Study on Rural Solid Waste Collection and Transportation Mode and Route Optimization Strategy in the Cold Regions of Northern China

Rural vitalization is a major strategy for reform and development of agriculture and rural areas in China,the key task of which is improving rural living environment.Imperfect rural solid waste(RSW)collection and transportation system exacerbates the pollution of RSW to rural living environment,while it has not been established and improved in the cold region of Northern China due to climate and economy.Through the analysis of the current situation of RSW source separation,collection,transportation and disposal in China,an RSW collection and transportation system suitable for the northern cold region was developed.Considering the low winter temperature in the northern cold region,different requirements for RSW collection,transportation and terminal disposal,scattered source points and single terminal disposal nodes in rural areas,the study focused on determining the number and location of transfer stations,established a model for transfer stations selection and RSW collection and transportation routes optimization for RSW collection and transportation system,and proposed the elite retention particle swarm optimization–genetic algorithm(ERPSO–GA).The rural area of Baiquan County was taken as a representative case,the collection and transportation scheme of which was given,and the feasibility of the scheme was clarified by simulation experiment.

Current Status of Sludge Collection, Transportation and Treatment in Ho Chi Minh City

In the process of construction and development, Ho Chi Minh City is discharging about six types of sludge: 1) sludge from urban wastewater drainage systems;2) sludge from industrial wastewater drainage system;3) sludge from the canal dredging activities periodically;4) sludge from septic tanks;5) sludge from the water treatment station/plant;6) sludge from the construction sites. Sludge’s components are very different among types of sludge, sludge from the sewer network and canal dredging contain mainly sand and soil (70% - 90% dry weight), while the sludge from the wastewater/water treatment station/plant and from septic tanks contain mainly biodegradable organic substances (55% - 80% dry weight). The concentrations of all above-mentioned sludge (except sludge from the hazardous industrial wastewater treatment plant) are lower than toxic threshold. The volume of total sludge is about 3000 - 4000 m3/day (5000 - 6000 tons/day), excepting the amount of sludge generated from the water treatment plant (which is collected and treated separately). Sludge from wastewater treatment plants and septic tanks is collected, transported and recycled to become organic fertilizer. The other types of sludge are collected, transported, and disposed at the “unknown” locations, even though they have different values for use.

Establishment and application of performance evaluation model for collection and transportation system of municipal solid waste

On the basis of analyzing the typical waste collection and transportation mode,the evaluation index system for performance of the waste collection and transportation system was proposed with three grades,which related to six factors,such as economic evaluation,high efficient evaluation,environmental impact assessment,resource evaluation,evaluation of security and emergency,evaluation of management and society. With the performance evaluation theory,the performance evaluation model of waste collection and transportation system was constructed,which quantified the grading standard of index and determined the index weight in analytic hierarchy process (AHP). After evaluating the waste collection and transportation system of the main districts of Chongqing city,the results show that the it has an excellent performance evaluation grade with very high performance level of three indices involving evaluation of management and society,environmental impact assessment,evaluation of security and emergency and quite low performance level of two indices that include high efficient evaluation and economic evaluation.

Adding Sputum Collection and Transportation Services for Early Identification TB Cases in Hard-to-Reach Difficult Terrain—Will It Help?

A community engagement project was designed and implemented to reach 10.6 million population in 13 districts of Uttarakhand state—India, to identify presumptive TB patients (PTBPs) and link to free diagnostics services, either through referral or sputum collection and transportation (SCT). The objective of this study is to determine additional yield of TB patients achieved by providing SCT services in comparison to referrals of PTBPs identified in hard-to-reach areas. This was before and after comparative study conducted between April-June 2014 (2Q2014-before) to July-September 2014 (3Q2014-after). SCT was advised for all PTBPs identified from community level interventions between July-September 2014 (3Q2014-after). In 3Q2014, additional 279 (34%) PTBPs were examined in the microscopy centre with an additional 36 (51%) new smear positive (NSP) patient diagnosed. A total of 46 NSP (128%) were contributed by SCT alone. Higher proportion (94%) of TB patients was initiated on treatment in 3Q2014 in comparison to 2Q2014 (91%). SCT as a strategy for early case detection in hard-to-reach difficult terrain yields positive results in comparison to mere referral of PTBPs.

Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing,China:Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes

This study attempts to evaluate the rationality of the spatial layout of shopping malls and identify the urban area with poor shopping mall accessibility,as well as to provide a reference and assist decision-making for planning.Using the case of Nanjing,China,this study developed a method to evaluate the accessibility of shopping malls by three transport modes(car traffic,public transit,and bicycle).Specially,we divide the urban space into a regular hexagonal grid and harvest the total travel time from each of 7204 hexagon centroids to each of 129 shopping malls using the Baidu Internet map.The door-to-door travel time approach is used to evaluate all travel stages(walking,waiting,transfer,and transportation)based on travel time calculations.We further divide the shopping malls into two levels(super-regional and regional)based on the Dianping App’s information and develop the indicator of accessibility to shopping malls:the number of shopping malls within tolerance time thresholds and apply the closest facility and cumulative opportunities methods to measure accessibility scores.The results show that the accessibility estimations vary greatly with transport modes.The accessibility of shopping malls presents a concentric ring trend centered on the city center under the car traffic and bicycle modes.And public transit accessibility tends to axially extend due to the topology of bus routes and metro lines.In particular,we observe that the accessibility of shopping malls in Nanjing has an uneven spatial distribution pattern,with high accessibility values in the central urban areas and lots of underserved areas in urban fringe regions.Based on the accessibility measurements,we finally map the poor accessibility area and propose corresponding implications for urban planning.

Collective transport of Lennard-Jones particles through one-dimensional periodic potentials

The surrounding media in which transport occurs contains various kinds of fields, such as particle potentials and external potentials. One of the important questions is how elements work and how position and momentum are redistributed in the diffusion under these conditions. For enriching Fick＇s law, ordinary non-equilibrium statistical physics can be used to understand the complex process. This study attempts to discuss particle transport in the one-dimensional channel under external potential fields. Two kinds of potentials—the potential well and barrier—which do not change the potential in total, are built during the diffusion process. There are quite distinct phenomena because of the different one-dimensional periodic potentials. By the combination of a Monte Carlo method and molecular dynamics, we meticulously explore why an external potential field impacts transport by the subsection and statistical method. Besides, one piece of evidence of the Maxwell velocity distribution is confirmed under the assumption of local equilibrium. The simple model is based on the key concept that relates the flux to sectional statistics of position and momentum and could be referenced in similar transport problems.

Effects of Hyperosmolality on Expression of Urea Transporter A2 and Aquaporin 2 in Mouse Medullary Collecting Duct Cells

In this study,the effects of hyperosmolality on the expression of urea transporter A2 (UTA2) and aquaporin 2 (AQP2) were investigated in transfected immortalized mouse medullary collecting duct (mIMCD3) cell line.AQP2-GFP-pCMV6 and UTA2-GFP-pCMV6 plasmids were stably transfected into mIMCD3 cells respectively.Transfected mIMCD3 and control cells were cultured in different hy-pertonic media,which were made by NaCl alone,urea alone,or an equiosmolar mixture of NaCl and urea.The mRNA and protein expression of AQP2 was elevated by the stimulation of NaCl alone,urea alone and NaCl plus urea in AQP2-mIMCD3 cells;whereas NaCl alone and NaCl plus urea rather than urea alone increased the mRNA and protein expression of UTA2 in UTA2-mIMCD3 cells,and all the expression presented an osmolality-dependent manner.Moreover,the mRNA and protein expression of UTA2 rather than AQP2 was found to be synergistically up-regulated by a combination of NaCl and urea in mIMCD3 cells.It is concluded that NaCl and urea synergistically induce the expression of UTA2 rather than AQP2 in mIMCD3 cells,and hyperosmolality probably mediates the expression of AQP2 and UTA2 through different mechanisms.

Effects of the HMT on Nucleon Collective Flows within BUU Transport Model

Within the framework of a semiclassical Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck （BUU） transport model, the high mo- mentum tail （HMT） effects of nucleon momentum distribution in the nucleus on the nucleon collective flows are studied in semieentral Au＋Au collisions. The HMT due to the isospin-dependent short-range correlations causes a smaller value of the collective flows. We find that the HMT effects on the nucleon collective flows are remarkable at beam energy of 300 MeV/nucleon and become weak as the incident beam energy increases. The results indicate that for the collective flow studies at intermediate energies, the HMT of nucleon momentum distribution in nucleus should be taken into account in transport models.

表面Janus图案结构的单向导水集雾性能

受沙漠甲虫启发,本文引入单宁酸金属络合物(TA-Fe^(3+))和聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)对无纺布(NFc)进行润湿性改性。通过浸渍喷涂法制备了表面图案化单宁酸-铁离子/聚二甲基硅氧烷Janus无纺布(p-TA-Fe^(3+)/PDMS Janus NFc),利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等研究了其微观结构,并搭建水雾收集器测试其雾收集性能,进一步考察表面单向水传输性能,探讨集雾行为机制。结果表明,p-Janus NFc具有甲虫状图案化表面和不对称润湿性Janus结构,亲-疏交替的润湿表面和Janus结构产生的协同效应使其表现出良好的单向水传输性能和优异的水雾收集能力。在3.0h集雾实验中,p-Janus NFc集水率可高达193.31mg/(cm^(2)·h),为相应超亲水材料的约16倍。这种生物启发性Janus无纺布材料为构建环保高效的集雾系统、缓解干旱半干旱地区水资源短缺现状提供了一条有力途径。

生活垃圾收运环节温室气体排放量核算方法研究

科学合理的碳核算方法是支持碳达峰碳中和的关键,生活垃圾分类下收运环节温室气体排放量的系统性核算方法有待完善.为了科学核算分类下生活垃圾收运环节温室气体排放,该研究依据《IPCC 2006年国家温室气体清单指南2019修订版》及《温室气体协议》,开展了生活垃圾收运环节核算范围的确定、温室气体排放源和排放种类的识别及核算模型构建.结果表明:生活垃圾收运环节核算范围包括投放点、暂存点、中转站以及处置点4个核算单元,排放源包括移动源、固定源和工艺/过程排放,移动源为收运车辆用电隐含排放CO_(2)以及燃料燃烧排放的CO_(2)、CH4和N_(2)O,固定源为中转站用能设施隐含排放的CO_(2),工艺/过程排放为收运车辆尾气净化消耗催化剂产生的CO_(2).同时构建了温室气体排放核算模型,对北京市顺义区生活垃圾收运环节碳排放当量进行核算,结果显示分类后的厨余垃圾和其他垃圾收运环节温室气体排放量存在差异,其中单位厨余垃圾温室气体排放量(以CO_(2)当量计)为24.78 kg/t,单位其他垃圾温室气体排放量为18.77 kg/t.研究显示,生活垃圾装/卸载过程是产生温室气体的主要排放源,其排放量均占比在50%以上.该研究对生活垃圾分类下的收运过程,建立了可拆分、可组合、模块化的核算单元,可为我国各城市生活垃圾收运环节温室气体排放量核算提供理论支撑.

稻秆规模化高效收储运体系建设与评价——以江西省恒湖垦殖场为例

为加快推进秸秆综合利用、健全秸秆收储运体系,以江西省恒湖垦殖场为研究对象,分别对稻秆收集、存储过程及经济成本进行调查研究,构建适宜万t以上规模稻秆的收储运体系。结果表明:(1)自然条件下晾晒第4 d田间稻秆含水率≤20%,打捆机可入场作业;(2)优化打捆机田间作业参数,保障稻秆质量稳定和安全储存(草捆密度≥150 kg·m-3,含杂率≤5%);(3)优化稻秆堆场设计,提升堆储能力,保障堆场稻秆安全稳定;(4)随着储存时间的推移,稻秆的腐败程度逐渐增加,变异系数以纤维素含量最大,且无膜覆盖大于有膜覆盖,底层大于顶层和中层;(5)围绕稻秆收集、存储、运输等关键环节建立稻秆收储运体系经济模型,评估该体系经济成本,集中型机械收储运模式总经济成本约290元·t-1。这一研究可为建设高效的秸秆收储运体系、秸秆综合利用产业发展提供技术支撑。

秸秆收储运模式对运输成本的影响

以乌鲁木齐市为例,选取了10个储运点,分析不同秸秆收储运模式的特点,寻找经济可行的收储运模式,提升秸秆生物质的利用率。结果表明:秸秆运输成本占秸秆生物质燃料成本的比例较大;模式一适用于秸秆储存量不大、运输距离较近的收储运点;模式二对距离较远、储量小的收储运点较为适合;模式三适用于储量大的收储运点,收集快,运输距离短。3种模式各有利弊,应针对不同的地点选用最合适的方法。储量小,选择模式一;储量大,选择模式三;距离远,选择模式二。

垃圾分类背景下县域城乡生活垃圾处理体系建设的实践探索

在垃圾分类的背景下,采取实地考察、采样分析和调查研究等形式,对近年来滕州市城乡生活垃圾处理体系建设的实践探索及工作经验进行研究。分析了当前生活垃圾分类收运体系发展滞后、垃圾末端处置设施存在短板、建筑垃圾资源化利用率整体偏低等问题。同时,结合实际提出全面打造最优垃圾分类收运链条、建设新型环保固废循环经济静脉产业园、探索推行建筑垃圾“一体化”运作等对策和建议。

大型综合交通枢纽智能绿色立体车库可行性研究

随着我国经济快速发展,特大型、大型客运综合交通枢纽相继建成,基于机场GTC、高铁TOD、城市轨道TOD等功能高度融合的综合性项目快速迭代。为枢纽配套的停车位数量巨大,多数枢纽配建的停车库为常规自走式平面车库,单车面积大、库内行走距离长、人车混流、空间品质差等问题突显。为此结合大型综合交通枢纽智能停车的特点、现状及优势,以工程实践中存在的问题为出发点,探索在综合交通枢纽内设置智能立体车库的意义与机会,并依托成都锦城广场P+R地下停车场及地下空间项目和南宁国际空港综合交通枢纽项目方案的研究成果,提出2种可行的智能停车系统空间布局模式。

长沙市餐厨垃圾收运管理系统研究与实践

餐厨垃圾收运是实现其资源化和无害化的关键环节,虽然已经研发很多新型收运系统,但是仍然存在源头数据获取准确率低的问题。针对这个问题,介绍一种基于App的餐厨垃圾收运管理方法,并以长沙市餐厨项目为例,验证该方法的实用性及其在餐厨垃圾全覆盖收运中的重要作用。该方法为餐厨垃圾收运提供了新的管理模式,能够显著提高收运数据获取的准确性,具有广阔的应用前景。

考虑集疏运均衡与空箱调运的内支线航线网络设计优化

为了解决集装箱内支线运量结构差异以及航线结构单一,导致载箱率偏低与集疏运成本居高不下的问题,基于某集装箱枢纽港集疏运驳船运输网络的作业数据,提出了直达航线与环绕式航线结合的混合航线模式。在该模式下,将支线港按照航程距离进行聚类分析,并以集运与疏运均衡、重箱运输与空箱调运均衡为目标构建航线设计优化模型,通过小规模问题求解精确解验证模型,进而设计启发式算法求解现实规模问题。通过将提出的混合模式与现有直达航线模式进行运力需求对比分析,验证了混合航线模式可减少集疏运网络运力浪费,可为内支线航线网络设计提供决策参考。

西安市装修垃圾处置现状研究

随着人民生活品质的提高,房屋的翻新、重装与改装需求日益旺盛,装修垃圾产生量持续增长,其滞后的资源化利用及处置体系建设和管控措施严重威胁生态环境、居民健康以及社会经济的可持续发展。在此背景下,本文对西安市装修垃圾的收运处置现状进行实地调研并分析其存在的问题,梳理行业政策、规范标准等,借鉴部分城市的先进经验,为西安市装修垃圾处理处置体系建设提出合理建议。

长三角生态绿色一体化示范区苏州南站地区综合交通规划探索

苏州南站科创新城是长三角一体化示范区先行启动区“一厅三片”的重要组成部分,苏州南站枢纽作为新城核心,将打造开放智慧、蓝绿交融、独具特色的综合交通体系。通过打破阻隔、多网融合、枢纽联动等策略强化对外交通联系,快速融入示范区和长三角网络;通过打造掩映于江南田园之中的枢纽集疏运系统,满足新一代站城融合发展要求;通过发挥本底资源优势、连通蓝绿网络,探索水乡地区交通出行新模式。规划是示范区国土空间规划体系下重点片区综合交通规划的一次重要实践,同时也是生态绿色一体化交通发展模式的重要探索。

高速公路智慧收费站系统应用研究

高速公路智慧收费站不仅方便了用户,减少了等待时间和缴费时间,同时也为交通管理部门提供了更加精准的数据分析和决策支持。然而,高速公路智慧收费站的建设和应用并非易事。在技术层面,需要攻克多种技术的集成和协同工作;在实践层面,需要解决设备维护、故障处理和人力资源需求等问题。本文将探讨高速公路智慧收费站系统应用,希望通过系统的实践研究,为高速公路智慧收费站的进一步发展提供有益的参考和启示,推动智能交通系统的不断完善和发展。

山东省某地农村污水收集治理方案设计

污水散排严重影响农村民生环境,导致土壤和水资源污染、滋生蚊蝇、损害居民健康。为解决这一问题,山东省某地展开农村污水收集治理工程。本文从当地农村污水类型出发,介绍了治理方案的基本情况,阐述了污水定额选取、污水源头收集方案,并根据村庄特点和环境敏感性选择适宜污水输送方式和污水处理方案。文末对本方案设计的特点进行总结,为类似工程提供参考价值。