Dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) is associated with gazing toward humans in domestic dogs (<i>Canis familiaris</i>)

Dogs show high social communicative ability in interactions with humans. We investigated the association between dogs’ social communicative behavior and the polymorphisms of a gene related to a neurotransmitter. We used an “unsolvable task”, in which an experimenter put a food reward into a container and closed it firmly so that dogs could not remove the reward. Human-directed gazing, possibly to request help, is a characteristic behavioral trait of dogs in such situations. The association between owner-directed gazing behavior in the unsolvable task and polymorphisms of three regions (exon1, exon3, intron2) in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) was analyzed. We found that the genotype of DRD4 intron2 was significantly associated with the dogs’ gazing behavior. Dogs carrying shorter allele (P) looked at their owner more frequently, for longer, and earlier than dogs carrying longer allele (Q). This result suggests that polymorphism in DRD4 intron2 may affect social communication and cognition in dogs.

Dopamine receptor D3R and D4R mRNA levels in peripheral lymphocytes in patients with schizophrenia correlate with severity of illness

Schizophrenia is a disease that affects many areas of the brain. The dopamine hypothesis is one of the most widely-accepted ideas in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Besides alterations in the dopaminergic system in the central nervous system, there have been several reports of changes in dopaminergic systems in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients. Several reports have shown that dopamine receptor expression by lymphocytes is altered in patients with schizophrenia, but the results have been conflicting. We therefore re-assessed D3R and D4R mRNA levels in 11 patients with schizophrenia and 12 healthy subjects and correlated levels with severity of symptoms. D3R and D4R expression in lymphocytes and granulocytes was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and the severity of symptoms and cognitive impairment were assessed using the PANSS and BACS-J. There were no significant differences in mean D3R or D4R mRNA levels in lymphocytes from schizophrenic patients and controls and no significant difference in mean D4R mRNA levels in granulocytes (D3R mRNA undetectable). In patients with schizophrenia, D3R expression was inversely correlated with the total PANSS score (r = 0.768, p = 0.009), while D4R expression was positively correlated with working memory scales (r = 0.895, p = 0.001). In conclusion, these results imply that lymphocyte D3R and D4R are involved in the mechanisms of the disorder and could be used as target markers in the treatment of schizophrenia.

The dopamine receptor D4 regulates the proliferation of pulmonary arteries smooth muscle in broilers by downregulating AT1R

The major cause of pulmonary vascular remodeling in broilers is abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs),and one of the main causes of pulmonary hypertension syndrome(PHS)in broilers is pulmonary artery vascular remodeling.Forty Arbor Acres(AA)broilers were randomly divided into four groups(n=10):a control group(deionized water,Og/L NaCl),a freshwater group(FW,deionized water+1 g/L NaCl),highly salinized freshwater group 1(H-SFW-1,deionized water+2.5 g/L NaCl)and highly salinized freshwater group 2(H-SFW-2,deionized water+5 g/L NaCl).The results of in vivo experiments showed that vascular smooth muscle of the broilers could be significantly proliferated by intake of high-salinity fresh water(H-SFW-1&H-SFW-2),which significantly increased the content of angiotensin II(Ang II)and the expression of angiotensin II type 1(AT1)receptor protein.Meanwhile,it significantly decreased the expression of dopamine receptor D4(DRD4)protein.The results of in vitro experiments showed that exogenous Ang II induced the proliferation of primary VSMCs in broilers,which could be significantly inhibited by DRD4 agonists(D4A,HY-101384A)and enhanced by DRD4 inhibitors(D4I;HY-B0965).In addition,the results of immunoblotting and fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that AT1 receptors could be negatively regulated by DRD4 in VSMCs of broilers,either at the transcriptional or translational level.At the same time,the expression of AT1 receptor could be increased by DRD4 inhibition by D4I and decreased by DRD4 activation by D4A.The negative regulatory effect of DRD4 on AT1 receptor occurred in a dose-dependent manner.These results indicate that long-term intake of highly salinized fresh water can cause PHS in broilers,accompanied by varying degrees of proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle.This mechanism may involve response of its receptor being induced by increased Ang II,while DRD4 can negatively regulate it.

福建省Tourette综合征DRD4基因第3外显子48bp VNTR多态性

目的探讨福建省Tourette综合征与DRD4基因第3号外显子48bp VNTR多态性的关系。方法研究对象包括120名正常人和106例Tourette综合征(Gilles de la Tourette syndrom,TS)患者。采用抽提人基因组DNA、聚合酶链反应、琼脂糖凝胶电泳,结合PAGE胶电泳及银染技术检测DRD4基因第3外显子48bpVNTR多态性的等位基因和基因型。部分有代表性等位基因片段的PCR产物直接测序,检测其基因型。将TS患者与正常人的DRD4基因型进行对比,分析其与TS的相关性。结果 TS组与对照组中,DRD448bpVNTR共检测到8种基因型,有5种等位基因,即对应2～6次重复。DRD448bpVNTR基因型总体分布趋势、DRD4等位基因频率分布、DRD448bpVNTR长短重复等位基因比较,TS组与对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 DRD4第3号外显子的48bpVNTR多态性可能与福建省TS有关联。

M_(4) muscarinic receptors regulates dopamine/DARPP-32 signaling and glutamate transmis⁃sion to balance dopaminergic D1 function in mouse dorsal striatum

OBJECTIVE Abnormal striatal dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmis⁃sion is central to the pathophysiology of schizo⁃phrenia.In this study,we investigated the roles of M4 receptor interplay with D1 signaling in stria⁃tal neurotransmission that affect glutamatergic transmission to control the etiology of neuropsy⁃chiatric disorders.METHODS To study dorsal striatum(DS)region-specific neuronal and behav⁃ioral responses modulated by M4 receptors,we used clustered regularly interspaced short palin⁃dromic repeats-associated protein 9 technology to generate mice lacking M4 in the dorsal stria⁃tum(DS-M4-KD).The M4 positive allosteric modu⁃lator,VU0467154,were used to study the phar⁃macologically profiles with M4 receptor stimula⁃tion in WT mice.Oxotremorine M(Oxo-M),a no subtype-selective muscarinic agonist,was used to show that mAchRs activation,in order to dissect the particular function of M4,in DS-M4-KD mice.Open filed test and forced swim test were used to assess the change of psychiatric-like behav⁃iors.Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect protein levels of phosphory⁃lation site of dopamine-and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 ku(DARPP-32).Whole-cell patch-clamp recording was used to assess M4-mediated cholinergic inhibition of glutamater⁃gic synaptic input transmission.RESULTS West⁃ern blotting and immunohistochemistry assay showed VU0467154(5 mg·kg-1,ip)promoted phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr75,and atten⁃uated D1-dependent phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr34 within the mouse DS.Consistently,the Oxo-M(4μg,icv)also increased DARPP-32 phosphorylation at site Thr75 to reversed phos⁃phorylation at site Thr34 in WT mice,but not in DS-M4-KD mice.In parallel with altered DARPP-32 responses,VU0467154 or Oxo-M evoked a psychological stress response and reversed D1-induced hyperlocomotion in mice in open field test and force swim tests.However,Oxo-M sup⁃pression of D1-depengdeng behavioral respons⁃es was impaired in DS-M4-KD mice.Whole-cell patch recording showed that VU0467154 or Oxo-M mediated endogenous cholinergic inhibition of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents through M4 receptors,which in turn suppressed D1-depen⁃dent glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the DS.CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for the role of M4 receptors in regulation of dopa⁃mine/DARPP-32 signaling and glutamate respons⁃es in the DS,and therefore modulation of psychi⁃atric behaviors associated with D1 signaling.This results indicate the mechanisms of treatments targeting M4 in psychiatric disorders.

Effect of total isoflavones from pueraria lobata on the expressions of preproenkephalin, prodynorphin and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in PC12 cells induced by MPP^+

Objective： The aim of the study was to observe the effect of total isoflavones from pueraria Iobata （TIP） on D2 dopamine receptor mRNA, preproenkephalin mRNA and prodynorphin mRNA expressions in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） model cells induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion （MPP^＋）. Methods： TIP was dissolved in 0.1 M NaOH and added to the culture medium at a final concentrations of 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L. Some cells （control） were exposed to 0.001 M NaOH. TIP was added to PC12 cells 30 min prior to the administration of MPP^＋. TIP and MPP^＋ remained in the culture medium for 96 h. D2 dopamine receptor mRNA, preproenkephalin mRNA and prodynorphin mRNA expressions were assayed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Results： The D2 dopamine receptor mRNA and preproenkephalin mRNA expressions were up-regulated in MPP^＋ group compared with the control group, and prodynorphin mRNA expression was down-regulated in that. The D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression being down-regulated and prodynorphin mRNA expression being up-regulated in TIP group compared with the MPP^＋ group. And there was no effect of TIP on preproenkephalin gene expression in PC12 cells induced by MPP^＋. Conclusion： The results suggest that TIP down-regulates the D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression, up-regulates prodynorphin mRNA expression and not affects preproenkephalin gene expression in PC12 cells induced by MPP^＋.

氯胺酮快速抗抑郁机制及不良反应的研究进展

目的对氯胺酮治疗抑郁症的可能作用机制及临床不良反应进行系统阐述,以期为氯胺酮的临床研究及新一代抗抑郁药的研制提供思路及参考。方法从中国知网(CNKI)、万方中文数据库、Web of Science数据库及PubMed数据库检索2012年5月至2022年5月收录的相关文献;以“氯胺酮、艾司氯胺酮、抑郁症、难治性抑郁症、重度抑郁症、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体、α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑-丙酸受体、脑源性神经营养因子、雷帕霉素靶蛋白、肠道菌群、真核延伸因子2激酶、不良反应”为中文检索词,以“ketamine,esketamine,depression,treatment resistant depression,major depressive disorder,NMDAR,AMPAR,BDNF,TOR,gut microbiota,eEF2K,side effect”为英文检索词,最终纳入83篇文献进行研究分析。结果与结论氯胺酮是一种N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors,NMDAR)拮抗剂,由(S)-氯胺酮和(R)-氯胺酮两种对映异构体按照1∶1的比例构成。已有证据表明其对抑郁症的治疗有着显著疗效。研究显示,氯胺酮的作用机制可能与NMDAR、α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑-丙酸受体(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor,AMPAR)、脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、肠道菌群、真核延伸因子2激酶(eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase,eEF2K)等有关。同时,多项研究显示氯胺酮可能导致神经毒性反应、拟精神病、心血管系统疾病,以及泌尿系统疾病等多种不良反应,导致其在临床应用及试验中存在一定局限性。因此,深入探讨氯胺酮的作用机制及临床不良反应应,探索氯胺酮可能的作用靶点极其重要。

抽动秽语综合征汉族患者的执行功能及与多巴胺D4受体第3外显子48bp可重复序列多态性

目的:了解多巴胺D4受体基因第3外显子48bp可重复序列多态性(DRD4 exonIII NTR)与抽动秽语综合征(Gillesdela Tourette syndrome,GTS)患者执行功能缺陷之间的关系。方法:对86例GTS患者进行威斯康星卡片测验(Modified Wisconsin Card sortingtest,WCST)、Stroop色词测验(Strooptest)和连线测验,并和51例正常对照组进行比较;利用PCR技术对GTS患者进行了DRD4exonIII48bpVNTR分析。结果:与正常对照组比较,GTS组在Stroop测验中的C错误数[(44.39±65.3)vs.(20.50±10.85),P<0.01]等(包括C纠错数、C时间、CW正确数、CW错误数、CW纠错数和CW时间)、连线测验A时间[(69.80±25.84)vs.(35.69±8.25),P<0.01](包括连线B时间、错误数、犯规数)、WCST正确数[(44.39±65.37)vs.(27.49±10.85),P<0.01](错误数、持续错误数、非持续错误数和分类数)等测验项目上成绩较差,从共病情况来看,注意缺陷多动综合征共病组在Stroop测验部分项目上比单纯GTS组要差;从GTS组内分析来看,DRD4exonIII48bpVNTR和各神经心理学测验成绩没有关联。结论:抽动秽语综合征患者存在执行功能缺陷,DRD4exonIII48bpVNTR和抽动秽语综合征执行功能缺陷之间可能没有关联。

多巴胺D4受体显像剂^18F-FDTP的研制和受体结合分析

研发多巴胺D4受体显像剂,采用"一锅两步法"制备了一种潜在的多巴胺D4受体PET显像剂3-(4-[18F]氟苄基)-8,9-二甲氧-基1,2,3,4-四氢苯并吡喃[3,4-c]吡啶-5-酮(18F-FDTP),并用高效液相色谱法进行了分离纯化。其合成时间为105 min,放射化学产率为19.8%(衰变校正),纯化后放射化学纯度大于97%,比活度大于6.3×104PBq/mol。通过体外受体竞争结合分析,测定FDTP对多巴胺D4受体的亲和常数为8.1 nmol/L,对D2,D3受体的亲和常数分别大于5800,3000 nmol/L;通过分配实验,测得其脂水分配系数为0.85。初步的体外研究显示,18F-FDTP有希望用于D4受体显像,但还需经进一步试验证实。

SOX2/DRD2 signaling pathway facilitates astrocytic dedifferentiation in cerebral ischemic mice

Objective:To explore the effects of dopamine receptor D2(DRD2)on astrocytic dedifferentiation based on SOX2-regulated genes in neural stem cells(NSCs)and astrocytes.Methods:Immunofluorescence staining and SOX2-GFP mice were used to examine the lineage differentiation of SOX2-positive cells during the development of cerebral cortex.Primary NSCs/astrocytes culture,ChIP-seq and Western Blot were adopted to analyze and verify the expression of candidate genes.Pharmacological manipulation,neurosphere formation,photochemical ischemia,immunofluorescence staining and behavior tests were adopted to evaluate the effects of activating DRD2 signaling on astrocytic dedifferentiation.Results:Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated the NSC-astrocyte switch of SOX2-expression in the normal development of cerebral cortex.ChIP-seq revealed enrichment of DRD2 signaling by SOX2-bound enhancers in NSCs and SOX2-bound promoters in astrocytes.Western Blot and immunofluorescence staining verified the expression of DRD2 in NSCs and reactive astrocytes.Application of quinagolide hydrocholoride(QH),an agonist of DRD2,significantly promoted astrocytic dedifferentiation both in vitro and in vivo following ischemia.In addition,quinagolide hydrocholoride treatment improved locomotion recovery.Conclusion:Activating DRD2 signaling facilitates astrocytic dedifferentiation and may be used to treat ischemic stroke.

乙肝肝硬化患者维生素D水平与小肠细菌过度生长关系及与TLR4表达的相关性

目的探讨乙肝肝硬化患者维生素D水平与小肠细菌过度生长关系及与TLR4表达的关系。方法检测乙肝肝硬化患者及健康体检者维生素D水平、小肠细菌生长情况及外周血单个核细胞表面TLR4表达,比较不同组维生素D水平及其与SIBO关系和TLR4表达相关性。结果乙肝肝硬化患者维生素D不足或缺乏率为93.3%(56/60),与健康体检者76.2%(16/21)比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.63,P<0.05),且不同肝功能分级的肝硬化患者维生素D不足或缺乏率不同,Child-Pugh A级与Child-Pugh B/C级比,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.6,P<0.05)。肝硬化患者维生素D水平较健康体检者明显降低(t=3.3,P<0.01),且肝硬化SIBO阳性患者维生素D水平显著低于SIBO阴性组(t=2.45,P<0.05),而肝硬化SIBO阴性患者维生素D水平与健康体检者相比,差异无统计学意义(t=1.96,P>0.05)。肝硬化SIBO阳性患者维生素D水平与外周血单个核细胞TLR4表达呈负相关(r=-0.57,P<0.01),而健康对照组、肝硬化SIBO阴性组维生素D水平与外周血单个核细胞TLR4表达无相关性(P>0.05)。结论乙肝肝硬化患者广泛存在维生素D不足或缺乏,维生素D水平与SIBO密切相关,且维生素D水平降低与TLR4表达上调相关,维生素D通过与TLR4的作用在肝硬化病情进展中发挥作用。

维生素A、维生素D联合抗生素序贯疗法治疗儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的效果

目的分析维生素A、维生素D联合抗生素序贯疗法治疗儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的效果及对心肌酶谱、单核细胞Toll样受体4(toll like receptor 4,TLR4)/核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路分子表达的影响。方法选取收治的116例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿,随机分成对照组和观察组,各58例。对照组采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上联合维生素A、维生素D治疗,均连续治疗2个疗程。比较2组的临床疗效及治疗期间不良反应发生情况。检测治疗前后血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzymes,CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)水平。检测外周血Th1、Th2细胞计数及血清中TLR4、NF-κB水平。结果治疗后,观察组的总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组LDH、CK-MB、CK、AST、TLR4和NF-κB水平低于治疗前(P<0.05),且观察组LDH、CK-MB、CK、AST、TLR4和NF-κB水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组Th1细胞比例均下降(P<0.05),但2组比较差异无统计学意义。2组Th2细胞比例均显著降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);2组Th1/Th2值明显升高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论维生素A、维生素D联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗肺炎支原体肺炎患儿疗效明确,可降低心肌酶、TLR4、NF-κB水平,纠正Th1/Th2细胞免疫平衡,改善机体免疫状况。

甲状腺乳头状癌患者组织中表皮生长因子受体、维生素D受体、溴结构域蛋白4表达水平及其临床意义

目的:探究甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)患者组织中表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、维生素D受体(VDR)、溴结构域蛋白4(BRD4)的表达水平和其临床意义。方法:选取2022年2月—2024年3月广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心增城院区收治的PTC患者54例作为研究对象,取患者的癌组织及癌旁正常组织,采用免疫组织化学技术检测组织中EGFR、VDR和BRD4蛋白表达水平,并分析EGFR、VDR、BRD4阳性表达与临床病理特征的关系。结果:PTC患者癌组织中EGFR、VDR及BRD4蛋白表达阳性率均高于癌旁正常组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。不同临床病理特征的EGFR阳性表达情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);瘤体>1 cm、TNM分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期者VDR阳性率高于瘤体≤1 cm、TNM分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瘤体>1 cm、有淋巴结转移、TNM分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期者BRD4阳性率高于瘤体≤1 cm、无淋巴结转移、TNM分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。EGFR蛋白表达与VDR、BRD4蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.462、0.513,P<0.001);VDR蛋白与BRD4蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.407,P<0.001)。结论:EGFR、VDR和BRD4在PTC患者组织中呈显著高表达,与PTC的形成及临床病理特征有一定相关性,可作为治疗PTC的监测指标。

The prognostic value of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 in patients with sporadic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Background: Recent studies indicate that C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) and its ligand, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12(CXCL12), stimulate expression of the cell cycle regulatory protein Cyclin D1 in neurofibromatosis 1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor(MPNST) cells and promote their proliferation. In this study, we measured the expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and Cyclin D1 proteins in sporadic MPNST tissues from Chinese patients and investigated their prognostic values.Methods: CXCR4, CXCL12, and Cyclin D1 protein expression in samples from 58 Chinese patients with sporadic MPNST was assessed with immunohistochemical staining.Their prognostic values were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier analysis and a log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent prognostic factors.Results: High expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and Cyclin D1 was observed in 19(32.8%), 32(55.2%), and 16(27.6%)samples, respectively. CXCR4 expression was positively correlated with CXCL12 expression(r = 0.334, P = 0.010) and Cyclin D1 expression(r = 0.309, P = 0.018). Patients with high CXCR4 expression showed longer overall survival than those with low CXCR4 expression(χ~2 = 4.642, P = 0.031).Conclusion: High CXCR4 expression may define a specific subtype of sporadic MPNST with favorable prognosis.

双氢青蒿素抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对高糖刺激的足细胞功能障碍的改善作用

目的探究双氢青蒿素通过调控Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路对D-葡萄糖诱导的人肾小球足细胞(HGPC)炎症、增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响。方法体外培养HGPC细胞,将HGPC细胞分为对照组(5 mmol·L^(-1)D-葡萄糖)、高糖组(30 mmol·L^(-1)D-葡萄糖)和不同浓度双氢青蒿素组(30 mmol·L^(-1)D-葡萄糖+5、10、20、40μmol·L^(-1)双氢青蒿素),筛选出合适的双氢青蒿素作用浓度;随后将细胞分为对照组、高糖组、双氢青蒿素组(30 mmol·L^(-1)D-葡萄糖+20μmol·L^(-1)双氢青蒿素)、抑制剂组(30 mmol·L^(-1)D-葡萄糖+5μmol·L^(-1)NF-κB通路抑制剂BAY 11-7082)、双氢青蒿素+抑制剂组(30 mmol·L^(-1)D-葡萄糖+20μmol·L^(-1)双氢青蒿素+5μmol·L^(-1)BAY 11-7082)和双氢青蒿素+激活剂组(30 mmol·L^(-1)D-葡萄糖+20μmol·L^(-1)双氢青蒿素+1μmol·L^(-1)NF-κB通路激活剂Prostratin),干预24 h。细胞计数试剂盒细胞8(CCK-8)法检测细胞活力;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测炎症因子白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-8的表达水平;5-乙炔基-2’脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(EdU)法检测细胞的增殖能力;Transwell小室法检测细胞迁移和侵袭能力;蛋白免疫印迹(Western Blot)法检测细胞周期蛋白D1(CyclinD1)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和TLR4/NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果CCK-8法检测结果显示20μmol·L^(-1)双氢青蒿素对D-葡萄糖HGPC细胞活力恢复效果最好,因此选择20μmol·L^(-1)双氢青蒿素用于后续实验。与对照组比较,高糖组细胞增殖率和CyclinD1蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.05),炎症因子(IL-1β和IL-8)、迁移数、侵袭数、MMP-9、TLR4和磷酸化(p)-NF-κB p65蛋白相对表达量明显升高(P<0.05);双氢青蒿素组、抑制剂组、双氢青蒿素+抑制剂组及双氢青蒿素+激活剂组中双氢青蒿素和BAY11-7082明显抑制了D-葡萄糖对HGPC细胞的上述作用(P<0.05);与双氢青蒿素组比较,双氢青蒿素+抑制剂组中BAY11-7082增强了双氢青蒿素对D-葡萄糖诱导的HGPC细胞的作用(P<0.05),双氢青蒿素+激活剂组中Prostratin则削弱了双氢青蒿素对D-葡萄糖诱导的HGPC细胞的作用(P<0.05)。结论双氢青蒿素能抑制D-葡萄糖诱导的HGPC细胞迁移和侵袭,并促进其增殖,能有效改善D-葡萄糖刺激对HGPC细胞的炎症损伤,其作用机制可能与阻滞TLR4/NF-κB信号通路信号转导有关。

桔梗皂苷D对大鼠溃疡性结肠炎的改善作用及对TLR4/NOD信号通路蛋白表达的影响

【目的】探讨桔梗皂苷D对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的治疗作用及机制。【方法】将50只大鼠随机分为5组,包括正常组,模型组,桔梗皂苷D低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。除正常组大鼠给予蒸馏水饮用外,其他组大鼠通过在饮用水中施加5%硫酸葡萄糖钠(DSS)连续7 d诱导构建溃疡性结肠炎模型。实验第2~8周,桔梗皂苷D低、中、高剂量组大鼠分别灌胃10、25、50 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)桔梗皂苷D混悬液,正常组和模型组大鼠灌胃等体积蒸馏水。给药期间,观察大鼠一般情况。给药结束后,采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法观察结肠组织病理形态并进行组织学评分,Western Blot法检测结肠组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD)通路相关蛋白TLR4、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)和NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)表达水平。【结果】(1)与正常组比较,模型组大鼠体质量、生存率、结肠长度和结肠质量均显著降低,疾病活动指数(DAI)评分显著升高(均P<0.01);与模型组比较,桔梗皂苷D低、中、高剂量组大鼠体质量、生存率、结肠长度和结肠质量均显著升高,DAI评分显著降低,其中,桔梗皂苷D中剂量组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(2)与正常组比较,模型组结肠组织病理学评分升高(P<0.001);与模型组比较,桔梗皂苷D低、中、高剂量组结肠组织病理学评分均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(3)与正常组比较,模型组中TLR4、MyD88和NLRP3的蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,桔梗皂苷D中剂量组的TLR4、MyD88和NLRP3蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。【结论】桔梗皂苷D可改善大鼠溃疡性结肠炎,其机制与通过TLR4/NOD信号通路缓解肠道炎症有关。

柴胡皂苷D对脑出血大鼠神经保护作用的机制研究

目的评价柴胡皂苷D对脑出血大鼠神经元损伤的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法SD大鼠通过尾状核注入尾静脉自体血建立大鼠脑出血模型,分为假手术组、模型组、柴胡皂苷D组(8 mg/kg)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)激活剂(RS09)组(25μg/只)、TLR4抑制剂(TAK-242)组(0.5 mg/kg)、柴胡皂苷D+TLR4激活剂组,每组20只。各组干预给药结束后,进行神经功能缺损评分;干-湿重法检测脑含水量;伊文思蓝法检测血-脑屏障通透性;取血肿周围组织,ELISA法检测凝血酶-抗凝血酶(TAT)复合物水平;HE染色及TUNEL染色检测神经元损伤及凋亡率;免疫荧光共定位法检测M1型激活小胶质细胞(标记抗体为CD11b)与小胶质细胞(标记抗体为Iba-1)共表达水平;Western blotting法检测IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(MyD-88)、核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)、蛋白酶激活受体-1(PAR-1)、B类清道夫受体(CD36)表达水平。结果与假手术组相比,模型组EB含量、脑含水量、神经功能缺损评分、TAT复合物水平均明显升高,CD11b+Iba-1+水平、IL-10、CD36表达明显降低,TLR4、MyD-88、p-NF-κB/NF-κB、PAR-1蛋白表达明显升高(均P<0.05)。阻断TLR4活化及给予柴胡皂苷D干预处理,均可同等程度的改善脑出血大鼠病理症状,M1促炎相关因子IL-6、IL-1β表达明显下降,M2型抗炎相关因子IL-10、CD36表达明显升高(均P<0.05)。TLR4激活剂可明显削弱柴胡皂苷D的上述作用(P<0.05)。结论柴胡皂苷D可改善脑出血大鼠脑水肿、神经元炎性损伤凋亡等病理症状,且其改善作用可能与阻断TLR4通路介导的小胶质细胞M1型活化有关。

柴胡皂苷D调节Th1/Th2平衡对小鼠急性中耳炎的治疗作用及其机制研究

目的:探究柴胡皂苷D对小鼠急性中耳炎的治疗作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法:采用听泡穿刺法建立急性中耳炎模型,以随机数字表法将30只急性中耳炎小鼠分为模型组、柴胡皂苷D组、联合组,每组各10只;另取10只小鼠设为假手术组。联合组小鼠腹腔注射柴胡皂苷D(2 mg/kg),尾静脉注射脂多糖[Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)通路激活剂](0.58 mg/kg);柴胡皂苷D组小鼠腹腔注射柴胡皂苷D(2 mg/kg),尾静脉注射等体积生理盐水;假手术组、模型组腹腔注射等体积生理盐水,尾静脉注射等体积生理盐水。1次/d,持续3 d。检测中耳灌洗液(MELF)炎症细胞计数、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)水平;流式细胞术检测外周血Th1、Th2构成比;Western bloting法检测中耳组织IL-33、TLR4、MyD88蛋白相对表达量。结果:柴胡皂苷D组小鼠MELF炎症细胞计数,TNF-α、IL-1β水平,外周血Th2构成比,以及中耳组织IL-33、TLR4、MyD88蛋白相对表达量均低于模型组,外周血Th1构成比及Th1/Th2均高于模型组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);联合组小鼠MELF炎症细胞计数,TNF-α、IL-1β水平,外周血Th2构成比,以及中耳组织IL-33、TLR4、MyD88蛋白相对表达量均高于柴胡皂苷D组,外周血Th1构成比及Th1/Th2均低于柴胡皂苷D组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:柴胡皂苷D可抑制炎症反应,调节Th1/Th2平衡,从而对急性中耳炎小鼠产生治疗作用。其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/MyD88信号通路活性有关。

Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene Associated with the Frontal-Striatal-Cerebellar Loop in Children with ADHD: A Resting-State fMRI Study

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD）is a common childhood neuropsychiatric disorder that has been linked to the dopaminergic system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of regulation of the dopamine D4 receptor（DRD4） on functional brain activity during the resting state in ADHD children using the methods of regional homogeneity（Re Ho） and functional connectivity（FC）. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed in 49 children with ADHD. All participants were classified as either carriers of the DRD44-repeat/4-repeat（4 R/4 R） allele（n = 30） or the DRD42-repeat（2 R） allele（n = 19）. The results showed that participants with the DRD4 2 R allele had decreased Re Ho bilaterally in the posterior lobes of the cerebellum, while Re Ho was increased in the left angular gyrus. Compared with participants carrying the DRD4 4 R/4 R allele, those with the DRD4 2 R allele showed decreased FC to the left angular gyrus in the left striatum, right inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral lobes of the cerebellum. The increased FC regions included the left superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, and rectus gyrus. These data suggest that the DRD4 polymorphisms are associated with localized brain activity and specific functional connections, including abnormality in the frontal-striatal-cerebellar loop. Our study not only enhances the understanding of the correlation between the cerebellar lobes and ADHD, but also provides an imaging basis for explaining the neural mechanisms underlying ADHD in children.

Effect of D_(4)Dopamine Receptor on Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase Activity in Renal Proximal Tubule Cells

Objective:Dopamine,via its receptors,plays a vital role in the maintenance of blood pressure by modulating renal sodium transport.However,the role of the D_(4)dopamine receptor(D_(4)receptor)in renal proximal tubules(PRTs)is still unclear.This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that activation of D_(4)receptor directly inhibits the activity of the Na+-K+-ATPase(NKA)in RPT cells.Methods:NKA activity,nitric oxide(NO)and cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP)levels were measured in RPT cells treated with the D_(4)receptor agonist PD168077 and/or the D_(4)receptor antagonist L745870,the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester(L-NAME)or the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one(ODQ).Total D_(4)receptor expression and its expression in the plasma membrane were investigated by immunoblotting in RPT cells from Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRs).Results:Activation of D_(4)receptors with PD168077,inhibited NKA activity in RPT cells from WKY rats in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.The inhibitory effect of PD168077 on NKA activity was prevented by the addition of the D_(4)receptor antagonist L745870,which by itself had no effect.The NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME and the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ,which by themselves had no effect on NKA activity,eliminated the inhibitory effect of PD168077 on NKA activity.Activation of D_(4)receptors also increased NO levels in the culture medium and cGMP levels in RPT cells.However,the inhibitory effect of D_(4)receptors on NKA activity was absent in RPT cells from SHRs,which could be related to decreased plasma membrane expression of D_(4)receptors in SHR RPT cells.Conclusions:Activation of D_(4)receptors directly inhibits NKA activity via the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in RPT cells from WKY rats but not SHRs.Aberrant regulation of NKA activity in RPT cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension.