Study of relationship between motion of mechanisms in gas operated weapon and its shock absorber

The article deals with the motion of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing of an automatic weapon mounted on a flexible carriage and the base of the weapon.Earlier works,which did not consider the dynamic properties of the base of the weapon,did not allow to reconcile the calculated and experimental results of the weapon casing displacement when shooting from firing rests.For the analysis of the motion of individual parts,the methods of mathematical modelling and firing experiments using a high-speed camera were chosen.Calculations show the best accord with experiment when modelling the system with 4 degrees of freedom.The oscillation of the system regarding the movement of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing was investigated under changed conditions of rate of fire,the use of a muzzle brake and different types of shock absorbers.The velocities and displacements of the weapon casing and the breech block carrier at different values of the impulse of the gases to the breech block carrier were determined.

Resilience-driven cooperative reconfiguration strategy for unmanned weapon system-of-systems

As the unmanned weap system-of systems(UWSoS)becomes complex,the inevitable uncertain interference gradu-ally increases,which leads to a strong emphasis on the resilience of UWSoS.Hence,this paper presents a resilience-driven cooperative reconfiguration strategy to enhance the resilience of UWSoS.First,a unified resilience-driven coopera-tive reconfiguration strategy framework is designed to guide the UWSoS resilience enhancement.Subsequently,a cooperative reconfiguration strategy algorithm is proposed to identify the optimal cooperative reconfiguration sequence,combining the cooperative pair resilience contribution index(CPRCI)and coop-erative pair importance index(CPII).At last,the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated through various attack scenario simulations that include differ-ent attack modes and intensities.The analysis results can pro-vide a reference for decision-makers to manage UWSoS.

A bi-population immune algorithm for weapon transportation support scheduling problem with pickup and delivery on aircraft carrier deck

The weapon transportation support scheduling problem on aircraft carrier deck is the key to restricting the sortie rate and combat capability of carrier-based aircraft.This paper studies the problem and presents a novel solution architecture.Taking the interference of the carrier-based aircraft deck layout on the weapon transportation route and precedence constraint into consideration,a mixed integer formulation is established to minimize the total objective,which is constituted of makespan,load variance and accumulative transfer time of support unit.Solution approach is developed for the model.Firstly,based on modeling the carrier aircraft parked on deck as convex obstacles,the path library of weapon transportation is constructed through visibility graph and Warshall-Floyd methods.We then propose a bi-population immune algorithm in which a population-based forward/backward scheduling technique,local search schemes and a chaotic catastrophe operator are embedded.Besides,the randomkey solution representation and serial scheduling generation scheme are adopted to conveniently obtain a better solution.The Taguchi method is additionally employed to determine key parameters of the algorithm.Finally,on a set of generated realistic instances,we demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms all compared algorithms designed for similar optimization problems and can significantly improve the efficiency,and that the established model and the bi-population immune algorithm can effectively respond to the weapon support requirements of carrier-based aircraft under different sortie missions.

An Air Defense Weapon Target Assignment Method Based on Multi-Objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

With the advancement of combat equipment technology and combat concepts,new requirements have been put forward for air defense operations during a group target attack.To achieve high-efficiency and lowloss defensive operations,a reasonable air defense weapon assignment strategy is a key step.In this paper,a multi-objective and multi-constraints weapon target assignment(WTA)model is established that aims to minimize the defensive resource loss,minimize total weapon consumption,and minimize the target residual effectiveness.An optimization framework of air defense weapon mission scheduling based on the multiobjective artificial bee colony(MOABC)algorithm is proposed.The solution for point-to-point saturated attack targets at different operational scales is achieved by encoding the nectar with real numbers.Simulations are performed for an imagined air defense scenario,where air defense weapons are saturated.The non-dominated solution sets are obtained by the MOABC algorithm to meet the operational demand.In the case where there are more weapons than targets,more diverse assignment schemes can be selected.According to the inverse generation distance(IGD)index,the convergence and diversity for the solutions of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)algorithm and the MOABC algorithm are compared and analyzed.The results prove that the MOABC algorithm has better convergence and the solutions are more evenly distributed among the solution space.

Mission reliability modeling and evaluation for reconfigurable unmanned weapon system-of-systems based on effective operation loop

The concept of unmanned weapon system-of-systems(UWSoS)involves a collection of various unmanned systems to achieve or accomplish a specific goal or mission.The mission reliability of UWSoS is represented by its ability to finish a required mission above the baselines of a given mission.However,issues with heterogeneity,cooperation between systems,and the emergence of UWSoS cannot be effectively solved by traditional system reliability methods.This study proposes an effective operation-loop-based mission reliability evaluation method for UWSoS by analyzing dynamic reconfiguration.First,we present a new connotation of an effective operation loop by considering the allocation of operational entities and physical resource constraints.Then,we propose an effective operationloop-based mission reliability model for a heterogeneous UWSoS according to the mission baseline.Moreover,a mission reliability evaluation algorithm is proposed under random external shocks and topology reconfiguration,revealing the evolution law of the effective operation loop and mission reliability.Finally,a typical 60-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-swarm is taken as an example to demonstrate the proposed models and methods.The mission reliability is achieved by considering external shocks,which can serve as a reference for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of UWSoS.

DEVELOPMENT OF DOUBLE-BARRELED CALCIUM ION-SELECTIVE MICROELECTRODE

A new PVC matrix membrane double-barreled calcium ion-selective microelectrode based on liquid ion exchanger has been designed and constructed.The tip diameter of about 2.5μm as well as lower selectivity coefficients for K+,Na and Mg2+are adequate for in-tracellular measurements of Ca activities.The inner wall of the selective channel was made to be hydrophobic by treatment withalkyl-alcohols.By means of this microelectrode some physiologicalphenomena related to Ca2+activities have been studied,and Caconcentrations in clinical microsamples have also been determined.

The Challenges Posed by Autonomous Weapon Systems to Human Rights and Humanitarian Concerns and Relevant Legal Responses

By 2050,autonomous weapon systems may potentially replace humans as the main force on the battlefield,as per predictions.The development of autonomous weapon systems poses risks to human rights and humanitarian concerns and raises questions about how international law should regulate new technologies.From the perspectives of international human rights law and international humanitarian law,autonomous weapon systems present serious challenges in terms of invasiveness,indiscriminate killing,cruelty,and loss of control,which impact human rights and humanitarian principles.Against the backdrop of increased attention to the protection of human rights in China,it is necessary to clarify the existing regulatory framework and fundamental stance regarding autonomous weapon systems and proactively consider and propose countermeasures to address the risks associated with such systems.This will help prevent human rights and humanitarian violations and advance the timely resolution of this issue,which affects the future and destiny of humanity,ultimately achieving the noble goal of universal enjoyment of human rights.

Agent Blue: A Secret Military and Environmental Chemical Weapon Used for Food Denial in South Vietnam during the Vietnam Civil War (1962-1965)

During the last 60 years, the southern Vietnam environment and Vietnamese living in the Mekong Delta have bio-accumulated arsenic from natural and anthropic (Vietnam Civil War (1962-1965)) sources via their drinking water (groundwater from tube wells) and food supply leading to an increasing risk of chronic poisoning over time. A synthesis and analysis of publications and records is presented to document the Republic of Vietnam (RV), the official name of the South Vietnam Government, and United States (US) militaries contribution to arsenic levels and toxic spikes in the Vietnam Mekong Delta groundwater. During the Vietnam Civil War, Agent Blue, in powder form, was shipped to Port Saigon, via the Saigon River, and transported to the Tan Son Nhut Air Force base during the Vietnam Civil War. After the official start of the American-Vietnam War (1965-1973) the tactical herbicides were re-routed to Bien Hoa Air Force base (1965 to 1971). Approximately 3.2 million liters of Agent Blue (468,008 kg As) was sprayed or dumped by the RV military with the assistance and support of the Central Intelligence (CIA), US Army and US Navy, during the 1962-1965 Khai Huang (Hamlet) Program. A portion of an additional 4.6 million liters of Agent Blue (664,392 kg of As) was sprayed between 1962 and 1965 by the US Air Force as part of Operation Ranch Hand and prior to the official start of the American-Vietnam War in August 1964. Operation Rand Hand began in 1962 and ended in 1971. The Institute of Medicine estimated a total of 7.8 million liters (1,132,400 kg As) of Agent Blue was applied to southern Vietnam landscape from 1962 to 1971. This total includes both the 1962 to 1965 RV Khai Huang program with the assistance of the CIA, US Army and US Navy, and the total Agent Blue applied by US Air Force Operation Ranch Hand from 1962 to 1971. The primary objective of this study was to document how Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, became a secret US military and environmental chemical weapon used by the RV and US militaries in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam Civil War years (1962-1965). This assessment found that the anthropic arsenic, including Agent Blue, added a toxic burden to the Mekong Delta soils, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, food supply, and human health. However, there are missing details regarding political decisions and a full accounting of the geographic locations sprayed and amount of Agent Blue used. Vietnam War Archives have paper correspondence and RV herbicide spray records that shed greater light on this period. These records are over 50 years old and need to be electronically scanned, stored, and made available for additional historical analyses.

基于深度强化学习的舰船导弹目标分配方法

针对对抗环境下的海上舰船防空反导导弹目标分配问题,本文提出了一种融合注意力机制的深度强化学习算法.首先,构建了舰船多类型导弹目标分配模型,并结合目标多波次拦截特点将问题建模为马尔可夫决策过程.接着,基于编码器–解码器框架搭建强化学习策略网络,融合多头注意力机制对目标进行编码,并在解码中结合整体目标和单个目标编码信息实现舰船可靠的导弹目标分配.最后,对导弹目标分配收益、分配时效以及策略网络训练过程进行了仿真实验.实验结果表明,本文方法能生成高收益的导弹目标分配方案,相较于对比算法的大规模决策计算速度提高10%~94%,同时其策略网络能够快速稳定收敛.

UWB HPM对雷达方舱内电子设备的影响仿真分析

针对高功率微波辐照下雷达方舱内电子设备的响应和毁伤效应等实际问题,通过建立雷达方舱和舱内电缆模型进行了辐照仿真分析。结果表明,高功率微波信号在进入方舱时,方舱起到一定的滤波作用,类似带通滤波器;雷达方舱和舱内设备的反射会影响方舱内场强分布和极化,造成方舱内电场分布不均匀,各向异性降低,但尚未达到混响室程度;通过仿真概略计算了方舱内信号分布和传输特性;方舱内电缆耦合信号电压基本在同一个数量级,超宽谱信号辐照影响主要以扰乱为主。针对上述影响,提出了相应加固措施,可为雷达在高功率微波武器攻击下进行后门防护加固提供理论支撑。

火炮武器系统软件研究现状及发展分析

结合火炮武器系统软件产品要求,分析了火炮武器系统软件在当前信息化、无人化战争形态演变下,软件技术、计算机技术、通信技术、网络技术和人工智能技术等的快速发展和装备软件承制单位能力评价给装备软件带来的历史机遇和挑战。为进一步改进关键复杂火炮武器系统软件开发模式、解决型号软件现有设计模式无法适应需求快速变化的矛盾、改变软件开发能力不足的现状,提出了在火炮武器系统软件研制过程改进中的一些建议,以期对火炮武器系统软件开发具有借鉴意义。

内埋武器机弹分离动态风洞投放试验研究

基于动力学相似的动态风洞投放试验研究了尖拱圆柱体从空腔中分离的气动及运动特性,并创新性地采用快响应压敏漆技术对动态运动模型表面上的压力分布测量进行初步探索研究,试验中探究了不同空腔模型攻角(α=0°,-1.5°,-3°)及弹体在空腔内的不同位置(L_(0)=25 mm,39 mm)对内埋武器机弹分离特性的影响。结果表明:弹体在空腔内的位置对机弹分离运动特性的影响最大,当L_(0)=25 mm时,弹体模型头部区域压力明显高于后部区域压力,产生抬头俯仰力矩,导致弹体模型俯仰角逐渐增大,最终碰撞空腔模型,降低载机攻角并未改变弹体模型碰撞空腔模型的效果。当L_(0)=39 mm时,弹体模型在给定的攻角下均能安全地从空腔中分离。

“思想战争武器”:二战时期美国图书运动的兴起

战争不但是军事经济力量的较量,而且是思想文化力量的较量。二战初期,面对纳粹德国从国内蔓延至欧洲的焚书运动及其宣传活动给美国制造的战争恐慌与思想攻击,美国通过强化国家认同与性别身份构建进行反击。在这场意识形态之争中,图书成为最理想的武器与装备。在这种理念指引下,美国政府和出版行业共同推动了战时图书运动。这些被送往战场和海外市场的图书不仅成为鼓舞士气、治愈创伤的精神良药,而且无形中传播了美国的价值观,提升了美国文化的影响力,对于推动世界的“美国化”起到了重要作用。

机载激光武器试验评估技术研究

由于毁伤机理和使用方法的不同,现有机载武器和传感器的试验方法不适用于机载激光武器。为研究其特殊的试验与评估技术,从国外典型机载激光武器的试验情况着手,分析了主要的试验阶段、试验内容、试验类别、管理特点等,对气动光学特性、出光特性、目标探测识别跟踪、光束控制和杀伤性试验等主要科目的内容、方法进行研究。研究表明,美国为了避免试验技术落后研制技术,采取了多计划安排一体推进、大力构建试验机、建设试验设施和循序渐进开展试验等管理措施促进相关的研究。建议加强试验技术的投入,适时建设体系化试验机,加强测试和靶标等领域的研究,以期为新质武器的成熟和应用提供帮助。

当超级企业遭遇地缘政治——中美战略竞争中的台积电

被誉为全球芯片“代工之王”的台积电是一家非常典型的超级企业。尽管台积电在商业上取得了重大成功,但在日益激烈的地缘政治竞争中却陷入了巨大的“选边困境”,不得不做出违背经济效率逻辑和比较优势原则的商业选择,从高效的集中生产转向低效的分散生产。台积电陷入这种困境的原因在于,作为一家高度全球化的企业,其在技术、资本、市场和生产上高度依赖中美两大经济体。台积电既依靠美国的技术与资本支持,又依赖中国内地的市场与产业生态。近年来中美围绕半导体产业展开了激烈博弈,这使存在双重依赖关系的台积电面临着大国将经济要素“武器化”所带来的安全风险,其既不能“一边倒”,又很难“左右逢源”,只能“夹缝求生”。台积电的“故事”为我们展示了大国竞争如何影响一个超级企业的商业战略选择,从而在微观层面呈现了地缘政治环境塑造国际经济秩序的宏观图景。

定向能武器在电磁空间的运用

为探讨以激光武器和高功率微波武器为代表的定向能武器在电磁空间中的作战应用,采用演绎和类比的研究方法,从电磁频谱的物理原理和战争基本规律出发,论述电磁空间的基本性质、电磁火力的基本特点、电磁精确战的基本原理,以及定向能武器的基本定位、优势劣势、软硬杀伤。分析定向能武器在电磁空间的信息破坏力与信息创造力,梳理总结定向能武器的主要作战场景及运用方式,最后就加快定向能武器走向实战提出建议。

基于概率神经网络的潜舰武器系统故障诊断

针对传统故障诊断方法检测某型潜舰导弹武器系统故障准确率不高、耗时长的问题,提出基于概率神经网络的智能诊断方法。介绍该网络的典型结构及优势所在,以某型潜舰导弹武器系统为验证对象,选取合适特征向量、归纳合理故障类型、建立相应神经网络,并运用Matlab仿真验证。结果表明在现有数据库中,概率神经网络对该系统的故障诊断正确率为77.8%。这表明基于概率神经网络的故障诊断基本能够区分该系统故障类型,大大减少了部队故障诊断时间和人力投入。

步平先生与日本化学战研究

步平先生是中国学界最早开展日军化学战研究的学者之一。他坚持实证研究,调查过中日各地化学战相关遗址,收集大量确凿的文献史料和人证物证。他有关化学战的研究成果丰硕,填补了中国学界的空白。他的研究成果是该领域最有影响力的论著。步平先生不仅是一位卓有成就的学者,还是一位胸怀现实、热爱和平的社会活动家。他通过对化学战的研究,推动日本政府承担战争责任,处理战后遗弃在中国的化学武器。他热心奔走,为向日本提出诉讼赔偿的受害者提供帮助。他与日本进步人士开展共同研究,敦促日本正视侵略史实,寻求在中日之间建立超越国境的历史认识。他还呼吁为了人类和平,全世界应共同反对、抵制核武器、生物武器、化学武器等大规模杀伤性武器的使用。

基于潜艇武器使用数据的“教、学、练、战”一体化教学模式构建及实施效果研究

为实现军士培养目标精细化、教学过程专业化、考核评价科学化,必须充分利用信息时代的数据资源。本研究建立基于潜艇武器使用数据的“教、学、练、战”一体化教学模式,有效解决岗位需求变化响应不快、教学内容岗位导向不准、技能教学目标层次不高、职业能力要素养成不足四个关键问题,并在相关课程中开展实践应用,为提升学员解决武器使用相关实战问题的能力及促进具有较强创新实践能力的军士人才队伍建设,提供了可行的方法。

美国定向能机动近程防空计划进展分析

美国定向能机动近程防空(directed energy maneuver-short range air defense,DE M-SHORAD)计划通过击伤、摧毁或压制旋转翼无人机、固定翼无人机以及火箭弹、火炮炮弹、迫击炮弹(rockets,artillery and mortar,RAM)等威胁目标,为机动部队提供伴随防空,对抗新兴威胁,属于美国陆军防空反导现代化的优先项目之一。首先介绍了DE M-SHORAD研制计划;其次详细分析了系统结构,并由系统参数评估了系统的作战性能;最后梳理了系统的研制进展。通过综合分析可知,DE M-SHORAD系统采用最佳组件,通过快速原型方法实现激光武器系统在装甲车上的集成;为降低技术风险,该计划在发展方式上分为两个阶段,首先集成、测试2 kW~5 kW机动实验型高能激光器(mobile experimental high-energy laser,MEHEL),然后再研制50 kW级的多任务高能激光器(multi-mission high-energy laser,MMHEL)。经计算可得:MEHEL和MMHEL对无人机的最大射程分别约为0.77 km、4.8 km。