Optimization of Cowpea Dry Grain Yield through the Stimulation of the RNA Synthetic Activity of NADH-Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Several potentially practical biochemical processes in plant systems still remain hidden, especially the NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) synthesis of nongenetic code-based RNA that optimizes crop nutritious yield by degrading superfluous genetic code-based RNA. In continued characterization of the biochemistry of cowpea grain yield, GDH was purified by electrophoresis from seeds of cowpea treated with solutions of stoichiometric mixes of mineral salts. The GDH was made to synthesize RNAs in the amination (α-KG/NADH/) and then in the deamination (L-Glu/NAD+) direction. The initial product RNAs were captured and sequenced. The grand challenge was to discover the specific molecular roles of the redox enzyme in the optimization of cowpea grain yields. In the amination direction, the GDH hexamers synthesized plus-RNA, but in the deamination direction, they synthesized minus-RNA. The plus-RNAs and minus-RNAs were homologous to about the same numbers of different mRNAs encoding the key enzymes that regulate photosynthesis;saccharide biochemistry and glycolysis;phenylpropanoid biosynthesis;nodulation nitrogen fixing processes;dehydrin drought and glutathione environmental stress resistance processes;purine, pyrimidine, DNA, RNA and essential amino acid biosynthesis;storage protein vicilin accumulation;isoflavone earliness of cowpea maturity;peroxidase synthesis of lignin and sequestration of CO2 to enrich soil organic carbon contents;triglyceride physiology in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds that render cowpea resistant to insects and fungi;etc., all of which constitute the GDH chemical pathways for discrimination of biochemical, physiological, metabolic, genetic reactions;and optimization of cowpea dry grain yields. Each stoichiometric mix of mineral salts produced optimally yielding biochemical variant of purple hull cowpea;the K + K + K mix was spectacular because it increased the grain yield to 7598 kg from the 3644 kg·ha-1 in the control cowpea. Optimized nutritious staple crop yield buttresses food security. The synthesis of plus-RNA in amination and minus-RNA in deamination is an economic tactical plan in biochemistry for the selection of superfluous mRNAs that would be degraded to assure the survival of cowpea growing under unfavorable environmental conditions.

Numerical modeling of an advancing hydraulically-driven pile in sand

The penetration of a model pile through sand was investigated via a numerical analysis. Data from nine triaxial compression tests on dense specimens at different stress levels was generalized and used to create an empirical non-linear plastic hardening stress-strain relation for use in the analysis. As the computer program used is capable of large displacement analyses in radial symmetry, we expected that the analysis would easily reproduce the tip resistance penetration profile of the model pile in sand of known density and stress. However, initial attempts led to over-prediction. Successful analyses required both successive reformations of the mesh and the complete elimination of the dilatant peak in soil strength, which is naturally eliminated under large confining stress directly beneath the advancing tip, and that soil in the far-field had strained insufficiently to reach peak strength. Thus, the soil around the shaft must have been sheared to a critical state as it flowed past the tip. The hypothesis that the resistance to displacement piles in sand is mainly a function of the deformability of the sand was again proven, and the use of peak strength in the traditional bearing capacity formulae was found to be inappropriate. Independent investigation in this direction is needed to quantify the hypothesis.