Process Analysis of Double Circuit Transmission Line Trip-out on the Same Tower Due to Lightning

In recent years,several failures of double circuit transmission line on the same tower due to lightning were happened in Beijing power grid.Although it can be reclosed successful,the lightning strike caused a grave threat to the power grid security.The cause of the accident and the accident process were studied for the sake of further understanding of the impact of lightning on power grid.As an example,110 kV double circuit transmission line(Xilong-line) was analyzed.At first,the system topology was given.Through the analysis on relay protection actions and the fault recorder data,over voltage on the insulator strings was calculated.Based on the analysis and the calculation,accident cause and the process were presented respectively.Secondly,it comes to the conclusion that the lightning failure was caused by counterattack.The wave of the lightning over voltage would spread to the not grounded neutral point of the transformers,and make the neutral protective gap breakdown,then cause freewheeling with the frequency of 50 Hz.As results of the relay protection,the double circuit transmission line all tripped out.Finally,the causes of the accident were proposed that included terrain features,large corner towers,strong thunderstorm weather and poor grounded contact of the tower.

Research on Total Electric Field for DC Lines Converted from Double-Circuit AC Lines

With rapid growth of power demand, transmission capacity is also in urgent need of upgrading. In some cases, converting existing AC transmission lines to DC lines can Improve the transmission capacity and reduce the construction investment. In this paper, the upstream finite element method was expanded to calculate the total electric field of same tower multi-circuit DC lines converted from double-circuit AC lines, and the validity of the algorithm was confirmed by experiments. Taking a DC line converted from a typical same tower 500 kV double-circuit AC transmission line as an example, the surface electric field and the ground total electric field in different pole conductor arrangement schemes were calculated and analyzed, and the critical height of pole conductors for DC lines in residential and non-residential area were determined. Then, the corridor width of DC and AC lines at critical height in residential and non-residential areas before and after AC-DC line transformation were compared. The results indicate that for DC lines converted from common 500 kV double-circuit AC lines, the ground total electric field can meet the requirements of corresponding standard with appropriate pole conductor arrangement schemes.

A Novel Fault Location Algorithmfor Double-Circuit Transmission Lines based on Distributed Parameter

Anewfault location algorithmfor double-circuit transmissionlines is described inthis paper.Theproposed method uses data extractedfromtwo ends of the transmissionlines andthus eliminates the effects ofthe source impedance andthe fault resistance.The distributed parameter model and the modal transformationare also employed.Depending on modal transformation,the coupled equations of the lines are converted intodecoupled ones.Inthis way,the mutual coupling effects between adjacent circuits of the lines are eliminatedandtherefore an accurate fault location can be achieved.The proposed methodis tested via digital simulationusing EMTP in conjunction with MATLAB.The test results corroborate the high accuracy of the proposedmethod.

Fault Locator Using Two-end Unsynchronized Measurements for UHV Series Compensated Double-circuit Lines

An accurate fault location algorithm for double-circuit series compensated lines is presented.Use of two-end unsynchronized measurements of current and voltage signals is considered.The algorithm applies two subroutines,designated for locating faults on particular line sections,and additionally the procedure for selecting the valid subroutine.The subroutines are formulated with use of the generalized fault loop model and the distributed parameter line model is applied.Performed ATP-EMTP based evaluation has shown the validity of the derived fault location algorithm and its high accuracy.

A New Principle of Fault Identification of on the Same Tower Based on Traveling Wave Reactive Powers

In order to improve the reliability of fault identification of the double-circuit transmission lines on the same tower, a new algorithm for fast protection of double-circuit transmission lines on the same tower based on the reactive powers of traveling wave is proposed. With the implementation of S-transform, the initial traveling wave reactive powers are calculated and the change characteristics of reactive power under different fault conditions are studied. The protection criterion is constructed by analyzing the ratio of the reactive powers of the same end on double-circuit transmission lines and the ratio of the reactive powers at both ends on the same line. According to the ratio of reactive power on the same side of the line and both ends of the same line, it is possible to identify whether the faults of the double-circuit line of the same tower occurred in or out of the protection zone. A large number of simulation results show that the protection performance is sensitive and reliable, and quick to respond. The criterion is simple and is basically not affected by fault initial angles, fault types, and transitional resistances.

A G-band terahertz monolithic integrated amplifier in 0.5-μm InP double heterojunction bipolar transistor technology

Design and characterization of a G-band（140–220 GHz） terahertz monolithic integrated circuit（TMIC） amplifier in eight-stage common-emitter topology are performed based on the 0.5-μm In Ga As/In P double heterojunction bipolar transistor（DHBT）. An inverted microstrip line is implemented to avoid a parasitic mode between the ground plane and the In P substrate. The on-wafer measurement results show that peak gains are 20 dB at 140 GHz and more than 15-dB gain at 140–190 GHz respectively. The saturation output powers are-2.688 dBm at 210 GHz and-2.88 dBm at 220 GHz,respectively. It is the first report on an amplifier operating at the G-band based on 0.5-μm InP DHBT technology. Compared with the hybrid integrated circuit of vacuum electronic devices, the monolithic integrated circuit has the advantage of reliability and consistency. This TMIC demonstrates the feasibility of the 0.5-μm InGaAs/InP DHBT amplifier in G-band frequencies applications.

特勒根似功率保护在同塔双回交流输电线路中的应用

随着我国电网规模快速扩张,输电通道资源日渐紧缺,同塔多回输电技术逐渐得到广泛应用。超/特高压远距离输电线路一般以差动保护作为双重主保护,与纵联距离/方向保护构成双重化配置。但用于同塔双回输电线路时,分布电容电流将影响差动保护的灵敏度;同时,由于双回线线间和相间较强的电磁耦合作用,线间互感的影响将会降低纵联距离、纵联方向保护判断的正确性,导致原来的保护配置方案难以直接应用。将特勒根似功率保护原理推广至同塔双回线路,提出了一种基于特勒根似功率定理的同塔双回输电线路纵联保护方法,能够不受双回线内部复杂电磁耦合、分布电容、系统负荷等影响,并验证了该保护的对时方案在双回线路中的适用性。采用MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件搭建1000kV特高压同塔双回输电线示范工程模型,经大量仿真实验,验证了所提保护方法的有效性。

基于Monte Carlo和EGM的同塔双回线路绕击跳闸率的计算

为准确评价输电线路的耐雷性能,采用蒙特卡罗法对雷电绕击线路的随机过程进行统计计算。针对同塔双回线路的实际杆塔结构,改进了电气几何模型(EGM)作为绕击判据,考虑输电线之间的相互屏蔽作用以及雷电先导入射角,通过先导位置落入绕击区间进行绕击的判定。选取220 kV同塔双回线路的实际杆塔进行绕击跳闸率的计算,与已有算法的计算结果进行对比分析,验证了改进算法的合理性,并分析了先导入射角,避雷线横担长度,地面倾角对绕击跳闸率的影响。

330 kV双回路下引式窄基钢管终端塔的研究应用

在一些新建输变电工程中,由于地形和周围障碍物的限制,变电站无法设置出线门型构架或采用电缆出线,需采用其他出线方式。根据工程实践,研究出一种330 kV双回路下引式窄基钢管终端塔的出线方式,线路通过330 kV支柱绝缘子沿终端塔塔身下引至变电GIS出线套管,解决了户内变电站需特殊设置出线门型构架的问题,使工程整体可行,技术经济效果良好,可供其他类似工程借鉴。

输电线路杆塔接地电阻测量装置设计

输电线路杆塔接地电阻测量对于电力运维人员是一项繁重的工作。为了实现在不解开接地引下线情况下即可测量杆塔的接地电阻,文章设计了一种新型输电线路杆塔接地电阻测量装置,该装置采用双钳法对接地电阻进行测量。首先,分析了新型输电线路接地电阻测量装置的原理;其次,采用模块化设计思路对接地电阻测量装置进行硬件设计;接着,对接地电阻测量装置进行软件设计,给出系统工作流程;最后,对所开发测量装置进行测试,所开发测量装置的测量值与精密电阻实际值误差在3%以内。

500 kV直流输电线路下方施工设备及人体感应电研究

针对500 kV同塔双回直流输电线路下方感应电相较于交流线路难以准确分析的问题,研究了同塔双回直流输电线路下方基础施工设备感应电分布规律及施工人员感应电防护措施。采用Solid Works和Ansoft Maxwell混合建模技术,分析了灌注桩基础设备感应电特性、工程施工装备对电场畸变的影响特性和线路下方施工人员位于不同位置时人体周围及体表的电场强度分布,结果表明:灌注桩钢筋笼和基础施工设备的存在会使线路下方的电场发生畸变,且越靠近杆塔畸变率越高,最大电场畸变率分别为75.54%和107.67%;人体体表及周围电场强度与杆塔距离相关,最大可达3830.01 mV/m。

风电场双回送出线路时域故障测距新方法

由于故障时新能源电源输出的短路电流呈现出频率偏移、谐波含量占比高、幅值受限、正负序阻抗不相等等特征,从而导致基于工频相量的故障定位方法存在失效的风险。为此,提出适用于风电场双回送出线路故障测距方法。采用时域有限差分法离散以偏微分方程形式表示的传输线方程,再利用改进变分迭代法求解传输线方程,得到线长的函数,并将线路两端的相电压、相电流作为边界条件;最后,构造故障测距函数以实现故障定位。通过PSCAD/EMTDC和硬件在环测试实验平台进行分析,验证了所提算法能准确地定位故障位置。

基于相量–时间三维曲线特性的同塔双回输电线路参数自适应故障测距频域法

考虑到故障后可用数据窗缩短使故障暂态分量影响难以完全消除,以及线路参数在实际运行中的不确定变化,提出一种基于相量–时间三维曲线特性的同塔双回输电线路参数自适应故障测距频域法。利用随数据窗推移的离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)输出的相量–时间特征,保留衰减直流产生的衰减偏置相量,构建补偿电压差值的相量–时间三维曲线观测模型,曲线特征在线路参数准确与偏离、观测点落于与偏离故障点时均存在显著差异。基于这种特征差异,采用非线性最小二乘法对补偿电压差时间序列样本进行曲线拟合,并利用拟合优度指标评估样本分布与准确参数估计和故障距离的三维曲线的相符程度,将线路参数估计与故障测距问题转化为拟合优度的优化问题。仿真验证表明,所提故障测距算法具有较高的测距精度。

同塔双回输电线路相参数新测量计算方法

输电线路相参数是线路过电压计算的基本参数,获取同塔双回交流线路的相参数对于指导工程运行是必要的。为准确获得同塔双回交流输电线路的相参数,建立微分形式的输电线路方程,对微分方程用拉普拉斯变换与反变换进行推导,获得输电线路相参数与各相导线首、末端电压和电流关系的测量用数学模型。在不同方式下,多次同步测量各相导线首、末端电压和电流,将所测数据代入模型求解参数。经仿真验证,对100~500km的线路最大偏差为1.47%,可适用于任意长度同塔双回线路,是一种新的相参数测量获取方法,满足电力系统过电压计算对参数准确性的需要。

基于准两相跳闸的同杆双回输电线路跨线故障跳闸策略

同杆双回输电线路采用综合跳闸策略和准三相跳闸策略,在线路故障时可能跳开双回输电线路所有相,导致含有风电、光伏等弱稳定系统大面积切机、甩负荷,使得电网输电环境恶化,严重降低电力系统运行稳定性。针对此问题,提出了适用于同杆双回输电线路跨线接地故障准两相跳闸策略,降低跨线故障双回输电线路所有相跳闸几率的同时为故障相提供稳定耦合源。首先采用拓扑分析方法对输电线路综合跳闸策略和准三相跳闸策略建立模型,分析得到跳闸策略对故障性质判定影响机理;其次考虑线路输电连续性及故障性质判定统一性,提出适用于同杆双回输电线路跨线故障准两相跳闸策略。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真实验验证了准两相跳闸策略的正确性和可行性。

单相并联间隙在10kV双回架空线路中的应用方式

10kV架空线路雷击跳闸率高,而适用的防雷措施较少。采用单相并联间隙的方法,可有效提升10kV架空配电线路的耐雷水平。但对于双回架空线路,单相并联间隙仍有多种组合,需要选择最优化的应用方式。文章利用ATP-EMTP软件建立相关仿真计算模型,分析不同单相并联间隙的组合方式的防雷效果。结果表明,线路遭受感应雷过电压时,建议在每回线路的最高相上均安装一只并联间隙;线路遭受直击雷过电压时,仅在第一回线路的最高相安装一相并联间隙,具有最佳的防雷效果。所得结果可为10kV双回架空线路防雷方法的综合应用提供参考。

基于逆变器交流侧的四开关功率解耦技术研究

针对两级式单相逆变器常用大容量电解电容来缓冲其固有的二倍频脉动功率,大大降低其耐用性和可靠性这一问题,本文在保证变换器稳定运行的前提下提出了一种四开关功率解耦电路,对降低逆变器电容总容值具有实际工程意义。分析讨论解耦电路的工作原理,通过对4种不同的工作模式进行分析,从而确定解耦主电路各个开关管开关时序。在此基础上,设计了相应的脉冲能量调制策略以实现瞬时能量的精准补偿,提升了四开关功率解耦电路的解耦性能,改善了两级式逆变器交直流侧波形质量。该方案逆变电路与功率解耦电路相互独立,有利于传统设备的改造。最后,搭建了仿真模型和实验样机,仿真和实验结果验证了增加交流侧四开关功率解耦电路后,变换器只需几十μF的薄膜电容就能对二倍频脉动功率进行有效解耦。

平行线路感应电压电流的矩阵精确计算

平行线路间的感应电压、电流数值是线路接地开关选型的重要依据,目前采用的近似理论方法结果不够准确。为提升计算结果的准确性,以同塔双回线路为研究对象,基于相模变换原理、传输线方程和分块矩阵理论,提出了一种可准确计算平行线路感应电压、电流的新方法。该方法考虑线路首末端及各相感应电压、电流的差异,其基本原理同样适用于多回平行线路。采用所提方法计算某330 kV同塔双回线路的感应电压、电流,并与ATP仿真结果进行比较,结果表明,所提方法能够从技术、经济层面为平行线路选择合适的接地开关。

同杆并架双回线小电流接地故障特征及选线适应性分析

针对为缓解供电走廊紧张与用电需求增大的矛盾,大量单回线改造成同杆并架双回线对小电流接地故障暂稳态特征和已有选线方法适应性的影响尚未明确的问题,提出一种新的相模变换方法。建立同杆并架双回线小电流接地故障等值电路,分析线间耦合对小电流接地故障暂态与稳态特征的影响,以及当前选线方法和装置的适应性。结果表明,线间耦合不影响各出线间零模电流幅值和相位(极性)关系,已有选线方法仍然适用;线间耦合会使故障暂态电流的主谐振频率和衰减因子的分布范围增大,故选线装置的采样频率和所采用暂态信号频段范围都要适当增大。通过仿真验证了上述结果的正确性。

平行线路感应电压电流近似计算方法

针对目前常用的平行线路感应电压、电流近似理论存在计算方法考虑因素不全、结果不准确等问题,基于叠加原理,提出一种新的精确计算方法,分别计算感应电压、电流,并提出一种便于工程应用的近似计算方法。使用这2种方法对某330 kV同塔双回线路感应电压、电流进行计算,结果表明:线路电阻对感应电流的影响不可忽略;近似计算方法能够满足工程需要。