Kinetic regularities of 4-phenyl-o-tolunitrile ammoxidation on V-Sb-Bi-Zr/γ-Al2O3 oxide catalyst in the temperature interval 633 - 673 K have been studied. It has been established that rates of conversion of 4-phenyl...Kinetic regularities of 4-phenyl-o-tolunitrile ammoxidation on V-Sb-Bi-Zr/γ-Al2O3 oxide catalyst in the temperature interval 633 - 673 K have been studied. It has been established that rates of conversion of 4-phenyl-o-tolu- nitrile into the aimed 4-phenylphthalonitrile and CO2 are described by half-order equation on concentration of substratum and to be independent of the oxygen and ammonia partial pressures. It has been revealed that formation of 4-phenylphthalimide from byproducts is due to hydrolysis of 4-phenylphthalonitrile;carbon dioxide is produced by oxidation of 4-phenyl-o-tolunitrile and decarboxylation of 4-phenylphthalimide, and 4-phenylben- zonitrile is produced from 4-phenyl-o-tolunitrile and 4-phenylphthalimide.展开更多
In today’s fast-changing international humanitarian landscape,non-traditional/new donors are prominent amongst the more diversified group of humanitarian donors operating in the same settings as Development Assistanc...In today’s fast-changing international humanitarian landscape,non-traditional/new donors are prominent amongst the more diversified group of humanitarian donors operating in the same settings as Development Assistance Committee donors.Kuwait was the first‘new donor’in the Gulf region and was recently given the status of an‘International Humanitarian Centre’by the former UN Secretary-General for the role it played in responding to the humanitarian needs of Syria.Yet Kuwaiti humanitarianism remains under-analysed in academic research.This paper aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of Kuwait’s humanitarian landscape by identifying its humanitarian actors,governing principles,preferred modalities of aid disbursement and by examining Kuwait’s humanitarian strengths,weaknesses and potential.展开更多
文摘Kinetic regularities of 4-phenyl-o-tolunitrile ammoxidation on V-Sb-Bi-Zr/γ-Al2O3 oxide catalyst in the temperature interval 633 - 673 K have been studied. It has been established that rates of conversion of 4-phenyl-o-tolu- nitrile into the aimed 4-phenylphthalonitrile and CO2 are described by half-order equation on concentration of substratum and to be independent of the oxygen and ammonia partial pressures. It has been revealed that formation of 4-phenylphthalimide from byproducts is due to hydrolysis of 4-phenylphthalonitrile;carbon dioxide is produced by oxidation of 4-phenyl-o-tolunitrile and decarboxylation of 4-phenylphthalimide, and 4-phenylben- zonitrile is produced from 4-phenyl-o-tolunitrile and 4-phenylphthalimide.
文摘In today’s fast-changing international humanitarian landscape,non-traditional/new donors are prominent amongst the more diversified group of humanitarian donors operating in the same settings as Development Assistance Committee donors.Kuwait was the first‘new donor’in the Gulf region and was recently given the status of an‘International Humanitarian Centre’by the former UN Secretary-General for the role it played in responding to the humanitarian needs of Syria.Yet Kuwaiti humanitarianism remains under-analysed in academic research.This paper aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of Kuwait’s humanitarian landscape by identifying its humanitarian actors,governing principles,preferred modalities of aid disbursement and by examining Kuwait’s humanitarian strengths,weaknesses and potential.
