Leaching behavior of heavy metals with hydrochloric acid fromfly ash generated in municipal waste incineration plants

The extraction behavior of heavy metals from municipal waste incineration （MWI） fly ash was investigated systematically. The extraction process includes two steps, namely, fly ash was firstly washed with water, and then subjected to hydrochloric acid leaching. The main parameters for water washing process were tested, and under the optimal conditions, about 86% Na, 70% K and 12% Ca were removed from fly ash, respectively. Hydrochloric acid was used for the extraction of valuable elements from the water-washed fly ash, and the optimal extraction was achieved for each heavy metal as follows： 86% for Pb, 98% for Zn, 82% for Fe, 96% for Cd, 62% for Cu, 80% for Al, respectively. And the main compositions of the finally obtained solid residue are Ca2PbO4, CaSi2Os, PbsSiO7, Ca3A12Si3012 and SiO2.

Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration FlyAsh with Cement and Its Leaching Behaviors of Heavy Metals

The solidifying effect of cement addition on municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWFA for short,collected from the gas exhaust system of MSW incinerator),the interaction of MSWFA with cement and water and the leaching of heavy metals from cement solidified MSWFA are investigated.The main results show that:(1) when MSWFA is mixed with cement and water,H 2 evolution,the formation and volume expansion of AFt will take place,the volume expansion can be reduced by ground rice husk ash addition;(2) heavy metals do leach from cement solidified MSWFA and at lower pH more leaching will occur;(3) compared with cement-solidified fly ash,the leachate of solidified MSWFA is with higher heavy metal contents;(4) with the increment of cement addition leached heavy metals are decreased;and (5) concentrations of Zn,Mn,Cu and Cd in all the leachates can meet the relevant Standards of Japan,but as the regulations for soil and groundwater protection of Japan are concerned,precautions against the leaching of Pb,Cl - and Cr 6+ and so on are needed.

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that governs the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals(Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate(51%) and exchangeable(20%) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively); Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87%); and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62%). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.

Comparative evaluation of processes for heavy metal removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Hydrochloric acid leaching, chloride evaporation, acetic acid leaching, and biological leaching were evaluated and compared as processes of heavy metal removal for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWFA). Six factors, namely, energy consumption, process efficiency, process handling, process cost estimation, cost reduction potential, and study progress, were used in order to find out their advantages and disadvantages and to help develop a better recovery process of heavy metals from MSWFA in terms of treatment of the waste material. Hydrochloric acid leaching process was found to be most balanced among the evaluated processes. It showed superiority on energy consumption, process cost estimation, and study progress. On the other hand, despite of its excellency in process efficiency, chloride evaporation process was most unfavorable mainly due to heavy energy dependence. Biological process, with huge potential of cost reduction, was concluded to be the second best process.

Mechanical and environmental properties of geopolymer-stabilized domestic waste incineration slag in an asphalt pavement base

Domestic waste incineration slag(WIS)includes fly ash and slag.Fly ash is classified as hazardous waste because it contains heavy metals.Most of slag are directly stacked or landfilled due to problems such as large output and low utilization rate.Harmless treatment is imminent.If WIS is used effectively in the road engineering,which can realize the high-quality and high-efficiency recycling of WIS,and it is of great significance to save resources and protect the environment.This study applies a geopolymer prepared from WIS fly ash as a stabilizing agent in WIS blending macadam for use as a pavement base mixture,and reports the mechanical properties(unconfined compressive strength,splitting strength,and resilience modulus)of the geopolymer-stabilized WIS blending macadam(GeoWIS).The leaching concentrations of harmful heavy metals of GeoWIS soaked in water were also investigated.Finally,the strength formation and heavy metal stability mechanisms were explored.The unconfined compressive strength,splitting strength,and compressive resilient modulus of GeoWIS all increased with increasing geopolymer content and decreasing WIS content.The strength of GeoWIS was derived from its geopolymerization and hydration products(C-S-H gel,N-A-S-H gel,and AFt).When the geopolymer content reached 12%–14%,the GeoWIS without natural macadam met the strength criterion of the asphalt pavement base.Through physical adsorption and chemical bonding,the geopolymer significantly reduced the leaching of harmful heavy metals.In GeoWIS with 50%WIS and stabilized with 10%geopolymer,the Cr,Ni,Cd,and Pb concentrations met the grade III groundwater standard.Concentrations of heavy metals leached from GeoWIS are low and exert little impact on environment.

Mechanism of high concentration phosphorus wastewater treated by municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

The mechanism of removing phosphate by MSWI(municipal solid waste incineration)fly ash was investigated by SEM(scanning electron microscopy)with EDS(energy dispersion spectrum),XRD(X-ray diffraction),FT-IR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy),BET(specific surface area),and BJH(pore size distribution).The results indicate that the removal rate of phosphate(100 mg/L)in 50 mL phosphorus wastewater reaches at 99.9% as the dosage of MSWI fly ash being 0.9000 g under room temperature.The specific surface area of MSWI fly ash is less than 6.1 m2/g and the total pore volume is below 0.021 cm3/g,suggesting that the absorption capacity of calcite is too weak to play an important role in phosphate removal.SEM images show that drastic changes had taken place on its specific surface shape after reaction,and EDS tests indicate that some phosphate precipitates are formed and attached onto MSWI fly ash particles.Chemical precipitation is the main manner of phosphate removal and the main reaction is: 3Ca2++2 PO4 3-+xH2O→Ca3(PO4)2↓·xH2O.Besides,XRD tests show that the composition of MSWI fly ash is complex,but CaSO4 is likely to be the main source of Ca2+.The soluble heavy metals in MSWI fly ash are stabilized by phosphate.

Study on Treatment of Heavy Metals in Fly Ash by a Chelating Agent

The fly ash from two municipal solid waste incineration plants in Shanghai was treated by the self-developed organic composite chelating agent. The results indicated that the stabilization effect of Pb in the fly ash by the composite chelating agent was the best,and the proportions of its easily leaching form in the two kinds of fly ash decreased from 29. 60% and 27. 49% to 3. 05% and 0. 29% respectively. The leaching toxicity of stabilized fly ash was lower than the limits of Standard for Pollution Control on the Landfill Site of Municipal Solid Waste（ GB 16889- 2008）,so it can be landfilled separately in the landfill site of municipal solid waste.

Investigation of basic properties of fly ash from urban waste incinerators in China

Basic properties of fly ash samples from different urban waste combustion facilities in China were analyzed using as X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The leaching toxicity procedure and some factors influencing heavy metals distribution in fly ash were further investigated. Experimental results indicate that the fly ash structures are complex and its properties are variable. The results of XRF and SEM revealed that the major elements （〉10000 mg/kg, listed in decreasing order of abundance） in fly ash are O, Ca, Cl, Si, S, K, Na, Al, Fe and Zn. These elements account for 93% to 97%, and the content of Cl ranges from 6.93% to 29.18 %, while that of SiO2 does from 4.48% to 24.84%. The minor elements （1000 to 10000 mg/kg） include Cr, Cu and Pb. Primary heavy metals in fly ash include Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu etc. According to standard leaching test, heavy metal leaching levels vary from 0 to 163.10 mg/L （Pb） and from 0.049 to 164.90 mg/L （Zn）, mostly exceeding the Chinese Identification Standard for hazardous wastes. Morphology of fly ash is irregular, with both amorphous structures and polycrystalline aggregates. Further research showed that heavy metals were volatilized at a high furnace temperature, condensed when cooling down during the post-furnace system and captured at air pollution control systems. Generally, heavy metals are mainly present in the forms of aerosol particulates or tiny particulates enriched on surfaces of fly ash particles. The properties of fly ash are greatly influenced by the treatment capacities of incinerators or the variation of waste retention time in chamber. Fly ash from combustors of larger capacities generally has higher contents of volatile component and higher leaching toxicity, while those of smaller capacities often produce fly ash containing higher levels of nonvolatile components and has lower toxicity. The content of heavy metals and leaching toxicity maybe have no convincing correlation, and high alkali content of CaO greatly contribute to leaching toxicity of heavy metal and acid neutralization capacity against acid rain.

Concentration of Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, and Nickel in the Incinerator Bottom Ash in Five County Hospitals in Kenya

Healthcare wastes contain potentially harmful microorganisms, inorganic and organic compounds that pose a risk to human health and the environment. Incineration is a common method employed in healthcare waste management to reduce volume, quantity, toxicity as well as elimination of microorganisms. However, some of the substances remain unchanged during incineration and become part of bottom ash, such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Monitoring of pollution by heavy metals is important since their concentrations in the environment affect public health. The goal of this study was to determine the levels of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni) in the incinerator bottom ash in five selected County hospitals in Kenya. Bottom ash samples were collected over a period of six months. Sample preparation and treatment were done using standard methods. Analysis of the heavy metals were done using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, model AA-6200. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine whether there were significant differences on the mean levels of Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd and Ni in incinerator bottom ash from the five sampling locations. A post-hoc Tukey’s Test (HSD) was used to determine if there were significant differences between and within samples. The significant differences were accepted at p ≤ 0.05. To standardize the results, overall mean of each metal from each site was calculated. The metal mean concentration values were compared with existing permissible levels set by the WHO. The concentrations (mg/kg) were in the range of 102.27 - 192.53 for Cu, Zn (131.68 - 2840.85), Pb (41.06 - 303.96), Cd (1.92 - 20.49) whereas Ni was (13.83 - 38.27) with a mean of 150.76 ± 77.88 for Copper, 131.66 ± 1598.95 for Zinc, 234.60 ± 262.76 for Lead, 12.256 ± 10.86 for Cadmium and 29.45 ± 18.24 for Nickel across the five sampling locations. There were significant differences between levels determined by one-way ANOVA of Zn (F (4, 25) = 6.893, p = 0.001, p ≤ 0.05) and Cd (F (4, 25) = 5.641, p = 0.02) and none with Cu (F (4, 25) = 1.405, p = 0.261, p ≤ 0.05), Pb (F (4, 25) = 1.073, p = 0.391, p ≤ 0.05) and Ni (F (4, 25) = 2.492, p = 0.069). Results reveal that metal content in all samples exceed the WHO permissible levels for Cu (100 mg/kg), while those for Ni were below the WHO set standards of 50 mg/kg. Levels of Zn in three hospitals exceeded permissible level of 300 mg/kg while level of Pb exceeded WHO set standards of 100 mg/kg in two hospitals. Samples from four hospitals exceeded permissible level for Cd of 3 mg/kg. This study provides evidence that incinerator bottom ash is contaminated with toxic heavy metals to human health and the environment. This study recommends that hospitals should handle the bottom ash as hazardous wastes and there is need to train and provide appropriate personal protective equipment to healthcare workers, waste handlers, and incinerator operators and enforce compliance to existing regulation and guidelines on healthcare waste management to safeguard the environment and human health.

Elemental Analysis of Fly and Bottom Ash from Burners/Incinerators in Selected Health Care Facilities in Kiambu County, Kenya

Medical waste incinerators emit a wide range of pollutants like heavy metals, dioxins and furans. These include Pb （lead）, Hg （mercury）, Cd （cadmium）, fine dust particles and PICs （products of incomplete combustion）. The objective was to determine the elemental composition of medical waste residue after incineration in selected hospitals in Kiambu County, Kenya. Bottom/fly ash samples were collected from the burners/incinerators in the selected health care facilities visited. The concentrations of the metals in the fly ash and bottom ash were determined using an XRF （X-ray fluorescence） spectrometer after acid digestion. The concentrations of heavy metals in the fly and bottom ash were as follows： Ti （titanium） 62-839 mg·kg^-1 and a mean of 202 mg·kg^-1 and 344 mg·kg^-1 in fly ash and bottom ash, respectively. Ca （calcium） was 37,753-204,475 mg.kg1 with means of 27,132 mg.kg-1 in fly ash and 131,185 mgg·kg^-1 in bottom ash. Zn （zinc） was 297-6,605 mg·kg^-1 with means （2,307 mg·kg^-1 in fly ash, 4,359 mg·kg^-1 in bottom ash）, Pb （13-1,819 mg·kg^-1） had means of 280 mg·kg^-1 in fly ash and 291 mg-kg-1 in bottom ash. Cu （copper） （9.5-250 mg·kg^-1） had means of 83.47 mg·kg^-1 in fly ash and 98.8 mg·kg^-1 in bottom ash. The wide variations in results can be attributed to the different burners/incinerators used and different segregation methods of the medical waste. The results show that the reported levels of heavy metals could pose a health risk due to possible leaching after disposal.

碱激发垃圾焚烧底灰地聚物的制备及其水化特性研究

本文采用城市垃圾焚烧底灰(BA)、偏高岭土和矿粉作为原料,NaOH和水玻璃作为碱激发剂来制备底灰地聚物,重点研究了不同碱含量、BA掺量对聚合物抗压强度及水化特性的影响。研究表明:当碱含量达7%(质量分数,下同)时,过量的钠与活性钙、活性硅和铝反应,从而形成大量低强度N-A-S-H,使底灰地聚物强度下降;当碱含量固定、BA掺量达到80%时,底灰地聚物的强度大幅度降低。对于底灰而言,其聚合物体系对重金属离子具有显著的固化效果。因此,采用BA制备底灰地聚物对城市固废绿色再生利用和环境保护具有重要意义。

改性淀粉对垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb和Cd稳定化研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb和Cd对人体及环境危害极大且浸出质量浓度严重超标。为稳定飞灰中的Pb和Cd,合成了一种以玉米淀粉为主体的有机螯合剂,用于处理飞灰中的Pb和Cd。通过改变螯合剂投加质量分数、养护时间、液固比(mL∶g)和pH值来研究螯合剂稳定效果并进行表征。X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)结果显示,改性处理未改变玉米淀粉的结晶结构类型。通过对结晶度计算,表明改性过程发生在淀粉结晶区。扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)结果显示,处理前飞灰比表面积较大,飞灰经过改性玉米淀粉处理后粒径明显增大,降低了飞灰比表面积。通过傅里叶变换红外(Fourier Transform Infrared,FT-IR)光谱表征,显示飞灰处理前后主要存在碳酸盐、硫酸盐和硅铝酸盐。采用单因素试验确定改性淀粉螯合飞灰Pb和Cd的最佳条件为:改性淀粉投加质量分数为3%、养护时间为24 h、液固比(mL∶g)为2∶5、pH值为7~9。该条件下,Pb和Cd浸出质量浓度最低分别为0.162 mg/L、0.087 mg/L,对Pb和Cd稳定化率均大于93%,浸出质量浓度远低于《生活垃圾填埋场控制标准》限值。淋溶试验显示,淋溶速率较慢及酸雨条件下,螯合体中Pb和Cd的溶解程度较高。

水泥协同垃圾焚烧飞灰固化渗滤液污泥试验研究

采用硫铝酸盐水泥协同生活垃圾焚烧飞灰作为胶凝材料对渗滤液污泥进行固化,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、浸出毒性分析和微观测试,探索水泥与飞灰的复合固化效果和固化机理.结果表明:当水泥掺量不小于20%时,固化试样的28 d无侧限抗压强度满足填埋强度要求;飞灰是水泥固化渗滤液污泥的优良辅助固化剂,其对水泥固化试样无侧限抗压强度的增强效应存在最优掺量;10%的飞灰可替代10%的水泥而使固化试样达到更好的固化效果;复掺30%或40%水泥+15%飞灰的试样可同时满足填埋强度和浸出毒性的要求.

Detoxifying PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical waste incinerators with a DCdouble arc plasma torch

Medical waste incinerator （MWI） fly ash is regarded as a highly toxic waste because it contains high concentrations of heavy metals anddioxins, including polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinateddibenzofurans （PCDFs）. Therefore fly ash from MWI must be appropriately treated before beingdischarged into the environment. A melting process based on adirect current thermal plasma torch has beendeveloped to convert MWI fly ash into harmless slag. The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and vitrified slag were investigated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, while the content of PCDD/Fs in the fly ashes and slags was measured using method 1613 of the US EPA. The experimental results show that thedecomposition rate of PCDD/Fs is over 99% in toxic equivalent quantity value and the leaching of heavy metals in the slag significantlydecreases after the plasma melting process. The produced slag has a compact and homogeneous microstructure withdensity of up to2.8 g/cm3 .

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰协同底渣制备轻质低硅铝型陶粒实验研究

以城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰(简称飞灰)协同城市生活垃圾焚烧底渣(简称底渣)制备轻质低硅铝型陶粒,研究飞灰/底渣掺量、焙烧条件对陶粒性能的影响,分析热处理后矿物相转变、微观形貌,并从重金属浸出角度评估成品陶粒的质量。结果表明:(1)在最佳原料掺量(质量分数)为飞灰20.0%、底渣40.0%、凝灰岩40.0%,最佳焙烧参数为预热温度500℃、焙烧温度1100℃、焙烧时间10 min的条件下,陶粒的颗粒强度为2014 N,堆积密度为890 kg/m^(3),1 h吸水率为8.60%。(2)焙烧过程中生成了新物相(透辉石、钙铁辉石和硅灰石),并且陶粒内部形成了丰富的多孔结构。(3)陶粒中Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Cd、Pd浸出毒性远低于《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)。

Leaching characteristics of heavy metals during cement stabilization of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators

The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in products of cement stabilization of fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator were investigated in this paper.The stabilization of heavy metals such as Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn in fly ash from such incinerators was examined through the national standard method in China based on the following factors:additive quantity of cement and Na_(2)S,curing time,and pH of leaching liquor.The results showed that as more additives were used,less heavy metals were leached except for Pb,which is sensitive to pH of the leachate,and the worse effect was observed for Cd.The mass ratio of cement to fly ash=10% is the most appropriate parameter according to the national standard method.When the hydration of cement was basically finished,stabilization of heavy metals did not vary after curing for 1 d.The mixtures of cement and fly ash had excellent adaptability to environmental pH.The pH of leachate was maintained at 7 when pH of leaching liquor varied from 3 to 11.

典型炉排炉和流化床垃圾焚烧飞灰及螯合产物的重金属浸出毒性

垃圾焚烧飞灰富含重金属、二噁英等污染物,属于危险废物,需进行无害化处理。目前国内生活垃圾焚烧厂广泛采用固化/稳定化+填埋的方式处置飞灰。对国内的炉排炉飞灰和流化床飞灰,以及两者的螯合产物进行取样,对比分析两种飞灰的特性、螯合前后的重金属浸出特性,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法分析飞灰螯合前后差异对重金属稳定化的影响。研究发现,螯合可使流化床飞灰的重金属问题得到控制,而炉排炉螯合后飞灰中Cd重金属的浸出浓度仍存在超标问题,指出当前固化/稳定化方法处理飞灰存在不足,这种方法可通过水泥包裹使飞灰表面致密,一定程度上降低重金属的浸出,但化学药剂稳定重金属的效果不明显,不易于实现重金属的长期稳定,没有可持续发展潜力,为进一步有针对性地开展新型垃圾焚烧飞灰处置技术研究提供借鉴参考。

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中氯盐及重金属分离提取技术研究进展

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰具有高氯盐、重金属成分组成复杂等特性,将飞灰中高氯盐及重金属等高价值污染物分离提取并资源化利用不仅可以降低飞灰的危害性,还可以减少天然矿物的开采,具有显著的环境和经济效益.本文根据飞灰中氯盐及重金属分离提取的最新研究报道,结合国内外的工业化应用现状,对各类提取工艺存在的优缺点及发展方向进行综述及展望,以期彻底实现飞灰的无害化处置及资源化利用.当前飞灰中氯盐的分离提取技术已经成功得到应用,但综合处置成本仍明显高于螯合后填埋,有待进一步优化.相比之下,飞灰中重金属的分离提取技术尚处于起步阶段,主要限制因素为回收金属价值难以覆盖其提取成本,并且还面临重金属处理不彻底的问题,仍需继续开展相关技术攻关及政策引导.

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理技术研究进展

焚烧是我国生活垃圾最主要的处置手段,焚烧飞灰含有二噁英和重金属,属于危险废物,处理方式比较受限,但处理需求量大。推动生活垃圾焚烧飞灰无害化处置与资源化利用处理技术的发展,积极补齐城镇生活垃圾处理设施短板,符合国家节能减排与绿色发展的要求。本文系统分析了我国典型地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰基础特性、二噁英和重金属产生特征,综述了飞灰二噁英的主要处理技术,包括高温烧结、高温熔融/玻璃化、水泥回转窑热处理、低温催化热解、水热处理技术、机械化学降解技术,对比了飞灰中重金属的主要处理方法,包括固化稳定化、固热处理、金属分离技术,并对飞灰处理技术的工程化应用进行总结与展望,以期为我国生活垃圾焚烧飞灰减量化、无害化、资源化技术发展提供理论支撑。

基于硫化钠的垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属回收试验研究

为实现对垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属的回收,以硫化钠溶液为沉淀剂,探究了其用量对重金属回收率的影响,并评价了回收后重金属对环境的影响。理论计算结果表明,在pH为9~12的体系中,S^(2-)能与提取液中的重金属离子形成CdS、CuS、PbS、ZnS金属硫化物沉淀。回收试验结果表明,每处理1 L提取液,5%Na_(2)S的适宜用量为40 mL,Na_(2)S用量对各重金属元素的回收率总体上影响不大;提取液处理前,Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的质量浓度较低,Cd、Pb质量浓度超标,尤其是Pb超出了标准限值的20倍;回收处理后,提取液中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度均符合GB 8978-1996的规定;浓度较高的Pb回收效果最为显著,其回收率达95.31%,浓度较低的Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的回收率分别为63.16%、62.71%、66.37%和54.88%;Cr^(3+)虽然不与S^(2-)反应,但通过包藏、吸附等方式被其他重金属硫化物共沉淀进入重金属回收渣,从而实现分离回收;重金属回收渣中铅质量分数高达4.24%,超过了原生铅矿Pb最低工业品位的4倍多,可以作为一种炼铅资源。本工艺简单、实用性强,为垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用提供了一条新途径。