Research on Transmission Line Tower Tilting and Foundation State Monitoring Technology Based onMulti-Sensor Cooperative Detection and Correction

The transmission line tower will be affected by bad weather and artificial subsidence caused by the foundation and other factors in the power transmission.The tower’s tilt and severe deformation will cause the building to collapse.Many small changes caused the tower’s collapse,but the early staff often could not intuitively notice the changes in the tower’s state.In the current tower online monitoring system,terminal equipment often needs to replace batteries frequently due to premature exhaustion of power.According to the need for real-time measurement of power line tower,this research designed a real-time monitoring device monitoring the transmission tower attitude tilting and foundation state based on the inertial sensor,the acceleration of 3 axis inertial sensor and angular velocity raw data to pole average filtering pre-processing,and then through the complementary filtering algorithm for comprehensive calculation of tilt angle,the system meets the demand for inclined online monitoring of power line poles and towers regarding measurement accuracy,with low cost and power consumption.The optimization multi-sensor cooperative detection and correction measured tilt angle result relative accuracy can reach 1.03%,which has specific promotion and application value since the system has the advantages of unattended and efficient calculation.

Process Analysis of Double Circuit Transmission Line Trip-out on the Same Tower Due to Lightning

In recent years,several failures of double circuit transmission line on the same tower due to lightning were happened in Beijing power grid.Although it can be reclosed successful,the lightning strike caused a grave threat to the power grid security.The cause of the accident and the accident process were studied for the sake of further understanding of the impact of lightning on power grid.As an example,110 kV double circuit transmission line(Xilong-line) was analyzed.At first,the system topology was given.Through the analysis on relay protection actions and the fault recorder data,over voltage on the insulator strings was calculated.Based on the analysis and the calculation,accident cause and the process were presented respectively.Secondly,it comes to the conclusion that the lightning failure was caused by counterattack.The wave of the lightning over voltage would spread to the not grounded neutral point of the transformers,and make the neutral protective gap breakdown,then cause freewheeling with the frequency of 50 Hz.As results of the relay protection,the double circuit transmission line all tripped out.Finally,the causes of the accident were proposed that included terrain features,large corner towers,strong thunderstorm weather and poor grounded contact of the tower.

The changing process and trend of ground temperature around tower foundations of Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission line

After the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway, the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission(QTPT) line is another major permafrost engineering project with new types of engineering structures. The changing process and trend of ground temperature around tower foundations are crucial for the stability of QTPT. We analyzed the change characteristics and tendencies of the ground temperature based on field monitoring data from 2010 to 2014. The results reveal that soil around the tower foundations froze and connected with the artificial permafrost induced during the construction of footings after the first freezing period, and the soil below the original permafrost table kept freezing in subsequent thawing periods. The ground temperature lowered to that of natural fields, fast or slowly for tower foundations with thermosyphons,while for tower foundations without thermosyphons, the increase in ground temperature resulted in higher temperature than that of natural fields. Also, the permafrost temperature and ice content are significant factors that influence the ground temperature around tower foundations. Specifically, the ground temperature around tower foundations in warm and ice-rich permafrost regions decreased slowly, while that in cold and ice poor permafrost regions cooled faster. Moreover, foundations types impacted the ground temperature, which consisted of different technical processes during construction and variant of tower footing structures. The revealed changing process and trend of the ground temperature is beneficial for evaluating the thermal regime evolution around tower foundations in the context of climate change.

The Integrated System of Aerial Photogrammetry and Tower Locations Optimization for Transmission Lines

This paper describes the functions and the features of the integrated system of aerial survey and tower locations optimization for transmission lines, which includes all stages from data acquisition, data transmission and data processing to automatic optimization of the tower locations and drawing. The paper also briefly describes the economic benefit gained from this system, and finally proposes the directions of the future development for this system.

A New Principle of Fault Identification of on the Same Tower Based on Traveling Wave Reactive Powers

In order to improve the reliability of fault identification of the double-circuit transmission lines on the same tower, a new algorithm for fast protection of double-circuit transmission lines on the same tower based on the reactive powers of traveling wave is proposed. With the implementation of S-transform, the initial traveling wave reactive powers are calculated and the change characteristics of reactive power under different fault conditions are studied. The protection criterion is constructed by analyzing the ratio of the reactive powers of the same end on double-circuit transmission lines and the ratio of the reactive powers at both ends on the same line. According to the ratio of reactive power on the same side of the line and both ends of the same line, it is possible to identify whether the faults of the double-circuit line of the same tower occurred in or out of the protection zone. A large number of simulation results show that the protection performance is sensitive and reliable, and quick to respond. The criterion is simple and is basically not affected by fault initial angles, fault types, and transitional resistances.

Fault location of two-parallel transmission line for double phase-to-earth fault using one-terminal data

An accurate algorithm for fault location of double phase-to-earth fault on transmission line of direct ground neutral system is presented. The algorithm, which employs the faulted phase network and zero-sequence network as fault-location model in which the source impedance at the remote end is not involved, ef-fectively eliminates the effect of load flow and fault resistance on the accuracy of fault location. The algorithm achieves accurate location by measuring only one local end data and is used in a procedure that provides automatic determination of faulted types and phases, and does not require the engineer to specify them. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the algorithm under the condition of double phase-to-earth fault.

Dynamic Responses of Long-Span Transmission Tower-Line System Subjected to Broken Wires

A macroscopic finite element modeling approach was proposed to calculate the vibration of a tower-line system subjected to broken wires with software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. In the finite element model, not only the nonlinearity of wires and suspension insulators are considered, but also the support towers are included. The incremental and iterative approaches are combined by applying the unbalanced loads incrementally during each iteration cycle. The approach was illustrated with an example of a Hanjiang- River long-span transmission line system subjected to a shield wire and a conductor failure, respectively. The analysis results showed that the proposed dynamic simulation approach can demonstrate the kinetic process of the tower-line system subjected to wire ruptures： The frequencies of line components were lower and densely distributed, but the frequencies of tower components were higher and sparsely distributed. Anyhow, the dynamic effects of wire ruptures on tower-line system could not be ignored in analysis of tower-line system subjected wire failures.

A Novel Fault Location Algorithmfor Double-Circuit Transmission Lines based on Distributed Parameter

Anewfault location algorithmfor double-circuit transmissionlines is described inthis paper.Theproposed method uses data extractedfromtwo ends of the transmissionlines andthus eliminates the effects ofthe source impedance andthe fault resistance.The distributed parameter model and the modal transformationare also employed.Depending on modal transformation,the coupled equations of the lines are converted intodecoupled ones.Inthis way,the mutual coupling effects between adjacent circuits of the lines are eliminatedandtherefore an accurate fault location can be achieved.The proposed methodis tested via digital simulationusing EMTP in conjunction with MATLAB.The test results corroborate the high accuracy of the proposedmethod.

Development and genetic analysis of wheat double substitution lines carrying Hordeum vulgare 2H and Thinopyrum intermedium 2Ai#2 chromosomes

Thinopyrum intermedium and barley are two close relatives of wheat and carry many genes that are potentially valuable for the improvement of various wheat traits. In this study we created wheat double substitution lines by hybridizing different wheat–Th. intermedium and wheat–barley disomic alien substitution lines, with the aim of using genes in Th. intermedium and barley for wheat breeding and investigating the genetic behavior of alien chromosomes and their wheat homoeologs. As expected, we obtained two types of wheat double substitution lines,2D2Ai#2(2B)2H( A) and 2A2 Ai#2(2B)2H(2D), in which different group 2 wheat chromosomes were replaced by barley chromosome 2 H and Th. intermedium chromosome 2Ai#2. The new materials were characterized using molecular markers, genomic in situ hybridization(GISH), and fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH). GISH and FISH experiments revealed that the double substitution lines harbor 42 chromosomes including 38 wheat chromosomes, a pair of barley chromosomes, and a pair of Th. intermedium chromosomes. Analysis using specific DNA markers showed that two pairs of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes in the new lines were substituted by a pair of 2H and a pair of 2Ai#2 chromosomes. Chromosome 2H showed a higher transmission rate than 2Ai#2, and both chromosomes were preferentially transmitted between generations via female gametes. Evaluation of botanic and agronomic traits demonstrated that,compared with their parents, the new lines showed similar growth habits and plant type but differences in plant height, flowering date, and self-fertility. Cytological observations using different probes suggested that the double substitution lines showed nearly normal genetic behavior before and during meiosis. The novel substitution lines can potentially be used in wheat meiosis research and breeding programs.

Study on Galloping Stability Mechanism of Conductor and Its Application to Anti-Galloping of Transmission Lines

Galloping of conductor is a major hazard to safe operation of transmission lines. This paper introduces the basic galloping stability mechanism of conductor, design method of anti-galloping and the application of anti-galloping double pendulum and integral eccentric pendulum in China. Galloping stability mechanism of conductor was established based on vertical galloping mechanism developed by Den Hartog and torsional galloping mechanism developed by O. Nigel. A design method of anti-galloping was derived and anti-galloping double pendulum and integral eccentric pendulum were developed. Applications to several transmission lines including a 500 kV transmission line of large span indicated that they have played important roles in anti-galloping.

Dynamic Analysis of Overhead Transmission Lines under Turbulent Wind Loading

Transmission tower-line systems are designed using static loads specified in various codes. This paper compares the dynamic response of a test transmission line with the response due to static loads given by Eurocode. Finite element design software SAP2000 was used to model the towers and lines. Non-linear dynamic analysis including the large displacement effects was carried out. Macroscopic aspects of wind coherence along element length and integration time step were investigated. An approach is presented to compare the probabilistic dynamic response due to 7 different stochastically simulated wind fields with the response according to EN-50341. The developed model will be used to study the response recorded on a test line due to the actual wind speed time history recorded. It was found that static load from EN overestimated the strength of conductor cables. The response of coupled system considering towers and cables was found to be different from response of only cables with fixed supports.

Evaluating transmission towers potentials during ground faults

During ground faults on transmission lines,a number of towers near the fault are likely to acquire high potentials to ground.These tower voltages,if excessive,may present a hazard to humans and animals.This paper presents analytical methods in order to determine the transmission towers potentials during ground faults,for long and short lines.The author developed a global systematic approach to calculate these voltages,which are dependent of a number of factors.Some of the most important factors are:magnitudes of fault currents,fault location with respect to the line terminals,conductor arrangement on the tower and the location of the faulted phase,the ground resistance of the faulted tower,soil resistivity,number,material and size of ground wires.The effects of these factors on the faulted tower voltages have been also examined for different types of power lines.

特勒根似功率保护在同塔双回交流输电线路中的应用

随着我国电网规模快速扩张,输电通道资源日渐紧缺,同塔多回输电技术逐渐得到广泛应用。超/特高压远距离输电线路一般以差动保护作为双重主保护,与纵联距离/方向保护构成双重化配置。但用于同塔双回输电线路时,分布电容电流将影响差动保护的灵敏度;同时,由于双回线线间和相间较强的电磁耦合作用,线间互感的影响将会降低纵联距离、纵联方向保护判断的正确性,导致原来的保护配置方案难以直接应用。将特勒根似功率保护原理推广至同塔双回线路,提出了一种基于特勒根似功率定理的同塔双回输电线路纵联保护方法,能够不受双回线内部复杂电磁耦合、分布电容、系统负荷等影响,并验证了该保护的对时方案在双回线路中的适用性。采用MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件搭建1000kV特高压同塔双回输电线示范工程模型,经大量仿真实验,验证了所提保护方法的有效性。

颗粒阻尼器对输电塔线系统减震性能研究

对输电塔线系统进行缩尺模型振动台实验,从时域和频域的角度,对比了调谐质量阻尼器和颗粒阻尼器对输电塔的减震效果。利用ABAQUS建立了颗粒阻尼器控制输电塔线系统的离散元-有限元高精度耦合数值模型,对比了实验和模拟结果,并对塔线系统的耗能情况及颗粒阻尼器内部颗粒运动碰撞情况进行分析。研究结果表明:在地震激励下,颗粒阻尼器的减震效果较调谐质量阻尼器有更好的鲁棒性;该文所建立的颗粒阻尼器控制输电塔线系统模型能够良好地反映试件的动力特性和地震响应;在颗粒阻尼器的控制下,塔线系统总能量降低24.12%。当颗粒之间的碰撞次数和颗粒与容器的碰撞次数满足一定比例关系时,颗粒阻尼器能实现更优的控制效果。

台风灾害输电线路杆塔脆弱性与风险评估:以浙江省为例

台风大风可导致输电线路杆塔断裂倒塌等事故,影响电力系统运行安全,因而台风灾害输电线路杆塔风险评估具有重要意义。以浙江省全域杆塔为例,基于杆塔属性、地理信息及台风灾情资料,提出了一种基于“超额损失”的针对连续型和离散型变量的输电线路台风灾害杆塔脆弱性评估模型;利用68 a台风参数风场再分析数据,基于极值理论,建立了台风大风危险性评估模型;基于区域灾害系统理论,通过台风大风、杆塔脆弱性之间耦合分析,建立了台风输电线路杆塔风险评估模型。结果显示:台风大风危险性呈从东南向西北递减态势,随重现期增大呈非线性增大趋势,以20和100 a一遇极大风速为例,浙江省全域风速强度分别为23.5~50.9和32.6~68.9 m/s;台风影响下的杆塔综合脆弱性总体呈南高北低且与地形联系紧密的分布态势,脆弱性高值(>1)区域主要在浙中南和沿海地区;输电线路杆塔风险总体呈南高北低、沿海高内陆低的特点,局部差异性较大。应根据具体线路特点采取差异性较大的抗风策略。

服役输电线路风致响应及寿命预测分析

庞大的输电系统是国家最重要的基础设施之一,确保其在长期风荷载作用下的安全性和可靠性,是应该重视的关键问题。采用Abaqus建立了输电塔线体系的精细化有限元模型,对风荷载进行了模拟,考虑受压杆件失稳,通过动力计算方法分析了塔线体系响应并据此确定了其薄弱位置。进一步地,以薄弱杆件的应力时程为指标,基于Miner线性准则描述的损伤规律,采用雨流法预测了不同风速下塔线体系的寿命;随后研究了风荷载模拟关键参数对结构预测寿命的影响,对线路进行整体上的评估。结果表明:以构件失效作为塔线体系结构整体破坏的准则,可为塔线体系的寿命预测提供一定的参考;结构的预测寿命主要由薄弱构件(变坡处主材)控制;此外,风荷载模拟参数对预测寿命有较大影响,持时不同预测寿命差距较大,Kaimal谱模型预测寿命比随机Fourier谱更偏于保守;粗糙长度与预测寿命负相关。

随机脉动风场作用下输电塔线体系的动力响应分析

输电杆塔及塔线体系(简称塔线体系)是整个电力系统中输电环节的核心部分,沿海地区的强风对塔线体系有着重要影响。为研究在随机脉动风场作用下塔线体系的动力响应特性,文中以广东某地区的1W2C9型鼓型自立式输电杆塔为研究对象,建立输电杆塔的单塔及一塔两线的塔线耦联有限元模型,结合Davenport风速谱与四阶自回归法模拟具有空间相关性的单塔9节点及塔线体系49节点的脉动风场,研究在此脉动风场下的单塔及塔线体系的动力响应,并探究不同风向角对其动力响应的影响。研究结果表明:单塔及塔线体系的动力响应最大值大于其拟静力响应;由于塔线耦联效应的存在,输电线会增加塔线体系的稳定性,降低其动力响应;90°是输电杆塔单塔及塔线体系动力响应的最不利风向角。

土-岩组合地基变截面锚杆承载性能与机制研究

以山区输电线路工程为背景,针对实践中广泛遇到的上土下岩二元层状地基,提出了一种变截面锚杆技术,其原理为通过增大上覆土层中锚杆的截面积,达到充分利用上覆土层和下部岩层承载力的目的。为检验变截面锚杆的性能,采用现场真型试验和数值模拟相结合的手段,探讨了其承载力提升机制,分析了不同因素对承载特性的影响规律。研究表明,较等截面锚杆,变截面锚杆的上拔、下压以及水平承载力均有所提升。其中,水平承载性能提升效果最显著。场地覆土层厚度对锚杆上拔承载力影响较大,对下压和水平承载性能影响较小。场地地形坡度对锚杆水平承载性能有较大影响,二者呈负相关。此外,“上拔荷载+水平荷载”模式下,变截面群锚基础的承载性能优于等截面群锚基础和传统复合基础,且具有土方开挖量小以及更适用于斜坡地形的优点。研究成果可为该新型基础的推广应用提供技术支撑。

基于BP-Adaboost算法的输电塔-线结构整体可靠性分析

针对传统结构可靠性分析方法的应用局限性和计算成本较大等不足,引入BP-Adaboost集成学习算法,提出一种准确高效、简单易行的输电塔线结构整体可靠性分析方法。首先,建立输电塔线结构有限元分析模型,分析结构的失效准则并推导相应的极限状态功能函数;然后,将BP-Adaboost集成学习算法与蒙特卡洛模拟方法相结合,建立高精度预测模型来替代分析过程复杂的有限元模型,提出基于BP-Adaboost模型的输电塔线结构整体可靠性分析方法;最后,通过数值算例对所提方法进行应用与验证,证明所提方法具有更高的精度和效率,并进一步将其应用于实际输电塔线结构工程,分析多失效模式下输电塔线结构的整体可靠性。

强风作用下带横隔面输电塔动力响应及破坏机理研究

增设横隔面是对输电塔结构进行抗风加固的一种简单有效方式,但增设横隔面后输电塔的动力稳定性变化和破坏机理差异尚未明晰。以某220 kV同塔双回线路ZY2输电塔为研究对象,通过建立输电塔线耦联体系有限元模型,对比了增设横隔面前后的单塔及塔线体系的模态差异,验证了在靠近塔腿节间的交叉斜材处增设横隔面对于输电塔局部振型的抑制作用。采用随机风场模拟,计算不同风速下不同塔段处斜材增设横隔面前后轴力响应变化,结合动力不稳定区域理论计算斜材动力稳定性参数,将其与动力不稳定区域绘制在同一参数平面内并根据某一风速下斜材是否进入动力不稳定区域,来判断不同塔段处斜材增设横隔面前后的失稳风速。结果表明,合理增设横隔面最高可将杆塔破坏风速提高3 m/s。