for polypoid lesions and random biopsies,respectively,during the post-SCENIC period,although these were not specifically addressed in the SCENIC recommendations.The indications for colectomy remained unchanged,however,despite the standardization of diagnostic terminologies.CONCLUSION The SCENIC recommendations relieve pathologists from the burden of distinguishing DALM from sporadic adenoma in IBD patients,which helps the standardization of diagnostic terminologies used by pathologists.The consistent use of the diagnostic terminologies may help reduce potential confusions to clinicians and patients.

Terminology Translations of Austin’s Speech Act Tripartite Model in China

Judging from the references, Chinese scholars have dozens of terminology translations on the British analytic philosopher Austin’s locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. There is no unified translation for it, and scholars did not cause enough attention to this. Thus teachers use the terms in the classroom inconsistently, resulting in doctoral students, graduates and undergraduates writing dissertations in confusion and chaos. This paper reviews and trims 25 frequently -used terminology translations of Speech Act Tripartite Model since 1955. Furthermore, some suggestions on Chinese terminology translations of it are put forward as well.