Calculation of Neutral Particle Energy Spectra in Tokamak by Using the Monte Carlo Method

Neutral particle energy spectra in the HT-7 tokamak are calculated by using the Monte Carlo method. It can reproduce the spectra measured in experiment. Differences of neutral particle energy spectra in higher and lower electron density plasma are discussed. Results show that the ion temperature given by neutral particle energy spectra is lower than the real ion temperature, but the deviation is within 10% if the ion temperature is less than 800 eV and thecentral chord-averaged electron density does not exceed 3 ×1013 cm-3. But for ion temperature higher than 1000 eV at the central chord-averaged density limit up to 5 ×1013 cm-3, the neutral particle energy spectra can still give the ion temperature within 10% deviation.

Quantitative relationship between flagellate abundance and suspended particle density in Huanghai Sea and East China Sea in summer

An investigation was carried out in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea to study the quantitative relationship between the abundance of flagellates and the density of suspended particles in the summer of 2001. The results show that the abundance of flagellates varies from 44-12 600 cell/cm^3, and flagellates sometimes constitutes a significant part of suspended particles. The size-spectra of suspended particles can be divided into four categories： flat spectrum, humped spectrum, plankton spectrum and mixed spectrum. In general, the abundance of flagellates varies in proportion to the density of suspended particles. However, their quantitative relations reveal different characteristics in the seawater samples of different types of particle-size spectrum. This is only a preliminary study of the quantitative relationship between flagellates and suspended particles, which might lead to a potential convenient approach to the estimation of flagellate abundance in the sea.

Computation of the Schrödinger Equation via the Discrete Derivatives Representation Method: Improvement of Solutions Using Particle Swarm Optimization

We develop the discrete derivatives representation method (DDR) to find the physical structures of the Schr?dinger equation in which the interpolation polynomial of Bernstein has been used. In this paper the particle swarm optimization (PSO for short) has been suggested as a means to improve qualitatively the solu-tions. This approach is carefully handled and tested with a numerical example.

The Mind-Brain Problem Bose-Einstein Statistics, Temperature, Heat, Entropy God and Other Elementary Particles

The purpose of this research is to apply the Einstein’s principle of relativity to solve the mind-brain problem and to generate all Standard Model Particle masses. Our approach is somewhat analogous to the dualistic idea of Descartes. Instead of a pineal gland, wherein the brain interacts with the mind, we propose during the developmental stages of the human fetus the tiny brain begins to communicate with the smallest structures of spacetime. This interaction occurs as the fetus brain begins to emit thermodynamic low heat energies, which are then absorbed into the smallest structures of spacetime saturating the interstices of the fetus brain. Think of these heat-energies like Morse code instructions. Since these kinds of interaction involve spacetime, with brain matter-energy, and that our main guiding principle is that of relativity, our research resulted in a general relativistic wave equation, wherein the n-valued heat-energies emitted by the brain-field-matrix Bμv, is identified as the energy momentum tensor of general relativity. The spacetime mind-matrix (Mμv) is likewise identified as the Riemannian curvature matrix. Together they form a general relativistic expression given by: Mμv +Pμv M=cBμv. Here c represents the combined general relativistic constants. By detaching the energy momentum tensor Bμv from the general relativistic wave equation, converting it to an operator, and then combining the time component with the Bose-Einstein equation, resulted in a brain temperature function capable of calculating precise heat-energies emitted by the brain during the formation of the fetus mind. As the fetus brain becomes more complex, it further organizes the mind. At some point self-aware consciousness is evoked within the spacetime mind. The same equation (relabeled to distinguish it from the mind-brain equation) can be applied to generate all Standard Model Particle masses.

秦皇岛外海低氧区颗粒物吸收光谱特征

近年来,渤海夏季低氧现象频发,引起了人们的广泛关注。然而对该海域低氧形成的机制还未得到充分认识。研究基于在秦皇岛外海的现场观测,分析了海水中颗粒物吸收光谱特征及其与不同粒径浮游植物叶绿素a(chl a)组成、环境因子的关系,评估了夏季底层水体脱氧过程中有机物来源与特征。结果显示,夏季秦皇岛外海微型浮游植物chl a占总量的80%。表层水体中,总颗粒物吸收光谱[ap(λ)]特征由浮游植物色素吸收光谱[aph(λ)]主导,在中、底层水体中则由碎屑颗粒物吸收光谱[ad(λ)]主导。垂向上,ap(440)和ad(440)均表现为表层<中层<底层。结果还表明,浮游植物粒径主导秦皇岛外海chl a的光吸收效率,即a*ph(440)。基于三粒级chl a含量,可利用多元回归预测aph(440)。碎屑颗粒物的吸收光谱同样受浮游植物群落、有机质相对含量等的影响。研究结果表明初级生产产生的微型颗粒有机物是底层水体脱氧的主要底物。

Real-time retrieval of submicron aerosol size distributions from multi-wavelength spectral extinction measurements

The real-time retrieval of submicron aerosol size distributions is of major interest for applications. Based on the Mie theory,the spectral extinction method offers a simple measurement principle and a convenient optical arrangement. In contrast to the relative simplicity of the experimental measurement the retrieval of the particles size distribution and particle concentration from the spectral extinction method is difficult. Mie scattering Equation is a Fredholm Integral Equation of the First Kind. This paper develops a hybrid iterative model-dependent algorithm for on-line particle sizing from extinction spectra which is both computationally efficient and accurate. Applying the refined Mie diagnostic iterative procedures within some candidate solutions can identify the unique result accurately and rapidly enough for real time measurement. With the addition of added Gaussian noise,an average tolerance up to 5% of noise level is kept for particle size from submicron to micrometer under moderate polydispersity.

Analysis of shower particle pseudorapidity spectra in interactions of relativistic Au and Pb ions with emulsion nuclei

The pseudorapidity spectra of fast particles （with β 〉 0.7） produced in Au （at 11.6 A GeV） and Pb （at 158 A GeV） induced collisions with emulsion （Em） nuclei contain some visual plateaus and shoulders. The plateau is wider for Pb＋Em reactions compared with the Au＋Em ones. The existence of a plateau is expected for parton models. The Fourier transformation and maximum entropy methods were used to get additional information about the plateaus. The dependence of the plateaus on the centrality of the collisions was also studied using the number of g-particles to fix centrality. It shows that the maximum entropy method could confirm the existence of the plateau and the shoulder on distributions.

中药配方颗粒红外指纹图谱的无损快速鉴别研究

借助于红外指纹图谱对各生产厂家生产的中药配方颗粒进行了系统的鉴别研究。结果表明 ,红外指纹图谱可直观的反映出不同生产产家 (广东一方、江阴天江、三九医药、香港培力 )之间产品质量的异同 ,同一厂家不同批号颗粒剂谱图的可重现性 ,不同炮制方法及炮制前后的差异 ,以及同一炮制品不同批号的异同。该法能够有效地对其产品质量进行真伪优劣鉴别 ,为产品的质量控制标准提供了一种先进、快速的分析手段。

兴凯湖春季水体悬浮颗粒物和CDOM吸收特性

为了分析兴凯湖水体光学活性物质的吸收特性、来源和空间分布以及对400~700 nm范围内总吸收的贡献,于2013年5月对该水体进行野外实验,对水体中浮游藻类、非藻类颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物的吸收特性和水质参数进行测定.结果表明：总悬浮颗粒物的吸收光谱与非藻类颗粒物相似,色素颗粒物含量较少且单一,非藻类颗粒物在总悬浮颗粒物吸收中占主导地位,其贡献率始终在50%以上.CDOM吸收曲线的拟合函数斜率值Sg均高于其它水体.440 nm处总悬浮颗粒物和非藻类颗粒物的吸收系数ap（440）、ad（440）与总悬浮颗粒物、无机悬浮颗粒物和有机悬浮颗粒物浓度相关性均较好,与叶绿素a（Chl.a）浓度的相关性较差.兴凯湖与其它Ⅱ类水体的差异性表现在440 nm处CDOM吸收系数ag（440）与Chl.a浓度、溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度均无显著相关性,说明DOC以无色部分为主.总体上,大兴凯湖各吸收系数和水质参数均值均低于小兴凯湖,后者水质受农耕区退水及周围渔业、旅游业的影响较大.

纳米Au/TiO_2光催化剂的XPS和SPS研究

以溶胶 凝胶法制备的TiO2 纳米粒子为载体 ,通过浸渍法制备了Au/TiO2 样品 ,并利用XPS和SPS等技术对样品进行表征 ,考察了热处理温度和Au含量对TiO2 纳米粒子光催化氧化苯酚活性的影响 .结果表明 ,Au是以金属纳米微晶的形式均匀地分散在TiO2 纳米粒子表面 .用适量Au进行表面修饰不仅拓宽了TiO2 对光的响应范围 ,而且改善了TiO2 光生电子和空穴的分离效率 ,提高了样品对氧物种的吸附 ,并促进了光生电子向吸附氧的传输 .在光催化氧化苯酚反应中 ,5 0 0℃处理的Au/TiO2 纳米粒子具有较高的光催化活性 ,这与XPS和SPS表征结果是一致的 .从电子能级匹配的角度揭示了Au对TiO2样品表面光电性质和光催化性能的影响机制 .

镶嵌有纳米硅的氮化硅薄膜键合特性分析

采用螺旋波等离子体化学气相沉积(HWPCVD)技术制备了非化学计量比的氢化氮化硅薄膜,对所沉积样品及氮气环境中920℃退火样品的微观结构及键合特性进行了分析。Raman散射结果表明,薄膜中过量硅以非晶纳米粒子形式存在,退火样品呈现纳米晶硅和氮化硅的镶嵌结构。红外吸收和可见光吸收特性比较结果显示,薄膜样品的微观结构依赖于化学计量比以及退火过程,硅含量较低样品因高的键合氢含量而表现出低的纳米硅表面缺陷态密度;退火过程将引起Si—H和N—H键合密度的减少,因晶态纳米颗粒的形成,退火样品表现出更高的结构无序度。

CoFe_2O_4纳米粒子的共振散射光谱研究

液相纳米粒子CoFe2 O4在 4 0 0 ,4 70 ,510 ,80 0和 94 0nm产生五个共振散射峰。它是一种非线性光散射介质。当激发波长为 330nm时 ,CoFe2 O4纳米粒子分别在于 330 ,6 6 0和 990nm产生一个共振散射峰、一个 1/2分频散射峰和一个 1/3分频散射峰 ;当激发波长为 80 0nm时 ,在 80 0nm产生一个共振散射峰 ,而在4 0 0nm产生一个较该共振散射峰更强的 2倍频散射峰。分频散射和倍频散射与共振散射有相似的散射行为。根据建立的灰白粒子体系共振散射光谱原理定性解析了CoFe2

夏季黄海、东海鞭毛虫的丰度与悬浮颗粒物的关系

对2001年8月黄海中部和南部以及东海北部海洋鞭毛虫的丰度及其与悬浮颗粒物的数量关系进行了研究，发现调查区域内的鞭毛虫丰度为44～12600个／cm^3，它们在悬浮颗粒中所占的比例可达60％以上．悬浮颗粒物的粒径谱可以分为平缓型、驼峰型、浮游生物型和混合型．鞭毛虫丰度的变化与悬浮颗粒物的数量分布具有相似的变化趋势，整体上来说，两者数量的相关性显著，而不同的粒径谱类型中，两者的关系有不同的特点．对两者的数量关系进行了初步的探讨，并为今后海域生态调查中鞭毛虫丰度的快速估计提供一条新的途径．

兰州地区秋季层状云垂直微物理特征分析

利用PMS云粒子测量仪器和机载温湿仪测得的2001年9、10月份在兰州中川机场上空的5次天气过程的层状云垂直探测资料,分析了秋季Cs-As-Ns和Ac-Sc结构层状云温度,云粒子浓度、粒子直径、液态含水量及云粒子谱的垂直分布特征,用N阶Γ函数对云粒子谱分布进行了拟合,选出最优化拟合参数,并指出逆温层相对于温度0℃层的位置和逆温强弱对云滴的微物理特征的分布和降水形成有显著的影响。

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物和CDOM的吸收特性

通过测定滤膜上悬浮颗粒物和过滤液中CDOM吸光度的方法计算得到太湖梅梁湾总颗粒物和CDOM的光谱吸收系数，并计算了各吸收组份的贡献份额以及吸收与PAR衰减的比值。总颗粒物的吸收系数从400nm到600nm大致呈下降趋势，到675nm附近由于叶绿素a的特征吸收会出现明显峰值，峰值高低随叶绿素4浓度的变化而变化，aρ（440）在3．58-9.86m^-1间变化。非藻类颗粒物和CDOM的吸收随波长增加大致按指数规律下降，αd（440）和αg（440）的变化范围分别为2．23-7．07m^-1和1．06-1．70m^-1。非藻类颗粒物在400—700nm波段的指数函数斜率Sd的平均值为（10．91±0．62）μm^-1；CDOM在280—500nm波段指数函数斜率Sg的平均值为（15．52±0．49）μm^-1。浮游藻类的光谱吸收表现为在440、675nm附近存在两个明显的峰值，分别为（2．55±1．14）、（1．34±0．69）m^-1。ap（440）与TSS、OSS、ISS均存在显著性正相关，而ad（440）则只与TSS、ISS有显著性相关，aph（440）只与OSS、Chla有显著性相关。CDOM吸收系数与DOC浓度没有显著正相关，但与Chla存在显著幂函数关系，浮游藻类降解产物是水体中CDOM的重要来源之一。水体中物质吸收主要以颗粒物为主，对总吸收的贡献率在70％以上，而颗粒物中又以非藻类颗粒物占主导，一般超过加％，总吸收对漫射衰减的贡献也在40％以上。

氯化钠溶液中纳米银胶的紫外-可见光谱研究

考察了纳米银胶制备中的一系列影响因素。用TEM和UV-Vis表征了水溶性高分子PVP,PVA和强电解质NaCl对纳米银胶的影响,发现不同制备方法和不同介质中得到的纳米银胶的分散性质和粒径大小不同,吸收光谱有差别。NaCl的加入对纳米银胶的吸收光谱影响显著,尤其是对于没有PVP,PVA保护的体系,当溶液中NaCl浓度达到某一临界值时,纳米银胶的吸收光谱出现突变。

对-氨基苯甲酸改性环氧树脂的性能表征及乳化性质

以对氨基苯甲酸改性环氧树脂，使其成为具有亲水性的树脂．实验结果表明，改性后树脂在有机溶剂中的溶解性变差，在碱性溶剂中溶解性增强．对改性树脂进行了红外表征，并根据环氧基特征峰的吸收对环氧基转化率进行了定量分析．测定了改性产物的DSC曲线，发现随着反应物中对氨基苯甲酸比例的升高，改性产物的玻璃化转变温度升高．此外还研究了改性环氧树脂水基微乳液制备过程的电导率变化规律，并探讨了羧酸基中和程度及溶剂极性对乳液粒径以及粒子形态的影响．

一种纳米颗粒粒度分布的非接触测量方法

研究了基于高频宽带超声衰减谱非接触式方法测量纳米颗粒悬浊液中颗粒相粒度分布问题.通过理论分析和数值计算,选择ECAH模型作为反演计算的理论模型.以1%()的纳米银水悬浊液作为实验样品,采用标称中心频率为50MHz的超声换能器和变声程脉冲回波法进行了非接触测量,获得了可利用的高频宽带(10～50MHz)超声衰减谱,结合理论模型和最优正则化算法反演出纳米颗粒的粒度分布.实验结果与透射电子显微镜法和高速离心沉降法的测定结果吻合较好,表明该方法可测量悬浊液中纳米颗粒粒度分布.

沉淀聚合制备聚二乙烯基苯微粒

利用沉淀聚合方法，自由基引发二乙烯基苯聚合，制备了具有较窄粒度分布的聚二乙烯基苯超细微粒，用扫描电镜对其表面形态和粒度进行了表征；红外光谱表明这种聚合物超微粒仍存在有较多未反应的悬吊双键，可以继续与其它功能基团进一步反应，且粒度均一可控。