Inter-provincial Differences in Rice Multi-cropping Changes in Main Double-cropping Rice Area in China: Evidence from Provinces and Households

Since the early 1980 s, the multi-cropping index for rice has decreased significantly in main double-cropping rice area in China, which is the primary double-cropping rice(DCR) production area. This decline may bring challenges to food security in China because rice is the staple food for more than 60% of the Chinese population. It has been generally recognized that rapidly rising labor costs due to economic growth and urbanization in China is the key driving force of the ‘double-to-single' rice cropping system adaption. However, not all provinces have shown a dramatic decline in DCR area, and labor costs alone cannot explain this difference. To elucidate the reasons for these inter-provincial distinctions and the dynamics of rice cropping system adaption, we evaluated the influencing factors using provincial panel data from 1980 to 2015. We also used household survey data for empirical analysis to explore the mechanisms driving differences in rice multi-cropping changes. Our results indicated that the eight provinces in the study can be divided into three spatial groups based on the extent of DCR area decline, the rapidly-declining marginal, core, and stable zones. Increasing labor cost due to rapid urbanization was the key driving force of rice cropping system adaption, but the land use dynamic vary hugely among different provinces. These differences between zones were due to the interaction between labor price and accumulated temperature conditions. Therefore, increasing labor costs had the greatest impact in Zhejiang, Anhui, and Hubei, where the accumulated temperature is relatively low and rice multi-cropping index declined dramaticly. However, labor costs had little impact in Guangdong and Guangxi. Differences in accumulated temperature conditions resulted in spatially different labor demands and pressure on households during the busy season. As a result, there have been different profits and rice multi-cropping changes between provinces and zones. Because of these spatial differences, regionally appropriate policies that provide appropriate subsidies for early rice in rapidly-declining marginal zone such as Zhejiang and Hubei should be implemented. In addition, agricultural mechanization and the number of agricultural workers have facilitated double-cropping; therefore, small machinery and agricultural infrastructure construction should be further supported.

Effects of Inorganic-organic Incorporation on Productivity and Soil Fertility of Rice Cropping System in Red Soil Area of China

Results from ten-year (1990 - 1999) field experiments indicated that the productivity and the soil fertility of rice cropping system were significantly influenced by the fertilization system adopted in red soil area of China. Contrasting with no-fertili/er treatment (CK), yield-increase rate of organic matter cycling, chemical NPK and inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation treatments were 56.5% , 62.5% and 80.7% , respectively. In the case of optimum fertilization system, the largest contribution of inorganic fertilizer to the yield was 38.5% while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation was 44.7%. The content of soil organic matter changed in tendency from decrease to equilibrium with heightened the extent of N, P and K incorporation while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation could be enhanced further. After N, P and K entered into the rice cropping system and maintained organic matter cycling in the system, the pools of total N, P and K could be strengthened.

Studies on the Morphological Characters of South China Double Cropping Super Rice at the Active Tillering Stage

The morphological characters of the newly released super hybrid rice in South China, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and super conventional varieties, Guangchao 3, Shengtai 1 at the active tillering stage in both early and late crops were investigated. Using the analysis of variance and other statistic methods, the ideal morphological characteristics of South China double cropping super-rice at the active tillering stage were determined. They are 55-60 cm in the early crop and 60-76 cm in the late crop for the ideal plant height, about 15 tillers in the early crop and 14-19 tillers in the late crop for the ideal tiller number per plant, 40-44 cm in the early crop and 42-60 cm in the late crop for the ideal length of the first leaf under the top leaf, 1.2-1.4 cm in the early crop and 1.2-1.3cm in the late crop for the ideal width of the first leaf under the top leaf, 39- 44 cm in the early crop and 37-43 cm in the late crop for the ideal length of the second leaf under the top leaf, 1.1-1.4 cm in the early crop and about 1.1 cm in the late crop for the ideal width of the second leaf under the top leaf, 22-58o in the early crop and 4- 12o in the late crop for the ideal top leaf angle at the active tillering stage. Based on these results, a new concept of “dynamic plant type structure” for South China double cropping super rice breeding was suggested.

Natural conditions and cropping regionalization of rice area in China

The formation of rice distribution is based on certain natural ecological conditions and social economic environments. In China, rice cropping is distributed in a vast area extending across 5 tempera ture belts, the northernmost of rice growing area in the world being in China. Distribution of rice cropping is characterized by a gradual decrease from south to north, from large and concentrated regions in Southeast to small and separated areas in Northwest. Natural conditions in rice regions differ in China with a varied topography, high in the west and low in the east. Rice fields in the west are mostly distributed on flatlands on plains, valleys among mountains, tablelands in river valleys, yellow-soil plains and basins in low valleys, alluvial plains, plains in river valleys, while those in the east are mainly distributed on alluvial plains, hilly areas among low mountains, coastal plains, along rivers and lakes and in basins among mountains.

Plant Ideotype at Heading for Super High-Yielding Rice in Double-Cropping System in South China

The newly released super high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and the super high-yielding conventional cultivars, Guangchao 3 and Shengtai 1, were grown in both early and late seasons. The morphological characters of each population were investigated at the heading stage, and the data were analyzed by using ANOVY and other statistic methods. The plant ideal morphological characters at the heading stage were established as follows： 1 ） for the early-season cropping, 90-105 cm plant height; 11-12 tillers per plant; 35-40 em length and 2.1-2.2 cm width of flag leaf; 46-50 cm length and 1.8-2.1 cm width of the second leaf from the top （L2）; 59-64 cm length and 1.4-1.9 cm width of the third leaf from the top （L3）; 7°-14°, 18° and 200-33° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively; 2） for the late-season cropping, 90-100 cm plant height; 9-15 tillers per plant; 30-41 cm length and 1.8-2.0 cm width of flag leaf; 53-61 cm length and 1.3-1.8 cm width of L2; 52-58 cm length and 1.2-1.5 cm width of L3; 9°-19°, 15°-37° and 16°-49° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively. The main physiological characteristics of these varieties were also analyzed.

有机肥与石灰配施对华南酸性土壤的改良效果

为明确有机肥与石灰对华南酸性土壤的改良效果,采用田间小区试验,研究了有机肥、石灰分别单施与配施对双季稻区酸性土壤的酸化性质、水稻生长及产量的影响。试验包括5个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施控释肥(CF)、控释肥+石灰(LM)、控释肥+有机肥(OF)、控释肥+石灰与有机肥配施(CLO),除CK外,各处理养分保持一致,物料均在水稻移栽前一次性施入土壤。结果表明,CLO处理对土壤pH的改良效果最优,其pH提高了0.42个单位,而OF和LM处理的pH分别提升0.27、0.37个单位;OF处理土壤有机质含量最高,达44.46 g·kg^(-1),其次为CLO处理,达37.76 g·kg^(-1);LM、OF及CLO处理均显著降低了土壤交换性酸含量,降幅最高的处理为CLO,达71.4%。相关性分析表明,土壤交换性氢和交换性铝与pH的回归方程斜率绝对值分别为1.3568和0.1560,均呈显著负相关;LM处理的土壤交换性盐基离子总量达7.52 cmol·kg^(-1),显著高于其他处理,其次为CLO处理,达6.92 cmol·kg^(-1)。配施处理能增加灌浆期水稻叶片叶绿素含量,显著高于CK,增产效果最优。研究表明,有机肥与石灰配施较单独施用对华南酸化土壤的改良效果更好。

Paddy rice multiple cropping index changes in Southern China: Impacts on national grain production capacity and policy implications

Changes in rice production in Southern China are crucial to national food security.This study employed Landsat images to map the distributions of paddy rice-cropping systems in Southern China in 1990 and 2015.The impact of rice multiple cropping index changes on grain production capacity was then evaluated.Three important results were obtained for the 1990 to 2015 study period.First,the multiple cropping index for rice decreased from 148.3% to 129.3%,and 253.16×10^4 ha of land area was converted from double-cropping to single- cropping rice,termed “double to single”.The area with the most dramatic changes is in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain.The rice-cropping system distribution in Southern China showed a change from north to south with double-cropping rice shrinking and single-cropping rice expanding.Second,the “double to single” conversion led to a reduction of 6.1% and 2.6% in rice and grain production,respectively.Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces,located in the main rice producing areas,and Zhejiang,which has shown better economic development,exhibited large reductions in rice production due to the “double to single” conversion,all exceeding 13%.Third,the grain production capacity of converted “double to single” paddy fields is equivalent to that of 223.3 × 10^4 ha of newly reclaimed cultivated land,which is 54% of the total newly cultivated land reclaimed through the 2001–2015 land consolidation project.It is also 1.7 times the target goal for newly cultivated land in the national land consolidation plan for 2016–2020.Making full use of the converted “double to single” paddy fields can save 167.44 billion yuan in newly reclaimed cultivated land costs.Therefore,instead of pursuing low-quality new arable land,it is better to make full use of the existing high-quality arable land.Based on these results,the government should change the assessment method for cultivated land balance,and incorporate the sown area increased by improving the multiple cropping index into the cultivated land compensation indicator.

华南双季稻低碳高产栽培技术研究进展

分析了华南双季稻田CH4和N2O排放量,从低碳品种筛选、节水减排灌溉、化肥减量增效等方面介绍了华南双季稻低碳高产关键技术及其集成应用情况。综述了华南双季稻低碳高产栽培技术研究的主要进展、存在问题和今后工作重点。华南双季稻低碳高产栽培技术节水节肥、减排控污、增产增收,实现了低碳与高产的协调,应用前景好。目前,该技术主要存在可用品种少、种植模式单一、推广难度大等问题;今后,在加大政策支持的同时,亟需加强品种筛选、模式集成、基础理论等方面的研究,以确保国家粮食安全,实现碳达峰碳中和的目标。

南方双季稻区冬闲期绿肥对田间养分固持和减排的影响

【目的】探究南方双季稻区冬闲期不同绿肥品种混播对稻田氮磷钾养分固持减排效果,为有效降低冬闲期稻田中养分的流失,改善农业生态环境提供参考依据。【方法】2019—2020年,采用田间小区试验,设计紫云英、油菜、黑麦草和肥田萝卜等常见绿肥单播或混播8个绿肥处理,以自然生草为对照处理,监测双季稻区冬闲期间水体氮磷钾养分流失量,测定绿肥总生物量和植株体中总碳氮磷钾含量以及土壤中养分含量。【结果】冬闲期种植绿肥的处理中稻田氮磷钾养分固持和减排效果明显优于对照处理,种植绿肥处理水体中总氮、总磷和总钾流失量较对照处理降幅分别为27.7%~47.6%、14.3%~65.5%和9.8%~93.6%,其中种植黑麦草的处理中总氮磷钾流失量显著低于其他处理(P<0.05,下同);种植绿肥处理的植株总生物量较对照处理增加46.9%~378.7%,植株体中总碳、总氮、总磷和总钾含量较对照处理分别增加67.9%~377.1%、55.4%~2613.6%、68.0%~557.8%和100.0%~664.5%,其中种植紫云英的处理中总碳氮磷钾含量显著高于其他处理;相比对照处理,冬闲期种植绿肥处理中土壤活性有机质含量、缓效钾含量和阳离子交换量分别增加21.3%~29.8%、1.6%~5.7%和1.3%~8.2%,土壤有效磷和速效钾含量分别降低2.3%~17.0%和3.7%~30.1%。【结论】南方双季稻区冬闲期种植绿肥对田间养分固持减排效果显著,其中紫云英和黑麦草混播(紫云英∶黑麦草=4∶6)处理对降低水体总磷钾流失量、提高植株体中总碳磷钾固持量的效果最佳。

南方双季稻栽植机械化发展的影响因素和关键技术措施

深入分析双季稻对保障粮食安全的重要性,针对当前南方双季稻区机械化种植水平低、插秧机保有量少、手工直播趋势蔓延等栽植机械化发展现状,从茬口衔接、生育期、比较效益、技术难易、生产规模五个方面梳理制约南方双季稻栽植机械化发展的因素,通过综合测评和试验示范深入比较大钵体毯状苗机械化育秧、水稻机械化有序抛秧、水稻钵苗摆栽技术三种机械化栽植技术在缓解茬口矛盾、抵御自然灾害、农药减施、水稻增产等方面的优势,遴选出适宜南方双季稻机械化栽植技术模式。从技术推广、政策支持、社会化服务等方面提出相应的措施建议,通过因地制宜选定适用主推技术、完善全程机械化技术模式、提高水稻栽植机具保有量、完善育秧中心布局、提高育插秧作业服务能力等发展路径加快提升高南方双季稻栽植机械化水平,促进双季稻面积恢复。

娄底地区早籼常规稻品种筛选试验研究

【目的】为加快品种更新换代速度,扩大良种覆盖面,提高粮食产量和质量,有必要在不同生态型区域进行早稻品种筛选,优选良种是促进早稻生产的有效举措。【方法】2021年,课题组以中早35为对照品种,选取9个早稻品种,开展早稻高产优质品种田间比较试验,对不同品种早稻的多个农艺性状进行比较,筛选出适合娄底市双季稻区种植的早籼常规稻品种。【结果】1)参试品种中早57和金早香1号综合表现最好,不仅高产,生育期适宜,而且稻瘟病抗性较强。中早57亩产543 kg,全生育期109天,苗叶瘟发病级3级,穗颈瘟发病级5级,穗颈瘟损失率3级;金早香1号亩产524.3 kg,全生育期106天,苗叶瘟发病级3级,穗颈瘟发病级5级,穗颈瘟损失率1级。2)参试品种中嘉早17与中早77表现较好,亩产分别为532.7kg与511.9kg,全生育期均为109天,二者苗叶瘟发病级、穗颈瘟发病级与穗颈瘟损失率均分别为7级、5级与3级。【结论】中早57、中早77、中嘉早17与金早香1号田间综合表现较好,产量高于对照品种2.67%~8.90%,可作为适宜在娄底大规模推广的早稻品种,适当增加推广面积。

广东省水稻品种区试中对照品种的特点与趋势

【目的】归纳总结2006—2022年广东省水稻品种区域试验中对照品种的主要特性和更迭情况,阐明广东地区水稻的育种进展,为华南双季稻稻作区的水稻育种工作提供参考。【方法】根据2006—2022年广东省水稻品种区试中对照品种的相关数据,统计对照品种的更迭情况,并分析其产量、品质性状、抗病性等重要性状表现。【结果】在16年(2006—2022年)区试中一共使用过31个对照品种,这些对照品种大多具有高产、广适、抗稻瘟病的优势。其中有15个对照品种可在广东省以外地区进行推广种植,8个常规稻对照品种曾在广东省内大范围种植,3个杂交稻对照品种是被农业农村部认定的超级稻。2022年常规稻对照品种早、晚季的平均产量分别为7176.1±243.6 kg/hm^(2)和6500.9±117.08 kg/hm^(2),杂交稻对照品种早、晚季的平均产量分别为7282.0±358.6 kg/hm^(2)和6835.8±175.2 kg/hm^(2)。27个对照品种对稻瘟病的抗性达到中抗及以上水平,8个对照品种对白叶枯病的抗性达到中抗及以上水平。对照品种平均使用年限为5年,更新的对照品种主要在产量与品质方面有所提高。16年间对照品种早季的平均产量增加301.8~417.0 kg/hm^(2),晚季的平均产量增加778.20~966.15kg/hm^(2)。2022年的对照品种整体品质比2006年明显提高,谷粒长宽比从2.76提高至3.25,平均垩白度从13.4%下降至9.6%,胶稠度从57.5 mm延长至66.2 mm,整精米率从58.06%提高至60.51%。对照品种的平均直链淀粉含量从2012年开始出现下降,降幅1.2%~5.6%。【结论】2006—2021年广东省选择的水稻对照品种综合品质较好,随着生产水平的提高及时更换产量与品质更好的对照品种,且在审定过程中优中选优,令新品种的产量稳步提升、品质性状明显改良,更加符合生产发展要求。

双季晚粳生产力及相关生态生理特征

于江西鄱阳、上高县,选用代表性晚粳稻品种(武运粳24、南粳44、镇稻11、常优1号、常优5号、甬优8号),在高产栽培条件下以当地代表性晚籼稻品种为对照,系统比较了粳、籼稻间产量、品质和效益的差异,初步阐明了双季晚粳生产力优势,并从温光利用、株型、光合物质生产等方面探讨了其优势形成的生态生理特征。结果表明,3年晚粳平均产量分别为9.6、8.3、9.9 t hm–2(2011年上高县甬优8号最高产量田块达10.6 t hm–2),极显著高于晚籼,而其产量高的主要原因是每穗粒数、结实率显著或极显著高于籼稻;晚粳加工品质、食味品质优于晚籼(晚粳出糙率、精米率、整精米率显著或极显著高;籽粒直链淀粉、蛋白质含量显著或极显著低,胶稠度显著或极显著长),外观品质逊于晚籼(粳稻的垩白率、垩白大小、垩白度均显著或极显著高于籼稻);晚粳效益高于晚籼(3年晚粳的纯收益分别为11 890.6、10 252.1、16 565.9元hm–2,分别高23.8%、23.6%、26.7%)。双季晚粳生产力优势形成的相关生理生态特征为,较籼稻全生育期特别是结实期明显延长,抽穗结实期较籼稻适应凉爽气候,增加对温光资源利用,能正常成熟;后期有较高光合生产能力,增大了群体光合物质生产积累量,源库协调性好,库容总充实量高;生育后期在偏低温气候下不早衰,维持较强根系和较大茎鞘强度,具有较强群体抗倒伏能力。

不同栽培方式对双季晚粳稻产量及温光利用的影响

【目的】研究南方双季稻区晚稻季条件下,不同栽培方式对不同类型晚粳稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响,为适宜栽培方式及相匹配粳稻品种类型规划提供科学依据。【方法】以迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳和迟熟晚粳4种不同生育类型品种为试验材料,采用手栽、抛秧、机插3种栽培方式,系统比较不同栽培方式对不同品种类型晚粳稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响。【结果】不同类型品种晚粳稻产量均表现手栽>抛秧>机插的趋势,不同栽培方式间产量差异达到显著或极显著水平。与手栽比较,两年抛秧方式减产率为6.05%—25.70%,机插方式减产率为9.94%—39.04%;手栽方式产量最高的原因是其总颖花量、结实率和千粒重均较高。抛秧和机插的各生育期均相应推迟,且两者全生育期亦缩短,其中抛秧方式全生育期平均缩短4.9 d,机插平均缩短10.3 d;不同类型品种间,晚粳稻全生育期缩短幅度较中粳稻大;同一熟期类型品种,杂交稻全生育期较常规稻缩短天数多。各类型品种全生育期及其不同生育阶段积温和光照时数及其利用率均表现出手栽>抛秧>机插的趋势,其中机插方式全生育期温光利用率较少,分别为85.66%和80.75%。【结论】根据上述研究结果,对不同栽培方式适宜性及配套适宜品种类型进行了初步归划,认为手栽、抛秧、机插均适宜在该区采用,不同栽培方式应配套适宜粳稻品种类型。

中国南方稻区玉米-稻种植模式的建立和实践

选择亚热带北缘（３２°Ｎ）的江苏沿江苏南地区作为建模研究区。１９７９年以来，研究了玉米－稻种植模式的温度和土壤适应性、光热资源利用效率、能量转换效率、农牧结合效率和轮作效应等生态特性；形成玉米－稻种植模式的省工高产配套技术；在生产实践中应用，取得较好的社会、经济、生态效益。研究结果显示，该种植模式在南方稻区具有广阔的应用前景。

气候变暖背景下南方早稻春季低温灾害的发生趋势与风险

基于《早稻播种育秧期低温阴雨等级》行业标准,利用南方双季早稻种植区178个站点1961—2010年的逐日气温资料,对各站点早稻春季低温灾害发生次数进行突变性分析,根据突变检验结果将研究时段划分为1961—1990年和1991—2010年两个时段,对比分析两个时段内早稻春季低温灾害发生趋势和发生风险的地理分布变化特征。结果表明,与前30a相比,近20a研究区早稻春季低温灾害的发生总体上呈现为由增加趋势转变为减少趋势的特征,低温灾害风险指数高值区以及各等级低温灾害发生概率高值区的范围和大小均有所减小,其中以轻度低温灾害的发生概率最高且概率减小范围最大。可为南方早稻春季低温灾害的动态评估和早稻种植的合理布局提供依据。

氮肥与多效唑配合对稻麦两熟区机插水稻秧苗生长的影响

采用常规方法测定秧苗素质和产量,弹簧秤法测定秧块盘结力,参照GB/T 6243-2003评价栽插质量等,研究了氮肥与多效唑配合对稻麦两熟区机插水稻秧苗生长的影响,并评价其栽插质量和产量。结果表明,在机插秧苗的超秧龄特别是严重超秧龄阶段,秧苗素质迅速变劣,表现为株高急剧增加,百株干重和根系活力迅速下降,叶片丙二醛含量呈线性上升。一叶一心期追施适宜的氮肥并配以二次化控措施,可使超秧龄机插秧苗保持较好的移栽状态和栽插质量,保证其高产。在一叶一心期追施氮肥N 6 g/m2并配以100 mg/L多效唑浸种,并在二叶一心期喷施250 mg/L多效唑能保持相对较好的秧苗素质;关键栽插质量指标—漏插率可降低至8.5%,并能获得9.95 t/hm2的较高产量。

稻/草-鹅农牧结合模式的综合效益及种养技术初探

1997～ 1999年在江苏省常熟市构建稻 /牧草 -鹅复合系统 ,并进行田间试验。结果表明 ,稻 /草 -鹅农牧结合模式与传统的稻 /麦生产模式相比 ,不但具有明显的社会效益、经济效益 ,而且能显著提高土壤肥力 ,有效控制冬季田间杂草 ,进而大幅度降低田间除草剂、杀虫剂施用量 ,保护农田生态环境。总结了该模式的种养技术 。

双季稻区晚稻“籼改粳”品种筛选

【目的】研究双季稻区晚稻季条件下,不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期、温光利用差异及其相互关系,为双季稻区适宜品种的选用提供科学依据与技术支撑。【方法】2010—2013年,在长江中游双季稻地区(江西上高),以杂交粳稻(包括籼粳交偏粳型杂交稻、籼粳交偏籼型杂交稻和粳型杂交稻)、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻3种类型水稻品种为试验材料,采用湿润育秧大苗移栽方式,系统比较双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期、温光利用差异及其相互关系。【结果】双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量表现为杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻的趋势,差异显著或极显著。与杂交籼稻相比,4年杂交粳稻的实产增产率为19.20%—28.95%,常规粳稻实产增产率为9.21%—12.17%;通过足量的群体穗数与较大的穗型协调形成足够的总颖花量,并有保持较高的结实率和千粒重,是粳稻综合改良产量结构获得高产的基本途径。杂交粳稻和常规粳稻各生育期均相应推迟,且两者生育期亦延长,其中杂交粳稻生育期平均延长17.1 d,常规粳稻生育期平均延长9.5 d。不同类型品种生育期积温和光照时数及其不同生育阶段温光利用率均表现出杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻的趋势,其中杂交粳稻生育积温和光照时数及其利用率最多,分别为3 713.3℃、931.9 h、90.9%、93.5%。【结论】双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期及温光利用的差异大,适宜的粳稻品种可充分利用生育期长优势,提高温光资源利用率,最终提高产量。据此按照全国粳稻生产发展规划的要求,综合考虑双季稻接茬特点与热量条件以及栽培轻简化机械化的需求,筛选出一批适合当地种植的晚粳稻高产品种,供大面积生产选用,即甬优538、甬优8号、甬优2640、甬优1538、甬优1540、长江19、长江21、小叶迟熟、镇稻5108。

湖北双季稻区免耕直播油菜生长及产量形成

长江流域双季稻区因茬口紧、土壤黏重,晚稻收获后大都未种植下茬作物而形成冬闲田。本研究以华双5号油菜品种为材料,在湖北双季稻区三试验点进行裂区试验,测定油菜各生育期在不同氮素及密度水平下的个体及群体指标,成熟期考察经济性状及产量构成,为双季稻区免耕直播油菜示范及管理提供依据。结果表明:(1)双季稻区免耕直播油菜全生育期尤其是苗期显著缩短,苗期生长量严重不足,蕾薹期至开花期油菜生长快,春发特性明显;(2)氮肥及种植密度水平对双季稻区免耕直播油菜生长及产量有着显著影响,增施氮肥可改善个体素质、增加产量,提高密度可提高群体素质、增加产量;(3)湖北各试点每公顷纯氮用量270kg、种植密度为45万株及60万株处理的产量均接近或达到2250kghm?2,超湖北平均单产,说明油菜免耕直播栽培模式可在湖北双季稻区试验示范;(4)生产实践中,应重视氮肥与密度的双重调节,以肥促长、以密补迟,相互配合。