Influence of Pt/Ru anodic ratio on the valorization of ethanol by PEM electrocatalytic reforming towards value-added products

The ethanol electro-reforming process was studied over PtRu/C catalysts synthesized by the modified polyol method with different compositions.In particular,this work reports the influence of anodic Pt:Ru ratio(5:1,2:1 and 1:2)on the organic product distribution(acetaldehyde,acetic acid and ethyl acetate)and pure hydrogen generation at different current densities operation levels.Physicochemical characterization of the catalysts was made by X-ray diffraction(XRD),temperature-programmed reduction(TPR)and N_(2) adsorption-desorption measurements.XRD patterns showed that Ru is introduced into the Pt structure,forming an alloy between both metals.Also,the degree of alloy was higher by increasing the Ru amounts.From TPR profiles Pt was found to be properly reduced while Ru was both in metallic state and forming RuO2.The electrochemical behaviour of each catalyst towards ethanol electroreforming process was investigated through electrochemical techniques in a half cell and a single proton exchange membrane(PEM)cell systems.An intermediate Pt:Ru ratio was found to result in high current density and electrochemical surface area(ECSA)values along with lower amounts of adsorbed species.Also,Ru addition seems to diminish the degree of degradation of the catalyst.Based on characterization and in agreement with essays carried out in a PEM cell at mild conditions(80℃ and 1 atm),PtRu/C 2:1 anode provided the best electrocatalytic results in terms of current density(740 mA cm^(-2)),hydrogen production and selectivity toward acetic acid(up to 15%apart from acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate)while requiring the lowest energy consumption.

Health disparities are associated with gastric cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios in 57 countries

AIM To evaluate the association between mortality-to-incidence ratios(MIRs) and health disparities.METHODS In this study, we used the GLOBOCAN 2012 database to obtain the cancer incidence and mortality data for 57 countries, and combined this information with the World Health Organization(WHO) rankings and total expenditures on health/gross domestic product(e/GDP). The associations between variables and MIRs were analyzed by linear regression analyses and the 57 countries were selected according to their data quality. RESULTS The more developed regions showed high gastric cancer incidence and mortality crude rates, but lower MIR values than the less developed regions(0.64 vs 0.80, respectively). Among six continents, Oceania had the lowest(0.60) and Africa had the highest(0.91) MIR. A good WHO ranking and a high e/GDP were significantly associated with low MIRs(P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively).CONCLUSION The MIR variation for gastric cancer would predict regional health disparities.

Screening and Domestication of High Effective Microorganism Used in Oil Containing Wastewater Remediation

According to the characteristics of oil containing wastewater, four strains of microorganism, named TA-11, TA-17, HA-9, HD-1, were picked out from the oil contaminated soil and activated sludge of biochemical treatment system of an asphalt plant wastewater in Panjin. They can degrade oil and CODCr in oil containing wastewater. The research result showed that each strain of microorganisms can remove oil and CODCr in oil containing wastewater effectively when the pH value was 7.0, the temperature was 30 degree Celsius, the rotation speed was 140r/min and the inoculation amount was 10%. Especially the highest removal ratio of CODCr was 68% after growth of 64 hours. The removal ratio of CODCr in oil containing wastewater of mixed bacilli was much higher than that of unitary bacilli, and mixing a certain amount of domestic sewage with the oil containing wastewater will also improve the removal rate of CODCr.

Export Value-Added of China’s Manufacturing Sector:Estimation and Mechanism Analysis

Estimation of domestic and overseas value-added of manufacturing sector is an important and difficult subject for the science-based evaluation of a country＇s trade interests under global value chain. Traditional HIY approach overestimates the domestic value- added of export. Although Koopman＇s method made certain improvements, it cannot utilize traditional I/O matrix and direct input coefficient matrix under the condition of incomplete information. By creating GAMS model, this paper addresses the above-mentioned problems and employs an improved model for the estimation of variations in domestic and overseas value-added of Chinese exports between 2002 and 2012. Our results indicate that by neglecting the export of processing trade, HIY approach overestimates the domestic value- added ratio of Chinese exports. As more imported intermediate inputs have been used in the export of processing trade, the estimation result of this paper have corrected deviations in the forecast of overseas value-added ratio and its tendencies based on HIY method Further analysis of specific factors of domestic value-added of export led to the discovery that the domestic value-added of export of processing trade and mixed trade is highly vulnerable to the impact of international capital inflow. It can be seen that the improved method for the estimation of value-added has indeed corrected the deviations in the estimation of China＇s value-added. In conclusion, China should accelerate the development of export of non- processing trade and trade in high-end services, and balance the relationship of export between local firms and foreign-funded firms, with a view to improving trade dependence and increasing the trade status of Chinese manufaeturing firms in global value chain.

Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Two-Stage-Bio-Contact Oxidation Process

Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT ) and gas volume on efficiency of wastewater treatment are dis- cussed based on a simulation experiment in which the domestic swage was treated by the two-stage-bio-contact oxida- tion process. The result shows that the average CODCr, BOD5 , suspended solid (SS), and ammonia-nitrogen removal rate are 94.5 %, 93.2 %, 91.7 % and 46.9 %, respectively, under the conditions of a total air/water ratio of 5∶1 , an air/water ratio of 3:1 for oxidation tank 1 and 2:1for oxidation tank 2and a hydraulic retention time of 1 h for each stage. This method is suitable for domestic sewage treatment of residential community and small towns as well.

企业出口国内附加值率提升与企业杠杆率

去杠杆是防范和化解重大债务风险的关键举措,而利用实体经济的力量以市场化、法治化方式积极稳妥地降低企业杠杆率是新时期稳步推进结构性去杠杆的重要方向。基于2000—2013年中国工业企业数据库和中国海关进出口数据库的匹配数据,从全球价值链视角探讨企业出口国内附加值率提升影响企业去杠杆的方向和内在机理。结果表明:企业出口国内附加值率提升会显著降低企业的杠杆率。异质性分析结果显示,企业出口国内附加值率提升对不同所有制、不同贸易方式、不同行业企业去杠杆都有积极的影响。进一步的机制检验结果显示,由企业出口国内附加值率提升带来的盈利能力提高、外资弱化效应以及商业信用增加效应是主要影响渠道。因此,政府和企业可从市场角度特别是企业自身竞争力提高方面探索降低和化解金融风险的路径。

对外直接投资、中间品转换与企业出口国内增加值率

使用中国工业企业数据库、中国海关数据库、境外投资企业(机构)名录的匹配数据,采用时变双重差分模型和倾向得分匹配方法,可以考察对外直接投资对制造业企业出口国内增加值率的影响效应和作用机制。研究发现,对外直接投资显著降低当期企业出口国内增加值率,对外直接投资通过中间品转换效应降低当期企业出口国内增加值率。进口中间品相对比例增加是对外直接投资降低企业出口国内增加值率的中介渠道;对地理距离较远和进口中间品关税较高国家的投资对企业出口国内增加值率的影响效应更显著。此外,中间品转换效应的内在动因是进口高质量中间品而非低价格中间品;从长期来看,对外直接投资将显著提升企业出口国内增加值率。

外贸内卷化、出口退税与企业出口国内附加值率

长期以来,我国出口企业面临来自国内外同类企业的双重竞争,容易出现为抢夺代工订单和抢占市场份额而竞相压价、生产低端同质产品的“外贸内卷化”现象,这是推动我国经贸高质量发展亟需探讨的问题。以微观企业为研究对象,研究外贸内卷化对企业出口国内附加值率的影响,进而分析出口退税政策在这一过程中是否能够起到调节作用。结果表明:外贸内卷化对企业出口国内附加值率有负面影响,而出口退税政策有助于缓解这种负面影响。机制分析发现,出口退税通过企业利润提升效应和一般贸易占比提升效应帮助企业缓解外贸内卷化的负面影响。因此,应进一步完善出口退税政策,实行不完全且有差别的增值税退税政策,以更好地发挥其引导企业出口行为选择的作用,走出外贸内卷化困境。

A^(2)/O一体化设备在农村生活污水处理中的应用

随着我国大力实施乡村振兴战略,农村生活污水治理不断推进。本研究基于A^(2)/O一体化设备处理农村生活污水的调试数据,考察DO浓度、硝化液回流比、污泥回流比等参数对工艺的影响,分析各参数相互影响规律,探究最佳运行参数。研究结果表明:A^(2)/O工艺处理农村生活污水最佳运行参数应控制DO浓度区间2~3 mg/L,硝化液回流比200%,污泥回流比100%。调控最佳工艺参数后,经处理后,出水满足《农村生活污水集中处理设施水污染物排放标准》(DB33/973-2021)表1中的一级标准,对A^(2)O一体化设备在农村生活污水治理中的应用提供案例支撑和经验借鉴。

Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in A^(2)O-BAF system treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process(A^(2)O)with a small aerobic zone and a bigger anoxic zone and biologic aerated filter(A^(2)O-BAF)system was operated to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater.The A^(2)O process was employed mainly for organic matter and phosphorus removal,and for denitrification.The BAF was only used for nitrification which coupled with a settling tank Compared with a conventional A^(2)O process,the suspended activated sludge in this A^(2)OBAF process contained small quantities of nitrifier,but nitrification overwhelmingly conducted in BAF.So the system successfully avoided the contradiction in sludge retention time(SRT)between nitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms(PAOs).Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms(DPAOs)played an important role in removing up to 91%of phosphorus along with nitrogen,which indicated that the suspended activated sludge process presented a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance.The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand(COD),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),and NH_(4)^(+)-N were 85.56%,92.07%,81.24%and 98.7%respectively.The effluent quality consistently satisfied the national first level A effluent discharge standard of China.The average sludge volume index(SVI)was 85.4 mL·g^(-1)additionally,the volume ratio of anaerobic,anoxic and aerobic zone in A^(2)O process was also investigated,and the results demonstrated that the optimum value was 1:6:2.

掺烧比对污泥与垃圾协同焚烧的影响

污泥作为城市污水处理的副产物,是一种产量高、危害大的固体废物。目前针对市政污泥的处置主要有堆肥、填埋和焚烧3种方式。随着污泥焚烧技术的深入发展,该处理方式以废物减量化程度高、能量可回收,同时能有效降低病原微生物和有机污染物质的危害等优势,已成为污泥处置的主要方法。本文结合污泥协同垃圾焚烧实际运行数据,采用理论计算、理化检测等方法,研究了掺烧比对烟气和飞灰排放指标的影响。结果表明,当掺烧比在10%左右时,烟气排放指标完全能满足GB18485-2014排放标准的要求,但SO 2指标多次超欧盟标准。每吨绝干污泥焚烧后约产生0.4 t的灰渣,其中灰量占60%,渣量占40%。当掺烧比提高时,飞灰比例增加,但飞灰比例基本在6%左右波动。

改良多级AO工艺在污水处理厂扩建中的应用

针对服务区域水质情况和出水水质要求,东莞市某污水处理厂扩建工程选取了改良多级AO系统作为主要生化工艺,并考察了其运行效果。结果表明,在污泥龄25.1 d、总停留时间18 h的工程条件下,本系统的改良多级AO系统能够高效脱氮除磷,保证主要污染物稳定去除,其中COD、BOD5、NH_(3)-N和TP平均去除率分别达到了92.04%、93.75%、97.56%、92.74%,出水均能稳定达标排放。本研究可以为实际生活中低C/N比的生活污水处理提供参考。

基于C形梁质量控制的国产T300级碳纤维匹配性研究

以大长径比C形梁为研究对象,针对其表面质量、厚度、外形轮廓、金相分析等问题,制定工艺研究路线。通过比对国产T300级碳纤维织物及单向带预浸料的制造效果,明确了与大长径比、小R结构C形梁相匹配的国产T300级碳纤维预浸料的类型。通过设计直观的研究目标及高效的比对方案,阐明了国产T300级碳纤维单向带预浸料与大长径比C形梁构型的工艺匹配性强,为国产复合材料后续的研究方向提供借鉴,缩短了国产复合材料研究应用的周期。

生活污水治理与评价指标体系设计研究

水环境是人居环境的关键组成,对当地经济发展具有重要影响。为了响应国家绿色、节能的号召,需要提高生活污水治理成效,弥补治理不足,打好生活污水处理攻坚战。本文针对生活污水治理评价问题展开研究,对生活污水治理评价指标体系进行构建,包括经济效益、环境效益、社会效益与处理工艺,通过分析各细化指标权重的计算结果,明确不同指标的影响程度,对于建立科学、合理的生活污水治理系统具有重要的实际应用价值。

葡萄糖碳源对低碳氮比生活污水反硝化脱氮性能的影响探究

改良型Carrousel氧化沟耦合工艺处理低碳氮比的生活污水,是采用间歇曝气模式,氧化沟出口的溶解氧为2.0~3.0 mg/L,污泥浓度为2 500~3 500 mg/L,污泥回流比为80%~95%。在TN和氨氮常年超标的情况下,投加葡萄糖碳源,可以使该污水处理厂改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺去除低碳氮比的生活污水中的氨氮、总氮、总磷、COD_(Cr)、BOD_(5)及酸碱度的效果很好,出水完全符合《城镇污水污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 19918-2002)[1]的要求。

3种挺水植物对生活污水主要污染物净化能力的研究

选用鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、石龙芮(Ranunculus sceleratus L.)、酸模(Rumex acetosa L.)3种挺水植物作为湿地植物进行无土栽培,研究它们在生活污水中的生长特性及对生活污水中主要污染物的净化能力。试验集中在春末夏初进行,结果表明,3种植物均生长良好。当污水停留时间(HRT)为7 d时,鸢尾对COD,TP,TN去除的贡献率分别为46.74%,17.71%,11.33%;石龙芮对COD,TP,TN去除的贡献率分别为39.82%,28.59%,8.88%;酸模对COD,TP,TN去除的贡献率分别为54.69%,20.26%,7.47%。经过处理后的污水水质显著提高,充分表明这3种植物应用于人工湿地是可行的。

组合MBR工艺中试系统处理高氨氮生活污水

以低碳氮比〔ρ(BOD5)/ρ(TN)〕、高氨氮生活污水为研究对象,对强化缺氧/好氧+膜生物反应器(A/O+MBR)组合工艺系统的运行稳定性和处理效果进行中试研究.结果表明:在A/O工艺中引入纤毛填料,强化了组合工艺去除有机物及氨氮的效果,缓解了膜组件污染;根据进水负荷和温度变化,优化了工艺运行参数ρ(MLSS)和混合液回流比,系统稳定运行期间的HRT为6.7～11.9 h,膜通量为11～20 L/(m2.h);处理系统对BOD5,CODCr,氨氮及SS的平均去除率分别达97.4%,87.2%,97.5%和100%,处理水ρ(BOD5)≤6 mg/L,ρ(CODCr)≤40 mg/L,ρ(氨氮)≤5 mg/L;由于碳源缺乏,组合工艺对TN和TP去除率较低,分别为28.5%和26.8%,但处理水中的TN和TP以硝态氮和溶解性磷酸盐为主,是植物吸收氮源和磷源的主要形式,因此对符合再生水水源要求的处理水可作为城市绿化及农田灌溉用水回用,不仅可补充植物与作物生长必需的氮磷营养元素,而且为城市生活污水资源化提供了一条有效途径.

缺氧/好氧比对连续流半亚硝化稳定性的影响

为研究不同缺氧好氧比对半亚硝化稳定性的影响,采用连续流反应器,在常温(22~25℃),DO(0.3~0.5mg/L)和FA协同作用下实现了全亚硝化后,转变进水为AO除磷二级出水,并逐步向半亚硝化过渡.在此过程中考察了不同缺氧好氧比(0:1、1:1、2:1和3:1)对半亚硝化稳定性的影响.结果表明,缺氧好氧比为0:1时,很难维持低NH_4^+-N(40~70mg/L)亚硝化的稳定,缺氧好氧比为1:1、2:1、3:1时均能维持稳定的半亚硝化效果,相比之下缺氧好氧比为3:1时更加节能;在缺氧好氧比0:1,1:1,2:1,和3:1的过程中,氨利用速率分别提高了29.57%、44.27%、45.23%、49.63%.在整个过程中污泥沉降性能良好,SVI在65~130m L/g.

污泥回流比对分段进水A/O生物脱氮工艺的影响

采用连续流分段进水缺氧/好氧(A/O)中试系统处理生活污水,研究污泥回流比(R)对系统性能的影响.结果表明,当R值高于1.0时,尽管第一段缺氧区的硝酸盐氮去除量明显增加,而系统硝化、反硝化效果均明显降低.当R为0.75时,系统总氮去除率最高,为92%;而当R值为1.5时,总氮去除率最低,为72%.当系统污泥沉降性能较好时,R值对二沉池泥泥位和泥水分离效果影响不大;而当污泥沉降性能较差时,二沉池泥位随R值增大而呈线性增加,此时提高R值会加剧污泥膨胀.此外,高R值使得系统各段悬浮固体浓度呈梯度分布的规律变得不再明显,降低系统污泥储量.同时,提高R值会降低系统固体停留时间,进而影响系统的污泥种群分布.

湿干比对人工快渗系统除污性能的影响

适宜的湿干比是确保人工快渗系统高效、稳定运行的关键。目前,国内关于湿干比的研究主要是针对北方的气候条件和土壤特性,而对具有南方气候与土壤特征的湿干比研究鲜有报道。为此,通过试验研究了适宜于南方特别是三峡库区环境的湿干比,重点考察了在3个不同的湿干比下,复氧方式不同的3组人工快渗系统对生活污水中COD、TN和TP的去除性能。结果表明,最适宜的湿干比为1∶3,与北方地区典型的湿干比相比,该湿干比由于土壤干化时间相对较短而较大程度地提高了处理量。就对COD的去除来说,应结合系统中的营养物质含量及好氧环境的恢复情况来选择湿干比;湿干比与对TN的去除率呈负相关关系,湿干比越小则越有利于脱氮;湿干比与除磷率无显著相关性;通过种植植物进行强化复氧对COD的去除作用不大,但可提高对氮、磷的去除效果。