Analysis and Commentary:“Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence”

On May 11, 2011, 13 mem- bers of the Council of Europe signed a legally binding international in-strument, the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence, as part of a program to protect and aid women. The Convention aims to increase aware- ness and understanding among the general public of the different mani- festations of all forms of violence and their consequences on children,

Qinhuangdao Women Protected from Domestic Violence

Zhang Honglian （pseudonym）, 36, doesn＇t remember how many times her ill-tempered ex-husband beat her. But she knows her plight would definitely continue if women＇s organizations in her city, Qinghuangdao of Hebei Province, failed to step in to intervene on her behalf.

Readiness to Screen for Domestic Violence against Women in Healthcare Uganda: Associations with Demographic, Professional and Work Environmental Factors

Aim: We assessed demographic, professional and work environmental determinants of readiness to screen for Intimate Partner Violence among healthcare practitioners in healthcare Uganda. Methods: The Domestic Violence Healthcare Provider Survey Scale and the Demand-Control-Support questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 376 health care providers (n = 279 valid responses) from Gulu, Anaka, Lacor and Iganga hospital situated in northern and eastern Uganda. Correlation tests, t-tests, ANOVA and Multiple Linear regression were used to analyse the data. Results: Male care providers were more likely than female peers to blame the victim for the occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence in a relationship. Participants from Lacorhospital graded a lower self-efficacy and a poorer support network with regard to screening for Intimate partner violence, and a higher propensity to blame the victim when contrasted with other hospitals. Doctors experienced a lower self-efficacy with regard to IPV screening than other professions. Blaming the victim for abuse was associated with a high work load and low support at work. In addition, with increasing work control and support, participants’ appraisal of system support and self-efficacy increased. Conclusion: Gender, profession, facility of work, work demand, control and support are important determinants of the readiness to screen for IPV in healthcare Uganda, and should inform strategy for the introduction and implementation of routine IPV inquiry in healthcare Uganda.

Patterns of Violence Experienced by Women Victims of Domestic Violence in Bengaluru City:A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction:Domestic violence has negative effects on the physical health and mental health of women.Domestic violence takes various forms:physical,psychological,sexual,and emotional abuse.Many organizations are working with women and their families to prevent and reduce instances of violence.The current study aimed to understand the various patterns of violence among women victims of domestic violence.Materials and Methods:The sample of 30 women approaching the women’s helpline,in Bengaluru was considered for the study using a cross-sectional design.The interview schedule for assessing patterns of violence was used.Descriptive statistics were used for analyzing the data.Results:The majority of the respondents(50%)were in the age group of 20-29 years,more than half(53.3%)were homemaker and the majority(70%)stayed in nuclear family structures.More than one-fourth reported severe physical violence such as pushing,slapping,and punching.Most of the respondents reported husbands to be perpetrators of violence,60%reported violence as a habit,and the majority reported dowry harassment as the reason for violence.Conclusion:Mental health professionals need to work on the root cause of habitual violence and dowry harassment perpetrated by the spouse and empower the victims.

Stop Domestic Violence Against Women

IN the beautiful autumn of 1995, women from all over the world gathered at the NGO Forum of the UN Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing to discuss the ugly topic of "women and violence." An American woman said angrily that domestic violence was "as common as giving birth to babies." She denounced the prevalence of the violent behavior that was hidden in families and called upon the participants to strive for women’s dignity and safety. The participants all recognized that domestic violence had become a

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Domestic Violence in Senegal

Introduction: Despite being under-reported, domestic violence remains a significant challenge in Senegal. The aim of this study is to provide a descriptive analysis of the epidemiological and clinical factors characterizing domestic violence in Senegal. Methodology: A descriptive and retrospectively observational study was conducted. The data was collected from the court records of female victims of physical and/or sexual violence registered from 2006 to 2015. Female victims of physical and/or sexual violence at the hands of their husbands who had a court record at one of Senegal’s high courts during this period were also included. All records that met the inclusion criteria were selected for the study, and the data was analyzed using Epi Info 3.3.2. Results: According to the court records of 148 female victims of domestic violence, the average age of the victims was 30.6 ± 10.1 years. More than 3/4 (76.4%) of the victims were housekeepers, 82.4% of whom were uneducated. The average age of the perpetrators was 40.4 ± 11.4 years, and they were self-employed in the informal sector in 47.3% of the cases. Additionally, more than 3/4 (78.4%) of the perpetrators were uneducated. Eleven women (8% of the victims), were abused while pregnant. Physical violence was predominant (95.3%), while those associated with sexual assault accounted for 4.7% of cases. Of the 7 recorded cases of sexual violence, 3 were cases of unwanted sexual touching, and all cases of physical violence were cases of assault and battery. The violence took place at the home of the perpetrators in 81.8% of cases. In 84.7% of the cases, victims received treatment and care within 24 hours or less. Among the victims, 73% showed clinical lesions. Contusions, hematomas and penetrating wounds were most frequent, representing 23.1%;19.4% and 13.9% of cases respectively. Conclusion: Despite the low number of cases registered in the judicial system in the past ten years, much more violence is occurring without being denounced by the victims. Therefore, it seems appropriate to increase awareness within the community and break sociocultural barriers that hinder the recognition of women’s rights in the couple.

涉家暴离婚案件中受暴女性面临的问题与对策

我国现行法律为受家暴女性权益保护提供了法律依据,但在司法实践中,受暴女性在涉家暴离婚案件中仍面临多重困境。主要体现在:一是家庭暴力行为认定存在困难,法官过于强调暴力的周期性、经常性,且举证责任分配不合理;二是受家暴女性的离婚诉求受到制约,“感情确已破裂”的离婚标准模糊,法官考虑离婚后续问题而倾向判决不准离婚;三是受家暴女性权益保障不力,人身安全保护令制度与损害赔偿制度运行不畅。解决上述问题,需从扩大家暴认定范围、完善离婚裁判标准、优化相关制度运行等方面着手,形成反家庭暴力联动机制,全面保障受家暴女性的合法权益。

人工流产妇女中家庭暴力现况研究

目的 了解我国北方部分城市人工流产妇女中家庭暴力的发生率、暴力类型和暴力的严重程度。方法 于 2 0 0 1年 11月～ 2 0 0 2年 1月在天津、辽宁、河南及陕西的部分城市对 12 15名自愿要求人工流产的妇女进行横断面调查。结果 12 15名人流妇女中有 2 74名妇女报告曾遭受亲密伴侣 (配偶 /性伴侣 )的家庭暴力 ,其发生率为2 2 6 % ;其中性暴力发生率为 18 1% ,躯体暴力发生率为 7 8% ,心理暴力发生率为 3 0 %。既往和本次妊娠期间家庭暴力的发生率分别为 2 1 7%和 7 0 %。在受虐妇女中 ,4 6名妇女 (16 8% )经常遭受暴力 ,偶尔和有时遭受暴力的妇女比例几乎相同 (4 0 5 %和 4 2 7% )。大多数受虐妇女 (77 0 % )只遭受了 1种类型的暴力 ,但有 4 4 %的受虐妇女曾遭受了心理、性和躯体 3种类型的暴力。单纯的性暴力是人流妇女中最常见的暴力形式 ,其次为单纯的躯体暴力。结论 我国北方部分城市人流妇女中家庭暴力发生率较高 。

农村地区已婚妇女家庭暴力知晓情况调查

目的了解我国农村地区已婚妇女对家庭暴力态度及相关知识情况。方法2004年11月～2005年1月，在吉林、安徽省和重庆铜梁市的人口基金项目县，采用多阶段容量比例抽样方法选择了25个乡镇，对3998名18岁及以上的已婚育龄妇女进行问卷调查。结果我国农村地区已婚妇女对家庭暴力存在一定的错误认识，51．4％妇女认为夫妻打架属家庭私事，只能与家里人讲，68．6％妇女认为在某些情况下丈夫可以打妻子。85．2％妇女对家庭暴力概念不了解。文化程度影响妇女对家庭暴力的态度和听说过家庭暴力情况。但对其家庭暴力行为了解情况没有明显作用。结论我国农村地区妇女对家庭暴力的认识和了解情况较差，需要加大宣传教育力度。并将家庭暴力的知识纳入教育系统中，增强全面应对家庭暴力的能力。

妊娠期妇女遭受家庭暴力的影响因素及心理反应研究现状

女性遭受家庭暴力已成为一个社会广泛关注的公共健康问题,妊娠期是女性身体和心理都比较特殊的时期,家庭暴力对母婴健康均会产生不利影响。本文就妊娠期妇女遭受家庭暴力的发生率、影响因素、心理反应及应对方式进行综述。

中国北方部分城市人工流产妇女家庭暴力相关因素初探

作者采用结构式调查问卷方法,于2001年11月至2002年1月在天津、辽宁、河南及陕西地区对1215名自愿要求人工流产的城市妇女进行调查,分析了中国北方部分城市人工流产妇女中家庭暴力发生的相关因素。结果发现,274名调查对象在本次妊娠前或后曾遭受过亲密伴侣的家庭暴力(包括性暴力、躯体暴力和心理暴力),家庭暴力发生率为22.6%。家庭暴力的发生与年龄、教育程度、职业、经济收入均无关联。家庭暴力并非只发生于特定的人群,而是一个普遍存在的社会问题,人流妇女有与暴力有关的生活经历以及与男方关系不良,易增加暴力发生的风险。

家庭暴力受虐妇女社会支持网络构建的实证研究——以天津市为例

本文试图从社会工作的角度,利用社会支持理论,从受虐妇女的心理需求、专业救助和辅导需求、亲友支持以及社会环境支持等需求出发,寻求构建受虐妇女社会支持网络、保护弱势女性权益的新途径。

家庭暴力对流动人口已婚育龄妇女性与生殖健康的影响

目的:了解丈夫的身体暴力或性暴力对流动人口已婚育龄妇女性与生殖健康的影响。方法:在上海市某中心城区采用以社区为基础的多阶段整群抽样方法对符合条件的流动人口已婚育龄妇女进行问卷调查,共收回有效问卷958份。结果:曾经或最近1年遭受过身体暴力或性暴力的对象有不良妊娠结局、曾经或最近1年有生殖道感染症状、性生活不和谐、曾经感到缺乏性欲和最近1年感到缺乏性欲的比例显著高于同一时期从未遭受过任何暴力的对象。Logistic回归分析发现,遭受过身体暴力或性暴力的对象有不良妊娠结局、生殖道感染、妇科疾病、性生活不和谐和缺乏性欲的危险性是未遭受过任何暴力对象的2.05～4.79倍。结论:身体暴力或性暴力对流动人口已婚育龄妇女的性与生殖健康状况有显著影响。

上海市流动人口已婚妇女对家庭暴力的态度及其影响因素

目的:了解上海市流动人口已婚妇女对家庭暴力的态度以及相关影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法:本研究为横断面调查,采用同性别调查员匿名面对面访谈形式进行问卷调查,共收回有效问卷958份。用SAS9.1软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:80.8%调查对象同意"任何情况下,丈夫都不应该打妻子",15.7%妇女认为"丈夫发现妻子对他不忠时,可以打妻子",11.1%妇女同意"妻子不孝敬公公婆婆时,可以打妻子";17.1%的妇女不同意"妻子自己不想要时,可以拒绝与丈夫过性生活"。多因素分析结果显示,年龄越大,由父母亲戚介绍/相亲方式结婚的研究对象更容忍家庭暴力,而文化程度越高的对象越反对家庭暴力。结论:上海市流动人口已婚妇女对家庭暴力态度较积极,但仍有部分流动人口已婚妇女对家庭暴力仍存在错误认识,需要加强对其进行性别平等意识、家庭暴力意识及反家庭暴力意识的宣传教育,提高她们预防和制止家庭暴力的能力。

农村育龄期妇女家庭暴力认知与自杀意念的相关分析

目的:探讨农村育龄期妇女家庭暴力状况与自杀意念的相关性。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取样本。利用Beck自杀意念量表和自制家庭暴力调查表进行访谈式调查,采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析。结果:共调查农村育龄期妇女924人,其自杀意念发生率为9.42%。在对家庭暴力的认知上存在较大不足,其中,长期不与对方说话的认知与农村育龄期妇女自杀意念的产生显著相关。结论:家庭暴力相关问题是自杀意念的关键因素,应给与农村育龄期妇女更多的关怀和法律援助,降低农村育龄期妇女的自杀意念。

豫粤两省孕产妇家庭暴力现况比较

目的：在不同地域的较大范围内初步了解我国孕期及产后妇女家庭暴力的发生现况，分析产生家庭暴力的原因及其影响因素。方法：采用整体抽样的方法，于2004年3月～2004年9月在河南省和广东省的部分城镇医院产科门诊和住院部对待产及产后复查的2835名妇女进行问卷调查。结果：2835人中孕期曾发生家庭暴力的327人，发生率为11．5％；河南省孕期家庭暴力发生率为16．8％，广东省发生率为6．4％。1776名产后妇女调查对象中464人遭受家庭暴力，发生率26．1％；河南省发生率为33．7％，广东省发生率为17．4％，两地发生率明显不同（P〈0．001，OR=3．0）。孕妇家庭暴力发生的影响因素主要包括：文化程度和职业、家庭收入、家庭生活状况、社会文化背景等。在与非暴力组相比，暴力组孕妇的各种身心健康问题发生率明显增高（P〈0．001）。结论；家庭暴力在我国城镇妇女孕期及产后有一定发生，且产后发生率较高，家庭暴力严重影响孕产妇身心健康，应该从多方面进行干预。

唐山农村地区妇女家庭暴力的影响因素

[目的]研究唐山市农村地区家庭暴力的发生情况,以探讨影响家庭暴力发生的因素。[方法]在唐山市农村地区抽取3个村,对部分已婚妇女进行面对面问卷调查;采用SPSS12.0软件进行描述性分析、χ2检验、logistic多元回归分析。[结果]唐山市农村地区已婚妇女躯体暴力的发生率为12.4%,性暴力的发生率为11.2%,心理暴力的发生率为20.6%。影响躯体暴力发生的主要因素有:妇女暴力生活经历和妇女家庭地位。[结论]农村已婚妇女家庭暴力发生率较高,将会对妇女身心健康造成很大影响。

西部农村地区家庭暴力发生情况及对妇女精神健康的影响

目的:了解西部农村针对妇女的家庭暴力发生情况及对妇女精神健康的影响。方法:使用夫妻冲突量表(the revised Conflict Tactics Scale,CTS2)及自编问卷对宁夏某县1 577名妇女进行调查。结果:24.6%的妇女报告过去1年遭受过精神暴力,轻度和重度精神暴力的发生率分别为23.9%和7.0%;5.5%的妇女过去1年遭受过躯体暴力,轻度和重度躯体暴力的发生率分别为4.4%和4.1%;1.1%的妇女报告过去1年曾受过性暴力。有2.2%的妇女报告在过去1年中曾因家庭暴力受到躯体伤害,轻度和重度躯体伤害的发生率分别为2.1%和1.0%。妇女过去任何时候曾经遭受家庭暴力的比例分别为精神暴力30%,躯体暴力16.3%,性暴力1.8%,躯体伤害6.4%。妇女精神健康分别用过去1个月精神症状出现的种类、过去1年是否有过自杀意念和过去1年心理精神健康状况的自我评价3个指标来描述,多元线性回归和Logistic回归显示,在同时考虑年龄、家庭收入、丈夫是否外出打工这3个因素时,家庭暴力持续显示为影响妇女精神健康的重要因素,遭受精神暴力或躯体暴力的妇女表述过去1个月内出现更多种类的精神症状;过去1年遭受过精神暴力的妇女,其过去1年出现自杀意念的风险是未遭受过精神暴力者的3.98倍,其自我评价过去1年心理精神健康状况差的风险是未遭受过精神暴力者的1.67倍;过去1年遭受过躯体暴力的妇女,其过去1年出现自杀意念的风险是未遭受过躯体暴力者的4.72倍,其自我评价过去1年心理精神健康状况差的风险是未遭受过躯体暴力者的4.57倍。研究还显示,老年妇女和家庭收入极低的妇女为精神健康的危险人群。结论:针对农村妇女的家庭暴力发生情况不容乐观,家庭暴力对妇女的身心健康造成极大威胁,今后应采取有效措施,降低类似农村地区家庭暴力的发生,保护妇女,提高其生活质量。

从和谐的视野看亲密关系的冲突——家庭暴力与女性犯罪研究

家庭是社会的细胞,建构和谐社会首先必须要建构一个和谐的家庭。但在当前中国,许多家庭中男女两性并未达到真正的平等与和谐。男性对女性的家庭暴力及其所引发的女性犯罪就是这种两性冲突的极端表现。制止家庭暴力、预防女性犯罪、建构和谐家庭,是我们成功建构和谐社会的基础。