In performing a gaming task,mental rotation(MR)is one of the important aspects of visuospatial processing.MR involves dorsal-ventral pathways of the brain.Visual objects/models used in computer-games play a crucial ro...In performing a gaming task,mental rotation(MR)is one of the important aspects of visuospatial processing.MR involves dorsal-ventral pathways of the brain.Visual objects/models used in computer-games play a crucial role in gaming experience of the users.The visuospatial characteristics of the objects used in the computer-game influence the engagement of dorsal-ventral visual pathways.The current study investigates how the objects’visuospatial characteristics(i.e.,angular disparity and dimensionality)in an MR-based computer-game influence the cortical activities in dorsalventral visual pathways.Both the factors have two levels,angular disparity:convex angle(CA)vs.reflex angle(RA)and dimensionality:2D vs.3D.Sixty healthy adults,aged,18-29 years(M=21.6)were recruited for the study and randomly assigned to four gaming conditions i.e.,15 participants in each group.The multichannel electroencephalogram(EEG)data were recorded from 60 healthy adults while playing the game.The source reconstruction was done for∼3000 sources inside the brain using the Dynamic Imaging of Coherent Sources(DICS)beamforming method forθ1(4-5.75),θ2(5.75-7.5),α1(7.5-9),α2(9-11),α3(11-13),β1(13-17.25),β2(17.25-21.5)Hz frequency sub-bands.The reconstructed neuronal sources were segmented into 68 functionally parcellated brain regions,and the percentage of active sources for each region was computed.Further,the differences across the 68 regions among the four gaming conditions were evaluated using the percentage of active sources.The differences in activation for the dorsal-ventral pathways and some additional brain regions were observed among the four groups.The game with 2D objects and CA showed higher activation than that with 3D objects and RA,respectively.The dorsal pathway was found to be more active in contrast to the ventral pathway.The findings suggest that angular disparity and dimensionality in MR influence the engagement of dorsal-ventral visual pathways in such a way that angular disparity has a greater impact on cortical activation across this region than dimensionality.Also,higher activation for CA as compared to RA irrespective of dimensionality reflects the complexity of spatial information processing under CA.Similarly,greater activation was seen for 2D objects than 3D,indicating difficulty in information processing due to deficient visual features.展开更多
Metazoan development requires coordination of signaling pathways to regulate patterns of gene expression.In Drosophila,the wing imaginal disc provides an excellent model for the study of how signaling pathways interac...Metazoan development requires coordination of signaling pathways to regulate patterns of gene expression.In Drosophila,the wing imaginal disc provides an excellent model for the study of how signaling pathways interact to regulate pattern formation.The determination of the dorsal-ventral（DV） boundary of the wing disc depends on the Notch pathway,which is activated along the DV boundary and induces the expression of the homeobox transcription factor,Cut.Here,we show that Broad（Br）,a zinc-finger transcription factor,is also involved in regulating Cut expression in the DV boundary region.However,Br expression is not regulated by Notch signaling in wing discs,while ecdysone signaling is the upstream signal that induces Br for Cut upregulation.Also,we find that the ecdysone-Br cascade upregulates cut-lacZ expression,a reporter containing a 2.7 kb cut enhancer region,implying that ecdysone signaling,similar to Notch,regulates cut at the transcriptional level.Collectively,our findings reveal that the Notch and ecdysone signaling pathways synergistically regulate Cut expression for proper DV boundary formation in the wing disc.Additionally,we show br promotes Delta,a Notch ligand,near the DV boundary to suppress aberrant high Notch activity,indicating further interaction between the two pathways for DV patterning of the wing disc.展开更多
基金A.T.was supported by DST-INSPIRE Program sponsored by Department of Science&Technology,Government of India,Fellowship ID:IF150444,URL:https://www.online-inspire.gov.in/.
文摘In performing a gaming task,mental rotation(MR)is one of the important aspects of visuospatial processing.MR involves dorsal-ventral pathways of the brain.Visual objects/models used in computer-games play a crucial role in gaming experience of the users.The visuospatial characteristics of the objects used in the computer-game influence the engagement of dorsal-ventral visual pathways.The current study investigates how the objects’visuospatial characteristics(i.e.,angular disparity and dimensionality)in an MR-based computer-game influence the cortical activities in dorsalventral visual pathways.Both the factors have two levels,angular disparity:convex angle(CA)vs.reflex angle(RA)and dimensionality:2D vs.3D.Sixty healthy adults,aged,18-29 years(M=21.6)were recruited for the study and randomly assigned to four gaming conditions i.e.,15 participants in each group.The multichannel electroencephalogram(EEG)data were recorded from 60 healthy adults while playing the game.The source reconstruction was done for∼3000 sources inside the brain using the Dynamic Imaging of Coherent Sources(DICS)beamforming method forθ1(4-5.75),θ2(5.75-7.5),α1(7.5-9),α2(9-11),α3(11-13),β1(13-17.25),β2(17.25-21.5)Hz frequency sub-bands.The reconstructed neuronal sources were segmented into 68 functionally parcellated brain regions,and the percentage of active sources for each region was computed.Further,the differences across the 68 regions among the four gaming conditions were evaluated using the percentage of active sources.The differences in activation for the dorsal-ventral pathways and some additional brain regions were observed among the four groups.The game with 2D objects and CA showed higher activation than that with 3D objects and RA,respectively.The dorsal pathway was found to be more active in contrast to the ventral pathway.The findings suggest that angular disparity and dimensionality in MR influence the engagement of dorsal-ventral visual pathways in such a way that angular disparity has a greater impact on cortical activation across this region than dimensionality.Also,higher activation for CA as compared to RA irrespective of dimensionality reflects the complexity of spatial information processing under CA.Similarly,greater activation was seen for 2D objects than 3D,indicating difficulty in information processing due to deficient visual features.
基金supported by Dissertation Research Grant Award from Florida State Universitysupported by the National Institutes of Health grant(R01GM072562)the National Science Foundation(IOS-1052333)
文摘Metazoan development requires coordination of signaling pathways to regulate patterns of gene expression.In Drosophila,the wing imaginal disc provides an excellent model for the study of how signaling pathways interact to regulate pattern formation.The determination of the dorsal-ventral（DV） boundary of the wing disc depends on the Notch pathway,which is activated along the DV boundary and induces the expression of the homeobox transcription factor,Cut.Here,we show that Broad（Br）,a zinc-finger transcription factor,is also involved in regulating Cut expression in the DV boundary region.However,Br expression is not regulated by Notch signaling in wing discs,while ecdysone signaling is the upstream signal that induces Br for Cut upregulation.Also,we find that the ecdysone-Br cascade upregulates cut-lacZ expression,a reporter containing a 2.7 kb cut enhancer region,implying that ecdysone signaling,similar to Notch,regulates cut at the transcriptional level.Collectively,our findings reveal that the Notch and ecdysone signaling pathways synergistically regulate Cut expression for proper DV boundary formation in the wing disc.Additionally,we show br promotes Delta,a Notch ligand,near the DV boundary to suppress aberrant high Notch activity,indicating further interaction between the two pathways for DV patterning of the wing disc.
