Effects of Different Application Times of Tillering Fertilizer on Grain Yield and Population Development of Double-cropping Rice Transplanted by Machine

The application of tillering fertilizer plays an important role in promoting rice tillering and improving rice yield. However, under the condition of mechanical transplanting, the optimal application time of tillering fertilizer is still unclear. In this study, the early rice cultivar Zhongjiazao 17 and late rice cultivar H You 518 were used as materials, and the effects of different application times of tillering fertilizer on yield and population development of double-cropping rice transplanted by machine were investigated. The tillering fertilizer was applied 7（D07）, 10（D10） and 13（D13） d after the transplanting, respectively. The results showed that compared with those in the D07 treatment groups, the yield of early rice in the D10 and D13 treatment groups were reduced by 9.4% and 3.8%, respectively, and the yield of late rice in the D10 and D13 treatment groups were reduced by 4.5% and 12.6%,respectively. However, there were no significant differences in rice yield among the treatment groups. The application time of tillering fertilizer showed significant effects on grain number per panicle and seed setting rate of early rice. The grain number per panicle in the D10 treatment group was significantly lower than that in the D07 treatment group, and the seed setting rate of the D13 treatment group was significantly lower than that in the D07 treatment group（P〈0.05）. For the late rice, the effect of application time of tillering fertilizer on effective tiller number was most obvious, and the effective tiller number in the D13 treatment group was significantly lower than that in the D07 treatment group（P〈0.05）. Compared with those in the D07 treatment group, the effective tiller numbers, leaf area indexes and biomasses in the D10 and D13 treatment groups were all trended to be decreased. Therefore,to improve the quality of population and fulfill the high-yielding potential of double-cropping rice transplanted by machine, the tillering fertilizer should be applied as early as possible after rice seedlings turn green.

Compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance under machine transplanting

To identify the major factors that contribute to the difference in lodging among different rice varieties under machine transplanting and their responses to nitrogen(N),field experiments were conducted at Danyang County(a representative eco-site of the Lower Yangtze River)in Jiangsu Province,China in 2017 and 2018,22 hybrid indica varieties(HIs),22 inbred japonica varieties(IJs)and two indica japonica hybrid varieties(IJHs)were transplanted by machine with three N rates(N0,N150 and N300,0,150 and 300 kg ha–1,respectively).Lodging-related physical parameters,morphological characteristics and apparent transport rates of dry matter were examined.Significant difference in yield was observed among different types of rice,and followed by IJs<HIs<IJHs.The average lodging index(LI)of hybrid varieties(HIs and IJHs)was higher than that of the inbred varieties(IJs)with higher plant height;moreover,lower apparent export rate of dry matter resulted lower LI in IJHs than in HIs.The HIs had a large difference in the LI,which came from the difference in bending stress(BS)induced by the difference in the apparent export rate of dry matter,varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves possess strong lodging resistance capacity;however,the gap among the IJs was due to the difference in the cross section modulus(Z).The LI in the IJs or IJHs increased slightly with the increased N application,and there was no lodging incidence under the high N level,which was due to the low leaf angle and barely changed under high N;there was a significant interaction between varieties(HIs)and N rates in lodging rate and LI,varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves were resistant to high N.These results suggest that compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance at machine-transplanting method.

Why high grain yield can be achieved in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions?

This study was conducted to identify the factors associated with high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions. Field experiments were done in Yong＇an Town, Hunan Province, China in 2015 and 2016. Two hybrid rice cultivars were grown under single seedling machine transplanting （SMT） and conventional machine transplanting （CMT） at a high planting density in each year. Grain yield and yield attributes were compared between SMT and CMT. Averaged across cultivars and years, grain yield was 12％ higher under SMT than under CMT. Plant height, basal stem width, and shoot and root dry weights were higher in seedlings for SMT than those for CMT. SMT had less maximum tiller number per m2 and consequently less panicle number per m2 than did CMT. Branch number per panicle, especially the secondary branch number per panicle, and spikelet number per cm of panicle length were more under SMT than under CMT, which resulted in more spikelet number per panicle under SMT than under CMT. SMT had higher or equal spikelet filling percentage than did CMT. The difference in grain weight between SMT and CMT was relatively small and inconsistent cross years. SMT had higher or equal total biomass and harvest index than did CMT. Dry weight per stem under SMT was heavier than that under CMT. Larger leaf area per stem was partly responsible for the heavier dry weight per stem under SMT than under CMT. Our study suggests that improvement in seedling quality, panicle size, and dry weight per stem are critical to the high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions.

A Study of the Factors that Affect Safe Full Heading of Machine-transplanted Rice Seedlings in the Temperate and Cool Rice-growing Areas

This paper studies the factors that affect the safe full heading of machine-transplanted rice seedlings in the temperate and cool ricegrowing areas,and explores the influence of machine-transplanted rice seedling varieties,seedling age,nitrogen fertilizer application rate and management on the safe full heading of machine-transplanted rice seedlings. Results show that for the mechanized production in the temperate and cool rice-growing areas,we should select the mid-early maturity cold-resistant varieties with growth period of not exceeding 180 d,control the seedling age to be 30- 35 d and total amount of pure nitrogen to be not more than 300 kg / ha,and moderately reduce the nitrogen fertilizer postponing ratio. Under this condition,we can achieve safe full heading of machine-transplanted rice seedlings and ensure the yield.

Major Physiological Characters of Different Double Cropping Rice Varieties by Different Mechanical Transplanting Methods

The research selected 16 rice varieties（8 early and 8 late double-cropping rice） by mechanical transplanting modes as per equivalent row and wide-narrow row to explore yield and physiological traits in order to provide references for selection of rice variety suitable for mechanical transplanting. The results showed that yields of early and late rice improved by 2.90% and 2.73% by mechanical transplanting as per equivalent row and wide-narrow row respectively. Besides, leaf area index in the treatment as per wide-narrow row was higher compared with the treatment as per equivalent row, as well as average photosynthetic potential which grew by 0.92%,3.99% and 5.64% of early from tillering-peak stage to mature stage and 3.46%,7.09% and 6.79% of late rice. Furthermore, by mechanical transplanting as per wide-narrow row, SPAD value, and root activity performer higher, as well as the number of differentiated branch and glumous flowers, but degradation rate showed lower. In addition, with mechanical transplanting the same, early rice Zhuliangyou819 and late rice Fengyuanyou 299 took advantages in yield, which can be priorities for mechanical transplanting in double-cropping areas in Jiangxi Province.

Development and Transition of Rice Planting in China

[Objective] This paper aimed to clarify the rice planting methods and its supporting technology to be developed in rice producing areas in China. [Method] Evolvement of rice planting methods in rice producing areas in China and in representative rice-growth countries abroad, its characteristics, adaptability and key issues were analyzed. [Result] The analysis of development of rice planting method in China and abroad indicated that rice planting method was adapted to rice-based cropping system and ecological environment, and its transition accompanied with social and economic development. With agricultural labor transfer from agriculture to other industries since 1990’s, rice seedling throwing was gradually applied and in recent decades, while direct seeding and machine transplanting were practiced. Now, hand transplanting is still the main rice planting method, adopted in 50% of national rice planting area; seedling throwing, direct seeding and machine transplanting are conducted in 25% , 12% and 13% of the national rice planting area. [Conclusion] Machine transplanting should be a leading rice planting method. Though area covered with machine direct seeding is still small up to now, it can be practiced in some rice growing area due to labor saving and low cost. Leading planting methods and its supporting key technologies are proposed in various rice producing areas in the future.

Effects of different machine transplanting methods on the physiological and yield characteristics of late rice in China

To address problems caused by rice machine transplanting such as injury to the seedlings and recovery period that extend growth period,this study explored the effects of different machine transplanting methods on the physiological and yield characteristics of late rice in China,and determine the appropriate machine transplanting method for late rice,which was expected to provide a basis for high-yield and high-efficient cultivation of machine-transplanted late rice.Hybrid indica rice Taiyou 398 and conventional indica rice Jing Gangruanzhan were selected as the research objects,and large-pot carpet seedling machine transplanting(M1),conventional pot carpet seedling machine transplanting(M2)and ordinary carpet seedling machine transplanting(M3)were adopted respectively to analyze their effects on seedling quality,population physiological characteristics,yield and its components and economic benefits of late rice.The results showed that compared with M2 and M3,M1 achieved higher seedling quality,showing significant advantages in the early stage despite average root entwining force that met the requirement of machine transplanting.The seedlings transplanted using M1 had shorter recovery period after mechanical transplanting,with earlier tillering,earlier peak seedling,and slower declining of stems and tillers in the late stage;the peak seedling number was not high,but the effective tiller number and earbearing tiller percentage were significantly higher than those achieved by the other two machine transplanting methods.Also,M1 achieved stronger photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves before HS,with more photosynthetic products in stems and leaves transported to panicles and more efficiently after HS.Compared with seedlings transplanted using M2 and M3,the recovery period of those transplanted using M1 was shortened by 3 and 5 d,the heading stage(HS),and maturity stage(MS)were advanced,which effectively reduced the risk and impact of“cold dew wind”on machine-transplanted late rice.M1 had significant yield increase advantage and economic benefit,with better grain maturity,and“larger panicles,more panicles,more and fuller grains”.M1 achieved an average yield increase of 10.31%-11.10%,20.67%-25.10%in 2 years,and an average income increase of 18.65%-131.06%and 62.85%-323.78%,respectively.Therefore,vigorously developing M1 is the key to the high-yield and high-efficient cultivation of machine-transplanted late rice in China.

New type of transverse moving box mechanism for pot seedling transplanting machine

The existing moving box mechanism pot seedling transplanting machine on the market moves too fast when the picked seedling is collected,which negatively impacts the seedling picking performance.In order to improve the performance,two types of variable speed continuous moving box schemes were designed in this study.The first scheme was to apply a spiral-gear moving box spiral shaft with sine curve characteristics in the box moving mechanism,whereas the second one was to change the circular gear in the moving box into an elliptical gear with a speed shifting transmission mechanism.The working mechanism of the mechanical structure was analyzed,and the kinematic model was established.A dynamic analysis of the slider mechanism was performed.A virtual prototype was established according to agronomic parameters,and the virtual prototype experiments were conducted in ADAMS.The physical prototype and the high-speed photography experiment were performed on the test bench of a transplanting machine frame.The theoretical analysis,virtual prototype and physical prototype test results were consistent,which verified the validity of the theoretical model,virtual prototype and physical prototype and ensured the feasibility of the system.

Effects of Seedling Cutivation with Mat-fiber Mulch on Quality and Quantity of Early-season Rice

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of tray mat of fiber mulch on quality and yield of early rice-season rice transplanted by machine. [Method] Seedling quality, the rate of leaked rice, density of mechanical transplanting rice, mature rate and yield covered with fiber mulch were compared with groups not covered with mulch. Furthermore, different indices of cultivated rice with and without fiber mulch were analyzed and compared. [Result] The rice yield in the group with fiber mulch improved by 11.9% and rice quality enhanced as wel . What＇s more, rice plants were much easier to be col ected, and the rate of leaked rice lowered by machine. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical references for seedling transplanting and cultivation of early-season rice by machine with tray mats.

轻简化栽培稻田杂草发生趋势与防控技术

随着水稻轻简化栽培技术的应用与推广,东北稻区、西北稻区、长江流域稻区和华南稻区等水稻主产区的杂草种群演替加快,稗草、千金子和马唐等恶性杂草频繁发生,杂草抗药性水平上升迅速。若杂草防控不及时、不彻底,极易对水稻生产构成严重威胁。为此,对水稻直播、机插和抛秧等轻简化栽培稻田杂草的草相特征、发展趋势和防除方法等进行了概述,以期为制定合理、高效的轻简化栽培稻田杂草综合防控技术、水稻用农药减量增效除草方案,延缓杂草抗药性产生与发展提供借鉴。

不同育苗方式对机插秧苗素质、栽插质量及水稻产量的影响

为探明常规育苗、托盘育苗和漂浮育苗3种方式对水稻育苗及大田生长的影响,以‘南粳9108’为供试材料,比较相同播量下3种方式所育秧苗素质差异及对栽插质量、大田生长和产量的影响。结果表明:3种育苗方式成苗率在71.7%-75.0%,其中漂浮育苗最高,三者的地上部性状无显著差异,但常规育苗根系数量及长度较托盘育苗和漂浮育苗分别增加21.4%、16.1%和3.3%、9.8%;漂浮育苗的空穴率和伤秧率分别为0.39%、0.78%,栽插质量最优;漂浮育苗分蘖高峰期分蘖数较托盘育苗和常规育苗分别增加9.8%和24.0%,但单株生物量积累有所降低;漂浮育秧最终成穗数较托盘育苗、常规育苗增加7.2%和8.1%,但每穗实粒数降低4.9%、4.6%,在最终产量上三者之间无显著差异。综合来看,3种育苗方式都可育出健壮秧苗,并且栽插质量、大田生长和产量表现良好,在生产上可根据实际情况进行选择。

水稻机械育插秧技术研究进展

比较了我国水稻生产中不同水稻机插秧方式、机插播种育秧方式的优缺点,分析了传统杂交稻机插技术存在的问题,进而创新提出杂交稻精准播种机插技术,并展望了水稻绿色机插技术的发展。

7个优质粳稻品种在寿光地区的种植鉴定

在潍坊市寿光市进行7个粳稻品种比较试验,对参试品种的农艺性状、产量、抗性及稻米品质表现进行汇总分析。结果表明,津原U99表现早熟、优质、丰产性较好,适于寿光试验区作优质米种植。圣稻22、圣香1826丰产性好、米质优良、中感稻瘟病,应加强稻瘟病的防治。津原U99、润农303、润农11表现抗稻瘟病,津原985高感稻瘟病,圣稻2620感稻瘟病。该试验为当地品种的合理选择提供了参考依据。

水稻钵苗插秧机栽插深度对华南优质籼稻产量的影响

早返青、早分蘖是华南籼稻获得高产的重要基础。水稻机械栽插深浅显著影响返青和分蘖,对移栽期水稻早生快发具有重要影响。以华南优质籼稻南晶香占为材料,设置3个钵苗插秧机栽插深度,分别为T_(1)处理1 cm、T_(2)处理3 cm和T_(3)处理4cm,研究其对水稻株高、茎蘖数、叶面积指数、生物量和产量等的影响。结果表明,有效穗数和稻谷产量在不同栽插深度处理间存在显著差异;随着栽插深度增大,平均茎蘖数减少;栽插深度对水稻地上部和地下部的长度会有影响,但对水稻总株高不存在显著影响;各时期T_(1)处理的生物量均高于其他处理;稻谷产量与有效穗数和总颖花数呈显著正相关。综上所述,水稻深插秧减少了水稻的分蘖,降低了叶面积指数和生物量,减少了总颖花数和库容量,从而降低稻谷产量。

钵体苗不同穴距机插对华南优质籼稻产量的影响

钵体苗机插能缩短水稻缓苗时间,促进早生快发,提高群体光合能力,增加生物量和稻谷产量。然而,钵体苗不同穴距机插对华南优质籼稻群体指标和稻谷产量的研究鲜有报道。以华南地区种植面积较广的杂交籼稻品种泰丰优208和常规籼稻品种南晶香占为材料,设置4种穴距处理(A_(1)处理穴距12.4 cm、A_(2)处理穴距14.5 cm、A_(3)处理穴距17.9 cm和A_(4)处理穴距20.7 cm),研究钵体苗不同栽插穴距处理对分蘖数、叶面积指数、光合势、生物量和产量等指标的影响。结果显示,随穴距的缩小,分蘖数、叶面积指数、光合势和生物量都呈现逐渐增加的趋势,与农户传统穴距17.9 cm(A_(3)处理)相比,A_(1)处理在分蘖中期、幼穗分化始期和抽穗期的分蘖数分别增加36.2%~38.7%、 37.3%~42.4%和21.5%~36.9%;叶面积指数分别增加30.8%~55.9%、16.4%~41.0%和37.7%~53.1%;生物量分别增加32.0%~38.6%、20.1%~34.2%和37.1%~59.0%。分蘖中期到幼穗分化始期和幼穗分化始期到抽穗期的光合势分别增加17.9%~49.2%和28.1%~49.2%。稻谷产量与抽穗期分蘖数、幼穗分化始期叶面积指数和生物量、分蘖中期至幼穗分化始期光合势、成熟期生物量和有效穗数均呈显著正相关。上述结果表明,在华南双季稻区,钵体苗机插适当增加栽插密度能提高水稻前期分蘖数、叶面积指数、光合势和生物量,保持后期群体指标优势,从而增加稻谷产量。

适合作烟后稻的优质机插品种筛选

为了筛选出适合宁化县作烟后稻优质机插品种,2022年引进12个米质达到农业行业标准二级及以上的杂交水稻新品种,在福建省宁化县泉上镇泉正村开展烟后稻优质机插品种筛选试验。结果表明:昌两优馥香占、荃优607、玮两优馥香占、臻两优钰占等4个品种群体田间表现优、丰产性好、抗逆性强,可作为烟后稻机插品种在本区域进一步扩大示范应用;玮两优7713群体田间表现好、丰产性好、抗病性和抗热抗旱性强、抗稻飞虱,该品种抗倒伏性能一般,可在不易发生倒伏的田块种植,发挥其减药及增产增效的作用;昱香两优馥香占综合表现较好、米质优、有香味、整精米率高,可作为粮食经营主体创建品牌的选择品种,通过适度规模种植,单独收割、烘干、贮藏和加工,达到优质优价;Q两优1606和泰两优5187等2个品种可作为烟后稻机插后备品种。

不同水肥模式对机插稻产量形成和氮肥吸收利用的影响

为阐明机插稻返青活棵-分蘖期不同水肥管理方式对其产量形成和氮肥吸收利用的影响,并提出机插稻返青活棵-分蘖期适宜的水肥管理模式,于2022年以南粳9108和南粳5718为供试品种,在返青活棵-分蘖期设置不同水肥管理方式(水稻返青活棵期多次水分灌排与分蘖期增施氮肥(T1)、水稻返青活棵期多次水分灌排与分蘖期不增施氮肥(T2)、水稻返青活棵期减少灌水不排水且分蘖期不增施氮肥(T3)),对比分析不同水肥管理方式下水稻产量形成和氮肥吸收利用的差异。结果表明,返青活棵-分蘖期不同水肥管理方式对机插稻产量和氮肥吸收利用影响显著。相较于T2处理,T1和T3处理显著增加了水稻产量和氮素积累量,产量分别提高8.2%~9.5%和13.3%~13.7%,成熟期氮素积累量分别提高7.0%~8.8%和12.8%~15.2%(p<0.05)。相较于T1处理,T3处理水稻拔节期茎蘖数降低11.4%~11.9%,茎蘖成穗率显著提高11.3%~12.4%,拔节期叶面积指数和干生物量分别显著降低8.2%~9.3%和6.3%~8.6%,抽穗期-成熟期光合势和群体生长率无显著差异。在产量及其构成因素方面,T1和T3处理间无显著差异(p>0.05)。在氮素吸收利用方面,T1和T3处理在氮素积累量方面无显著差异,但T3处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥回收利用率较T1分别显著增加20.1%~22.2%和22.7%~23.0%(p<0.05)。综上所述,在分蘖期不增施氮肥的基础上,通过返青活棵期减少灌水和不排水的方式可以实现机插稻产量和氮肥利用率的同步提升。

水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术

《“十四五”湖南省种植业发展规划》指出,为保障粮食安全稳定供给,加快农业转型升级,实现农药化肥减量增效目标,推进农机农艺融合,促进农业高质量发展。在此背景下,推广应用水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术势在必行。概述了水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术的特点与优势,探讨了水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥的关键技术。

栽插期对机插秧水稻产量及品质的影响

近年来,水稻机插秧发展迅速,相关技术逐渐成熟。为进一步研究不同栽插期对机插秧水稻产量及品质的影响,以淮稻5号为研究对象,进行4个栽插期处理的对比试验。结果表明:栽插期对机插秧水稻产量有明显影响,以6月15日栽插产量最高,较6月30日栽插增产5.3%,在秧龄相近的情况下,栽插越晚产量越低;随着栽插期的推迟,稻米加工品质和外观品质总体呈下降趋势。生产上应抓住适期,争取早栽,以实现水稻产质量的提高。

连作晚稻品种生长特性及产量比较

针对连作晚稻季节紧、产量低的问题,比较6个高产杂交稻品种的生长特性和产量。结果表明,甬优59、华中优9326、嘉丰优2号和甬优31每667 m^(2)产量分别较对照品种甬优1540提高12.0%、14.0%、15.4%和16.4%。嘉丰优2号和华中优9326产量较对照品种增产的主要原因是每穗粒数和千粒重提高,甬优31和甬优59产量较甬优1540增产的主要原因是每穗粒数提高。供试品种的生育期较对照品种延长1~6 d。生产上可根据早晚稻品种的生育期进行搭配,选用生长期适宜的杂交稻品种作连作晚稻机插种植。