基于改进Double-Head RCNN的无人机航拍图像小目标检测算法

为解决无人机航拍图像中小目标特征信息少且容易被噪声干扰导致现有算法漏检率和误检率高的问题,提出一种改进Double-Head Region-卷积神经网络(RCNN)的无人机航拍图像小目标检测算法。在骨干网络ResNet-50上引入Transformer和可变形卷积(DCN)模块,更有效提取小目标特征信息和语义信息;提出一种基于内容感知特征重组(CARAFE)的特征金字塔网络(FPN)结构模块,解决特征融合过程中小目标被背景噪声干扰而丢失特征信息的问题;在区域建议网络中针对小目标尺度分布特点重新设置Anchor生成尺度,进一步提升小目标检测性能。在VisDrone-DET2021数据集上的实验结果表明:所提算法能提取更具有表征能力的小目标特征信息和语义信息,对比Double-Head RCNN算法,所提算法的参数量增加了9.73×10^(6),FPS损失了0.6,但是AP、AP50和AP75分别提升了2.6%、6.2%和2.1%,APs提升了3.1%。

State-of-the-art on the anchorage performance of rock bolts subjected to shear load

Rock bolts are extensively utilized in underground engineering as a means of offering support and stability to rock masses in tunnels,mines,and other underground structures.In environments of high ground stress,faults or weak zones can frequently arise in rock formations,presenting a significant challenge for engineering and potentially leading to underground engineering collapse.Rock bolts serve as a crucial structural element for the transmission of tensile stress and are capable of withstanding shear loads to prevent sliding of weak zones within rock mass.Therefore,a complete understanding of the behavior of rock bolts subjected to shear loads is essential.This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the research progress of rock bolts subjected to shear load in three categories:experiment,numerical simulation,and analytical model.The review focuses on the research studies and developments in this area since the 1970s,providing a comprehensive overview of numerous factors that influence the anchorage performance of rock bolts.These factors include the diameter and angle of the rock bolt installation,rock strength,grouting material,bolt material,borehole diameter,rock bolt preload,normal stress,joint surface roughness and joint expansion angle.The paper reviews the improvement of mechanical parameter setting in numerical simulation of rock bolt shear.Furthermore,it delves into the optimization of the analytical model concerning rock bolt shear theory,approached from the perspectives of both Elastic foundation beam theory coupled with Elastoplasticity theory and Structural mechanic methods.The significance of this review lies in its ability to provide insights into the mechanical behavior of rock bolts.The paper also highlights the limitations of current research and guidelines for further research of rock bolts.

Mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of rock bolts subjected to static-dynamic loads

This study explores the effects of dynamic and static loading on rock bolt performance a key factor in maintaining the structural safety of coal mine roadways susceptible to coal bursts.Employing a housemade load frame to simulate various failure scenarios,pretension-impact-pull tests on rock bolts were conducted to scrutinize their dynamic responses under varied static load conditions and their failure traits under combined loads.The experimental results denote that with increased impact energy,maximum and average impact loads on rock bolts escalate significantly under pretension,initiating plastic deformation beyond a certain threshold.Despite minor reductions in the yield load due to impactinduced damage,pretension aids in constraining post-impact deformation rate and fluctuation degree of rock bolts.Moreover,impact-induced plastic deformation causes internal microstructure dislocation,fortifying the stiffness of the rock bolt support system.The magnitude of this fortification is directly related to the plastic deformation induced by the impact.These findings provide crucial guidance for designing rock bolt support in coal mine roadway excavation,emphasizing the necessity to consider both static and dynamic loads for improved safety and efficiency.

Shear behavior of single-joint bolted sandstone subjected to dryewet cycles:Experimental and analytical approaches

A series of direct shear tests under constant normal loading conditions were carried out on specimens of bolted sandstone single-joint treated with different numbers of dryewet cycles.The experimental results show that the peak shear strength and shear stiffness of bolted sandstone joints were significantly reduced after 12 dryewet cycles.The decrease in the shear strength of rough joints is more significant than that of flat joints.Due to the decrease in the strength of the surrounding rock,the deformation characteristics of the bolts are significantly affected by the number of dryewet cycles performed.With an increase in the number of dryewet cycles,the plastic hinge length of the bolt gradually increases,resulting in an increase in the corresponding shear displacement when the bolt breaks.Compared with the tensileeshear failure mode of the bolts in flat joints,the tensileebending failure mode arises for bolts in rough joints.A shear curve model describing the whole process of bolted rock joints is established based on the deterioration of rock mechanical parameters caused by dry‒wet cycles.The model proposed considers the change in the friction angle of the joint surface with the shear displacement,which is applied to the derivation of the model by introducing the dynamic evolutionary friction angle parameter.The reasonably good agreement between a predicted curve and the corresponding experimental curve indicates that this method can effectively predict the shear strength of a bolted rock joint involving rough joint under dryewet cycling conditions.

Failure characterization of fully grouted rock bolts under triaxial testing

Confining stresses serve as a pivotal determinant in shaping the behavior of grouted rock bolts.Nonetheless,prior investigations have oversimplified the three-dimensional stress state,primarily assuming hydrostatic stress conditions.Under these conditions,it is assumed that the intermediate principal stress(σ_(2))equals the minimum principal stress(σ_(3)).This assumption overlooks the potential variations in magnitudes of in situ stress conditions along all three directions near an underground opening where a rock bolt is installed.In this study,a series of push tests was meticulously conducted under triaxial conditions.These tests involved applying non-uniform confining stresses(σ_(2)≠σ_(3))to cubic specimens,aiming to unveil the previously overlooked influence of intermediate principal stresses on the strength properties of rock bolts.The results show that as the confining stresses increase from zero to higher levels,the pre-failure behavior changes from linear to nonlinear forms,resulting in an increase in initial stiffness from 2.08 kN/mm to 32.51 kN/mm.The load-displacement curves further illuminate distinct post-failure behavior at elevated levels of confining stresses,characterized by enhanced stiffness.Notably,the peak load capacity ranged from 27.9 kN to 46.5 kN as confining stresses advanced from σ_(2)=σ_(3)=0 to σ_(2)=20 MPa and σ_(3)=10 MPa.Additionally,the outcomes highlight an influence of confining stress on the lateral deformation of samples.Lower levels of confinement prompt overall dilation in lateral deformation,while higher confinements maintain a state of shrinkage.Furthermore,diverse failure modes have been identified,intricately tied to the arrangement of confining stresses.Lower confinements tend to induce a splitting mode of failure,whereas higher loads bring about a shift towards a pure interfacial shear-off and shear-crushed failure mechanism.

Optimizing support performances of bolt reaming and anchoring in a coal drift

In current practice of bolt reaming and anchoring of roadways in soft coal and rock mass,resin cartridges bend easily under the strong pushing and stirring of bolts,and the resin accumulates in the bolt-reamed area and does not participate in the stirring.As a result,bolts encounter high drilling resistance and cannot reach the bottom of drillholes.The effective anchorage length is far less than the actual anchorage length.Bolts are not centered,and the shear is misaligned at the joint surface in the reaming area,which leads to cracking of the whole anchoring solid and large shear deformation of bolts.This study systematically analyzes the characteristics of roadway bolt reaming and anchoring.The influences of resin stirring force,bolt pull-out force,and reamingeanchoring solid strength on reamingeanchoring performance were analyzed theoretically.The main purpose is to develop a device that enhances reaming and anchoring.The mechanism through which the device strengthens the reamingeanchoring solid was analyzed theoretically.Numerical simulation and experiments were carried out to verify the improved performance of the small-pore reaming and anchoring using the proposed technology.The results showed that the stirring migration rate of the resin cartridge is greatly improved by adding the device to bolts.The reaction rate of the anchoring mixture,stirring pressure,pull-out force of the reaming and anchoring system,bolt concentricity,and shear and compressive strengths of the anchoring solid are also enhanced in the reaming area.This ensures that the resin cartridge in the reaming area is completely stirred,which greatly improves the shear resistance of the reamingeanchoring solid.Meanwhile,the drilling performance,torsional force,and stirring efficiency of bolts are maximized and prevail over those of conventional bolts.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Excavation compensation and bolt support for a deep mine drift

To overcome large deformation of deep phosphate rock roadways and pillar damage,a new type of constant-resistance large-deformation negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)bolt that can withstand a high prestress of at least 130 KN was developed.In the conducted tests,the amount of deformation was 200-2000 mm,the breaking force reached 350 KN,and a high constant-resistance pre-stress was maintained during the deformation process.A stress compensation theory of phosphate rock excavation based on NPR bolts is proposed together with a balance system for bolt compensation of the time-space effect and high NPR pre-stress.Traditional split-set rock bolts are unable to maintain the stability of roadway roofs and pillars.To verify the support effect of the proposed bolt,field tests were conducted using both the proposed NPR bolts and split-set rock bolts as support systems on the same mining face.In addition,the stress compensation mechanism of roadway mining was simulated using the particle flow code in three dimensions(PFC^(3D))-fast Lagrangian analysis of continua(FLAC^(3D))particle-flow coupling numerical model.On-site monitoring and numerical simulations showed that the NPR excavation compensation support scheme effectively improves the stress state of the bolts and reduces the deformation of the surrounding rock.Compared to the original support scheme,the final deformation of the surrounding rock was reduced by approximately 70%.These results significantly contribute to domestic and foreign research on phosphate-rock NPR compensation support technology,theoretical systems,and engineering practices,and further promote technological innovation in the phosphate rock mining industry.

Anchoring mechanical characteristics of Ductile-Expansion bolt

The application of ductile rock bolts has been a crucial method for solving the problems of large deformations,energy absorption and stability control issues in deep rock masses.To study the anchoring mechanism of the key expansive structure,this paper proposes a novel type of bolt—the Ductile-Expansion bolt,and conducts research on anchoring mechanics,energy absorption characteristics,and failure modes of the bolt.In addition,this paper defines the concept of load-volume ratio of metal rock bolts and proves the Ductile-Expansion bolt is capable of better improving the unit volume bearing capacity of the bolt material.Furthermore,laboratory and field tests verify the Ductile-Expansion bolt had better anchoring effect than the traditional rebar bolt,with the expansion structure favorably enhancing the ductility and energy absorption performance of the bolt.Finally,this paper microscopically analyzes the crack propagation and distribution morphology of the bolts by establishing a 3D coupled numerical model based on FDM-DEM.Numerical results illustrate the interface at the variable diameter of the Ductile-Expansion bolt serves as the transition zone between high and low stress levels.The expansion structure can impose radial compression on the medium around the bolt,which can improve the bolt anchorage performance.

Stability analysis of tunnel face reinforced with face bolts

Face bolting has been widely utilized to enhance the stability of tunnel face,particularly in soft soil tunnels.However,the influence of bolt reinforcement and its layout on tunnel face stability has not been systematically studied.Based on the theory of linear elastic mechanics,this study delved into the specific mechanisms of bolt reinforcement on the tunnel face in both horizontal and vertical dimensions.It also identified the primary failure types of bolts.Additionally,a design approach for tunnel face bolts that incorporates spatial layout was established using the limit equilibrium method to enhance the conventional wedge-prism model.The proposed model was subsequently validated through various means,and the specific influence of relevant bolt design parameters on tunnel face stability was analyzed.Furthermore,design principles for tunnel face bolts under different geological conditions were presented.The findings indicate that bolt failure can be categorized into three stages:tensile failure,pullout failure,and comprehensive failure.Increasing cohesion,internal friction angle,bolt density,and overlap length can effectively enhance tunnel face stability.Due to significant variations in stratum conditions,tailored design approaches based on specific failure stages are necessary for bolt design.

Numerical Optimization by Finite Element Method of Stainless Steel/Glass-Epoxy Composite Bolted Joint under Tension and Compression

The aim of this study was to optimize the geometry and the design of metallic/composite single bolted joints subjected to tension-compression loading. For this purpose, it was necessary to evaluate the stress state in each component of the bolted join. The multi-material assembly was based on the principle of double lap bolted joint. It was composed of a symmetrical balanced woven glass-epoxy composite material plate fastened to two stainless sheets using a stainless pre-stressed bolt. In order to optimize the design and the geometry of the assembly, ten configurations were proposed and studied: a classical simple bolted joint, two joints with an insert (a BigHeadR insert and a stair one) embedded in the composite, two “waved” solutions, three symmetrical configurations composed of a succession of metallic and composites layers, without a sleeve, with one and with two sleeves, and two non-symmetrical constituted of metallic and composites layers associated with a stair-insert (one with a sleeve and one without). A tridimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to model each configuration mentioned above. The FE models taked into account the different materials, the effects of contact between the different sheets of the assembly and the pre-stress in the bolt. The stress state was analyzed in the composite part. The concept of stress concentration factor was used in order to evaluate the stress increase in the highly stressed regions and to compare the ten configurations studied. For this purpose, three stress concentration factors were defined: one for a monotonic loading in tension, another for a monotonic loading in compression, and the third for a tension-compression cyclic loading. The results of the FEM computations showed that the use of alternative metallic and composite layers associated with two sleeves gived low values of stress concentration factors, smaller than 1.4. In this case, there was no contact between the bolt and the composite part and the most stressed region was not the vicinity of the hole but the end of the longest layers of the metallic inserts.

Study on Fracture Delay of High-Strength Bolts in Road Bridge Maintenance

In the maintenance work of highway and bridge engineering structures,the fracture delay of high-strength bolts is a content that needs to be focused on and researched.Based on this,the paper analyzes the fracture delay of high-strength bolts in highway bridge maintenance,including an overview of the fundamental research on fracture delay and related specific studies.It is hoped that this study can provide scientific reference for the reasonable maintenance of high-strength bolts,so as to ensure the overall maintenance effect of highway bridge projects.

Development of the rolling extrusion rock bolt with constant resistance and large deformation

With the increasing excavation depth of underground engineering,engineering problems such as large deformation and rock burst caused by high geo-stress brings new challenges to the excavation and reinforcement of surrounding rock in deep underground engineering.The traditional rock bolt is prone to brittle fracture under high geo-stress due to its low elongation.Therefore,this work aims to develop a novel energy-absorbing bolt with constant resistance and large displacement to reinforce the surrounding rock with a risk of large deformation or rockburst.The novel energy-absorbing bolt refereed as rolling extrusion rock bolt(RE bolt)is mainly consists of sleeve tube with a variable cross-section,energy absorption slider with steel balls embedded,steel bar connected with the energy absorption slider.The rolling extrusion is adopted to produce the resistance force of the RE bolt,which avoids the sudden attenuation of resistance force and the abrasion of the energy absorption slider.The static pull test is conducted to study the resistance force and deformation characteristics of the RE bolt with different specifications.Results imply that the RE bolt has higher resistance force,larger deformation capacity and energy absorption capacity.The work of this study provides an effective solution for the reinforcement of surrounding rock in deep rock engineering.

基于螺栓预紧力监测土工离心机不平衡力的方法研究

研究了一种基于监测地脚螺栓轴向预紧力变化的土工离心机动态不平衡力在线测量方法。首先,通过理论推导了不同的不平衡力状态下,地脚螺栓的轴向预紧力变化模型,证明了间接测试离心机不平衡力的可行性。其次,在TLJ-500型离心机上开展试验,获得了动态不平衡力矩随配重变化的规律,并对测点轴向力变化进行拟合,建立了测点轴向力与不平衡质量及离心机运行重力加速度g值的关系。最后,对一个地脚螺栓的预紧力变化进行测量,通过响应面拟合可建立地脚螺栓轴向预紧力的变化与离心机运行加速度和配重质量的关联。研究表明,通过监测地脚螺栓预紧力变化获得的离心机运行不平衡力的方法具有一定可行性,试验中应保持不同配重的质心一致;根据拟合式计算使转臂平衡的配重质量时,应尽量采用较大的加速度以降低离心机未甩平带来的误差。

木-混凝土螺栓连接力学性能试验及承载力计算模型

连接节点的设计是保证木-混凝土混合结构中两种材料协同工作的基础.为研究常用工程木-混凝土螺栓连接节点的力学性能及破坏模式,分别选用正交胶合木(Crosslaminated timber,CLT)-混凝土螺栓连接和云杉-松木-冷杉(Spruce Pine Fir,SPF)规格材-混凝土螺栓连接作为试验对象,设计了27组单调加载试验和低周往复加载试验,归纳并对比了两类木-混凝土螺栓连接的典型破坏模式.结果表明:木-混凝土螺栓连接节点承载力大小与螺栓屈服模式相关,CLT-混凝土螺栓连接相较于SPF-混凝土螺栓连接更易发生双铰破坏,且CLT-混凝土螺栓连接具有更好的延性.基于对两类连接力学性能差异的影响机理分析,考虑钢垫板对承载力的影响,并引入CLT等效截面,提出了木-混凝土螺栓连接的承载力力学模型.计算结果与试验结果对比的平均误差为12.18%,表明计算值与试验值吻合良好,可为木-混凝土螺栓连接的设计与应用提供参考.

带拼接板螺栓连接耗能梁段的可恢复功能钢框筒结构抗震性能研究

为了提升传统钢框筒结构的延性和耗能能力,提出采用拼接板螺栓连接的可恢复功能剪切耗能型钢框筒结构(FTS-SRSL),该结构结合了可更换剪切型耗能梁段和钢框筒结构具有良好的抗震性能。该文对一个2/3缩尺的单层单跨FTS-SRSL子结构试件进行了往复加载试验,试验结果表明,FTS-SRSL子结构试件具有良好的抗震性能,结构损伤集中于耗能梁段,且耗能梁段可实现更换。在试验的基础上,以耗能梁段长度比、耗能梁段腹板加劲肋间距、螺栓直径、翼缘拼接板和腹板拼接板厚度为参数,利用ABAQUS建立了15个足尺的单层单跨FTS-SRSL有限元模型,探究各模型的抗震性能,包括承载力、刚度、耗能以及塑性变形能力。有限元分析结果表明:改变拼接板螺栓连接的剪切型耗能梁段长度比会显著影响结构的承载力、刚度及耗能,建议FTS-SRSL中的拼接板螺栓连接剪切型耗能梁段长度比取0.73~1.09;改变耗能梁段腹板加劲肋间距对结构的承载力、刚度和耗能影响较小,基于该文的分析结果,建议FTS-SRSL中的拼接板螺栓连接剪切型耗能梁段腹板加劲肋间距取e/4~e/3(e为耗能梁段长度),且间距应满足我国抗规的规定;改变翼缘拼接板和腹板拼接板厚度对结构的承载力、刚度及耗能基本无影响;改变螺栓直径对结构承载力、刚度及耗能影响较小。

基于多轴向铺层设计的FRP拉挤方管螺栓节点抗拉性能研究

在基于构件-节点一体化设计优化出的多轴向铺层基础上,进一步探究了铺层(单轴向铺层UD、多轴向铺层MD1、单轴向和多轴向相邻铺层MD2及多轴向中混碳铺层BC)以及几何尺寸(端距和排距)对FRP拉挤方管螺栓节点抗拉性能的影响。试验结果表明,多轴向布(MD1和MD2)的加入使节点极限承载力提升50%以上,极限位移增大至2倍以上,极大改善了节点承载和节点延性。采用MD2铺层能够获得最大节点承载力;BC铺层没有提升节点承载力但使节点刚度增大了7%~30%。端距和排距对UD方管螺栓节点的破坏模式无明显影响,均呈现剪切或劈裂破坏模式。当端径比增加至4时,多轴向方管螺栓节点破坏模式开始或完全转变为延性挤压破坏;随着排距的增大,两孔共同挤压受力过程延长,实现了更高延性、更高承载力的节点性能。建议多轴向BFRP拉挤方管螺栓节点的端径比和排径比取为4以上。

国外WIRE-ON-BOLT技术分级准则在我国的适用性研究

在万宁近海暴露场和江津暴露场进行了2次WIRE-ON-BOLT大气暴露试验,分别采用铝丝-碳钢螺栓试样和铝丝-铜螺栓试样,并按LAQUE中心和ASTM标准对万宁和江津的大气腐蚀性进行分级,分级结果表明:国外这2种评级准则难以甄别我国各主要大气网站的腐蚀性,有必要对此进行重新划分。

Hollo-Bolt单向螺栓套管肢断裂原因分析

Hollo-Bolt进口单向螺栓在预制件装配式施工中容易发生套管肢剪切破坏失效的问题。采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验、扫描电镜观察及中性盐雾试验等方法,分析了HolloBolt在承载试验过程中失效的原因。结果表明:Hollo-Bolt带狭槽套管的选材较软,且缺乏合理的热处理工艺,其表面的镀锌防锈处理效果也不够理想,使其强度降低,导致套管肢发生剪切破坏。最后据此提出了优化方案。

Numerical Computation of Stress Intensity Factors for Bolt-hole Corner Crack in Mechanical Joints

The three-dimensional finite element method is used to solve the problem of the quarter-elliptical comer crack of the bolt-hole in mechanical joints being subjected to remote tension. The square-root stress singularity around the corner crack front is simulated using the collapsed 20-node quarter point singular elements. The contact interaction between the bolt and the hole boundary is considered in the finite element analysis. The stress intensity factors （SIFs） along the crack front are evaluated by using the displacement correlation technique. The effects of the amount of clearance between the hole and the bolt on the SIFs are investigated. The numerical results indicate that the SIF for mode I decrease with the decreases in clearance, and in the cases of clearance being present, the corner crack is in a mix-mode, even if mode I loading is dominant.