Quality assessment of the Topo-Iberia CGPS stations and data quality's effects on postfit ionosphere-free phase residuals

This paper analyzed GPS data from the Topo-Iberia network spanning almost 12 years(2008-2020).The data quality information for all 26 Topo-Iberia stations is provided for the first time,complementing the Spanish Geological Survey’s storage work.Data analyses based on quality indicators obtained using TEQC have been carried out.The guidelines and data quality information from the IGS stations have been considered as the quality references,with the stations ALJI,EPCU,and TIOU standing out as the worst stations,while on the contrary,FUEN,PALM,PILA,and TRIA meet the quality requirements to become an IGS station.The relationship between the GPS data quality and their GAMIT-and Gipsy X-derived postfit ionosphere-free phase residuals has also been investigated,and the results reveal an inversely proportional relationship.It has been found that the stations showing an increase in elevation of the horizon line,also show an increase in cycle slips and multipath,are among the poorest quality stations,and among those with the highest postfit RMS of phase residuals.Moreover,the evolution of the vegetation around the antenna should be considered as it could cause a progressive loss of quality,which is not complying with the IGS standards.The quality assessment shows that the Topo-Iberia stations are appropriate for geodetic purposes,but permanent monitoring would be necessary to avoid the least possible loss of data and quality.In addition,a method to characterize the GNSS data quality is proposed.

Structural and microwave absorption properties of CoFe_(2)O_(4)/residual carbon composites

Electromagnetic interference,which necessitates the rapid advancement of substances with exceptional capabilities for bsorbing electromagnetic waves,is of urgent concern in contemporary society.In this work,CoFe_(2)O_(4)/residual carbon from coal gasification fine slag(CFO/RC)composites were created using a novel hydrothermal method.Various mechanisms for microwave absorption,including conductive loss,natural resonance,interfacial dipole polarization,and magnetic flux loss,are involved in these composites.Consequently,compared with pure residual carbon materials,this composite offers superior capabilities in microwave absorption.At 7.76GHz,the CFO/RC-2 composite achieves an impressive minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of-43.99 dB with a thickness of 2.44 mm.Moreover,CFO/RC-3 demonstrates an effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of up to 4.16 GHz,accompanied by a thickness of 1.18mm.This study revealed the remarkable capability of the composite to diminish electromagnetic waves,providing a new generation method for microwave absorbing materials of superior quality.

MODEL SELECTION METHOD BASED ON MAXIMAL INFORMATION COEFFICIENT OF RESIDUALS

The traditional model selection criterions try to make a balance between fitted error and model complexity. Assumptions on the distribution of the response or the noise, which may be misspecified, should be made before using the traditional ones. In this ar- ticle, we give a new model selection criterion, based on the assumption that noise term in the model is independent with explanatory variables, of minimizing the association strength between regression residuals and the response, with fewer assumptions. Maximal Information Coe^cient （MIC）, a recently proposed dependence measure, captures a wide range of associ- ations, and gives almost the same score to different type of relationships with equal noise, so MIC is used to measure the association strength. Furthermore, partial maximal information coefficient （PMIC） is introduced to capture the association between two variables removing a third controlling random variable. In addition, the definition of general partial relationship is given.

A Multi-level Approach for Complex Fault Isolation Based on Structured Residuals

In industrial processes,there exist faults that have complex effect on process variables.Complex and simple faults are defined according to their effect dimensions.The conventional approaches based on structured residuals cannot isolate complex faults.This paper presents a multi-level strategy for complex fault isolation.An extraction procedure is employed to reduce the complex faults to simple ones and assign them to several levels.On each level,faults are isolated by their different responses in the structured residuals.Each residual is obtained insensitive to one fault but more sensitive to others.The faults on different levels are verified to have different residual responses and will not be confused.An entire incidence matrix containing residual response characteristics of all faults is obtained,based on which faults can be isolated.The proposed method is applied in the Tennessee Eastman process example,and the effectiveness and advantage are demonstrated.

Method of Semi Analytic Perturbation Weighted Residuals for Nonlinear Bending of Shallow Shells

The semi? analytic perturbation weighted residuals method was used to solve the nonlinear bending problem of shallow shells, and the fifth order B spline was taken as trial function to seek an efficient method for nonlinear bending problem of shallow shells. The results from the present method are in good agreement with those derived from other methods. The present method is of higher accuracy, lower computing time and wider adaptability. In addition, the design of computer program is simple and it is easy to be programmed.

Anomalous astronomical time-latitude residuals:a potential earthquake precursor

The geophysical mechanism behind astronomical time-latitude residuals （ATLR） are discussed. The photoelectric astrolabe at Yunnan Observatory （YO） observed apparent synchronous anomalous ATLR before the Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake （EQ） in May 12, 2008 and the Lushan M7.0 EQ n April 20, 2013. We compared the ATLR from the YO photoelectric astrolabe and EQ data since 1976. Anomalous ATLR was observed before several strong EQs in the Yunnan Province. We believe the photoelectric astrolabe can be used to predict strong EQs and the anomalous ATLR are a potential EQ precursor.

COMPARISON OF THE EULERIAN AND LAGRANGIAN TIDAL RESIDUALS IN THE BOHAI SEA

Tidal residual is very important to the transport of water particles, nutrients, plankton, etc. in the coastal sea. Eulerian scheme and Lagrangian scheme are two different ways to get the time averaged residual. Solution of the Bohai Sea’s hydrodynamic system using a semi implicit layer averaged numerical model yielded different direction Eulerian and Lagrangian tidal residuals. The latter were stronger than the former in most sea areas. Their different directions produced different circulation pattern in some areas. Compared with the Eulerian residual, the Lagrangian residual seemed to be more in accord with the observation.

High-precision downward continuation of potential fi elds algorithm utilizing adaptive damping coeffi cient of generalized minimal residuals

The downward continuation of potential fields is a process of calculating their values in a lower plane based on those of a certain plane.This technology is not only a data processing method for resource exploration but also plays an extremely important role in military applications.However,the downward continuation of potential fields is a typical linear inverse problem that is ill-posed.Generalized minimal residuals(GMRES)is an eff ective solution to ill-posed inverse problems,but it is unstable under the condition wherein the GMRES is directly applied in the calculation process.Moreover,the long-term behavior of its iterative computation is a disordered,divergent result.Therefore,to obtain stable solutions,GMRES is applied to solve the normal equations of the downward continuation of potential fields;it is also used to prequalify for occasional interruptions in the operation process by adding the damping coefficient,thus strengthening the stability conditions of the equations of residual minimization.Finally,the stable downward continuation of the potential fields method is proposed.As indicated by the theoretical data and the measured testing data,the method proposed in this paper has the advantages of high-precision and excellent stability.Furthermore,compared with the Tikhonov iteration method,the proposed method avoids the need to choose regularization parameters.

Structural properties of residual carbon in coal gasification fine slag and their influence on flotation separation and resource utilization:A review

Coal gasification fine slag(FS)is a typical solid waste generated in coal gasification.Its current disposal methods of stockpil-ing and landfilling have caused serious soil and ecological hazards.Separation recovery and the high-value utilization of residual carbon(RC)in FS are the keys to realizing the win-win situation of the coal chemical industry in terms of economic and environmental benefits.The structural properties,such as pore,surface functional group,and microcrystalline structures,of RC in FS(FS-RC)not only affect the flotation recovery efficiency of FS-RC but also form the basis for the high-value utilization of FS-RC.In this paper,the characteristics of FS-RC in terms of pore structure,surface functional groups,and microcrystalline structure are sorted out in accordance with gasification type and FS particle size.The reasons for the formation of the special structural properties of FS-RC are analyzed,and their influence on the flotation separation and high-value utilization of FS-RC is summarized.Separation methods based on the pore structural characterist-ics of FS-RC,such as ultrasonic pretreatment-pore-blocking flotation and pore breaking-flocculation flotation,are proposed to be the key development technologies for improving FS-RC recovery in the future.The design of low-cost,low-dose collectors containing polar bonds based on the surface and microcrystalline structures of FS-RC is proposed to be an important breakthrough point for strengthening the flotation efficiency of FS-RC in the future.The high-value utilization of FS should be based on the physicochemical structural proper-ties of FS-RC and should focus on the environmental impact of hazardous elements and the recyclability of chemical waste liquid to es-tablish an environmentally friendly utilization method.This review is of great theoretical importance for the comprehensive understand-ing of the unique structural properties of FS-RC,the breakthrough of the technological bottleneck in the efficient flotation separation of FS,and the expansion of the field of the high value-added utilization of FS-RC.

ASYMPTOTICS OF THE RESIDUALS DENSITY ESTIMATION IN NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION UNDER m(n)-DEPENDENT SAMPLE

Let Y_i=M(X_i)+ei, where M(x)=E(Y|X=x) is an unknown realfunction on B(? R), {(X_1,Y_i)} is a stationary and m(n)-dependent sample from(X, Y), the residuals {e_i} are independent of {X_i} and have unknown common densityf(x). In [2] a nonparametric estimate f_n(x) for f(x) has been proposed on the basisof the residuals estimates. In this paper, we further obtain the asymptotic normalityand the law of the iterated logarithm of f_n(x) under some suitable conditions. Theseresults together with those in [2] bring the asymptotic theory for the residuals densityestimate in nonparametric regression under m(n)-dependent sample to completion.

Double-difference tomography of P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the western part of Java, Indonesia

West Java in the western part of the Sunda Arc has a relatively high seismicity due to subduction activity and faults.In this study,double-difference tomography was used to obtain the 3D velocity tomograms of P and S waves beneath the western part of Java.To infer the geometry of the structure beneath the study area,precise earthquake hypo・center determination was first performed before tomographic imaging.For this,earthquake waveform data were extracted from the regional Meteorological,Climatological,Geophysical Agency(BMKG)network of Indonesia from South Sumatra to Central Java.The P and S arrival times for about 1,000 events in the period April 2009 to July 2016 were selected,the key features being events of magnitude>3,azimuthal gap<210°and number of phases>8.A nonlinear method using the oct-tree sampling algorithm from the NonLinLoc program was employed to determine the earthquake hypocenters.The hypocenter locations were then relocated using double-difference tomography(tomoDD).A significant reduction of travel-time(root mean square basis)and a better clustering of earthquakes were achieved which correlated well with the geological structure in West Java.Double-difference tomography was found to give a clear velocity structure,especially beneath the volcanic arc area,i.e.,under Mt Anak Krakatau,Mt Salak and the mountains complex in the southern part of West Java.Low velocity anomalies for the P and S waves as well as the vp/vs ratio below the volcanoes indicated possible partial melting of the upper mantle which ascended from the subducted slab beneath the volcanic arc.

Application of the Double-difference Relocation Method Combined with Waveform Cross-correlation on the Three Gorges Reservoir Seismicity

In this paper,we use the double difference location method based on waveform crosscorrelation algorithm for precise positioning of the Three Gorges Reservoir( TGR)earthquakes and analysis of seismic activity. First,we use the bi-spectrum cross-correlation method to analyze the seismic waveform data of TGR encrypted networks from March,2009 to December,2010,and evaluate the quality of waveform cross-correlation analysis.Combined with the waveform cross-correlation of data obtained, we use the double difference method to relocate the earthquake position. The results show that location precision using bi-spectrum verified waveform cross-correlation data is higher than that by using other types of data,and the mean 2 sig-error in EW,NS and UD are 3.2 m,3.9 m and 6.2 m,respectively. For the relocation of the Three Gorges Reservoir earthquakes,the results show that the micro-earthquakes along the Shenlongxi river in the Badong reservoir area obviously show the characteristics of three linear zones with nearly east-west direction,which is in accordance with the small faults and carbonate strata line of the neotectonic period,revealing the reservoir water main along the underground rivers or caves permeated and induced seismic activity. The stronger earthquakes may have resulted from small earthquakes through the active layers.

The Subduction Structure Beneath the New Britain Island Arc and the Adjacent Region from Double-Difference Tomography

We applied double-difference tomography to relocate seismic events and determine the lithospheric velocity structure beneath the New Britain Island arc and the South Bismarck Sea Basin,based on the local P wave arrival time dataset collected by the International Seismological Centre.Results of the seismic relocation and velocity inversion show that the subduction of Solomon Sea Plate along the New Britain Trench is spatially different above 150 km,and the subduction angle of the slab on the west side is higher than that on the east side.The relocated earthquakes also show that there are double seismic zones at the depths of about 30–90km beneath the New Britain Island Arc.The velocity structure shows that the dehydration of the subducting slab caused the low-velocity anomalies in mantle wedge above the slab,which are associated with the magmatic activities around the New Guinea-New Britain Island arc.Moreover,it shows that there is another low-velocity anomaly zone beneath the Bismarck mid-oceanic ridge with spatial variation.Beneath the west of the Bismarck mid-oceanic ridge,the low-velocity anomaly is weakly connected to the subducted Solomon Sea slab.Conversely,the low-velocity anomaly beneath the Manus Sea Basin is highly intertwined to the subducting slab and its mantle wedge,indicating that the subduction of the Solomon Sea Plate might be a key deep dynamic factor that drives the spreading of the Manus Sea Basin and the separation of the Bismarck Plate.

Utilizing Water Treatment Residuals for Phosphorus Removal:Batch Trials,Column Trials and Effects of Three Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids

Phosphorus( P) has been recognized as a major limited nutrient responsible for the eutrophication of surface waters. Water treatment residuals( WTRs) are safe by-products of water treatment plants and are cost-efficient adsorbents. In this study, batch experiments and column experiments based on WTRs were employed to study the characteristics of P adsorption and the effects of lowmolecular-weight organic acids( LMWOAs)( citric acid, oxalic acid,and tartaric acid) on P adsorption. Different models of adsorption were used to describe equilibrium and kinetic data. The adsorption data were fitted well by a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption process was determined to be controlled by three steps of diffusion mechanisms through the intra-particle model.The adsorption equilibrium was well described by the Langmuir,Freundlich,Redlich-Peterson,and Sips isotherm models. Batch and continuous flow experiments indicated that the LMWOAs exhibited inhibitory action,and as pH increased,the inhibitory action became weaker for all the three acids. The effect of LMWOAs concentration was not significant on inhibition. The effects of LMWOAs were closely related to reaction time.

Workout Action Recognition in Video Streams Using an Attention Driven Residual DC-GRU Network

Regular exercise is a crucial aspect of daily life, as it enables individuals to stay physically active, lowers thelikelihood of developing illnesses, and enhances life expectancy. The recognition of workout actions in videostreams holds significant importance in computer vision research, as it aims to enhance exercise adherence, enableinstant recognition, advance fitness tracking technologies, and optimize fitness routines. However, existing actiondatasets often lack diversity and specificity for workout actions, hindering the development of accurate recognitionmodels. To address this gap, the Workout Action Video dataset (WAVd) has been introduced as a significantcontribution. WAVd comprises a diverse collection of labeled workout action videos, meticulously curated toencompass various exercises performed by numerous individuals in different settings. This research proposes aninnovative framework based on the Attention driven Residual Deep Convolutional-Gated Recurrent Unit (ResDCGRU)network for workout action recognition in video streams. Unlike image-based action recognition, videoscontain spatio-temporal information, making the task more complex and challenging. While substantial progresshas been made in this area, challenges persist in detecting subtle and complex actions, handling occlusions,and managing the computational demands of deep learning approaches. The proposed ResDC-GRU Attentionmodel demonstrated exceptional classification performance with 95.81% accuracy in classifying workout actionvideos and also outperformed various state-of-the-art models. The method also yielded 81.6%, 97.2%, 95.6%, and93.2% accuracy on established benchmark datasets, namely HMDB51, Youtube Actions, UCF50, and UCF101,respectively, showcasing its superiority and robustness in action recognition. The findings suggest practicalimplications in real-world scenarios where precise video action recognition is paramount, addressing the persistingchallenges in the field. TheWAVd dataset serves as a catalyst for the development ofmore robust and effective fitnesstracking systems and ultimately promotes healthier lifestyles through improved exercise monitoring and analysis.

Major Earthquakes in and Around Yunnan Province and Variations of Astronomical Time-Latitude Residuals Determined by Yunnan Observatory

In this paper,the features of medium-term anomalies for strong earthquakes and the criteria for the prediction of such earthquakes are discussed,as well as the feasibility of applying the anomalies of astronomical time-latitude residuals to earthquake prediction and their limitation when applied to imminent-term prediction.The criteria used to identify the anomalies of time-latitude residuals for M≥6.0 earthquakes in Yunnan Province and for M≥7.0 earthquakes around Yunnan are also discussed.The last strong earthquake in the data used for testing passed the whole process of earthquake prediction practice.In addition,some special features of the case in which anomalies appeared but no strong earthquake followed are also discussed.

Determination of Residuals Stresses Induced by the Autofrettage Treatment by the X-Rays Diffraction Method

Some meaningful advances have been made these last years to value precise and reliable way the residual stresses experimentally created by the autofrettage. The autofrettage process is used widely to introduce residual stresses into thick walled tubes;traditionally residual stresses have been measured using the Sachs method destructive or non-destructive methods. In this paper we describe the application of the X-rays diffraction;this technique permits to justify the presence of the compressive tangential residual stresses, and to value their distribution after two different autofrettage internal pressures loading. The results show that there is a large difference in the residual stresses find in the different autofrettege pressure. One can see the influence of the autofrettage’s pressure quantity on residual stresses created in the thickness of the test tubes.

Evaluation of alum-based water treatment residuals used to adsorb reactive phosphorus

Excess reactive phosphorus(PO4)in waterways can lead to eutrophication.A low-cost approach to reducing PO4 levels in surface water was evaluated using the alum-based water treatment residual(Al-WTR)or Al-WTR augmented with powdered activated carbon(PAC-WTR).Batch adsorption-desorption and continuous flow column experiments were performed to assess the specific adsorption capacities under various concentration and flow conditions.Both Al-WTR and PAC-WTR exhibited the ability to adsorb PO4.The overall,cumulative sorbed amount after a 28-d desorption step for Al-WTR was 33.93 mg/kg,significantly greater than the PAC-WTR value of 24.95 mg/kg(p<0.05).The continuous flow column experiments showed a theoretical PO4 uptake of 9.00 mg/g for Al-WTR and 7.14 mg/g for PAC-WTR over 720 h.When surface water was used,the Al-WTR and PAC-WTR columns removed 67.4%and 62.1%of the PO4,respectively.These results indicated that Al-WTR was more effective for in-field evaluation.

Silver Nanoparticle Adsorption to Soil and Water Treatment Residuals and Impact on Zebrafish in a Lab-scale Constructed Wetland

Nanoparticles ( 100 nm) are becoming more prevalent in residential and industrial uses and may enter the environment through wastewater. Although lab studies have shown that nanoparticles can be toxic to various organisms, limited research has been done on the effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Environmental conditions such as pH and ionic strength are known to alter the biotoxicity of nanoparticles, but these effects are not well understood. The objectives of this research were to determine the impacts of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on zebrafish in the pseudo-natural environment of a lab-scale constructed wetland, and to investigate wastewater remediation through soil and water treatment residual (WTR) adsorption of AgNPs. Concurrently, the effect of particle size on AgNP sorption was examined. Researchers exposed adult zebrafish in a lab-scale constructed wetland to concentrations of AgNP ranging from 0 - 50 mg AgNP/L and compared them to negative controls with no silver exposure and to positive controls with exposure to silver nitrate. The results suggest that aggregated AgNP do not impact zebrafish. Separately, sorption experiments were carried out examining three media - a wetland soil, a silt loam soil, and a WTR - in their capacity to remove AgNPs from water. The silt loam retained less AgNPs from solution than did the wetland soil or the WTR. In the WTR AgNPs were associated with sand size particles (2 mm - 0.05 mm), but in the wetland soil and silt loam, approximately half of the AgNPs were associated with the sand-sized particles, while the rest were associated with silt sized (~0.05 mm) or smaller particles. The larger sorption capacity of the wetland soil and WTR was attributed to their higher carbon content. The sorption data indicate that AgNPs adsorbed to soil and WTRs and support the idea that natural and constructed wetlands can remove AgNPs from wastewater.

Analysis of a Composite Admixture Based on Ready-Mixed Concrete Waste Residuals

Reasonable treatment and utilization of waste residuals discharged during the production of ready-mixed concrete is an important problem in the cement industry.In this study,a composite admixture was prepared by using ready-mixed concrete waste residuals,furnace slag,and water granulated slag.The grinding characteristics of such material were investigated.Moreover,the effect of such admixture on cement hydration and pore structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry,scanning electron microcopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry.As shown by the results:The grinding characteristics of the waste residuals can be improved significantly by mixing them with furnace slag and water granulated slag.Furthermore,the composite admixture does not change the composition of hydration products;rather it contributes to refine the pore structure of the matrix,thus improving the mechanical properties of these cement-based materials.