基于改进Double-Head RCNN的无人机航拍图像小目标检测算法

为解决无人机航拍图像中小目标特征信息少且容易被噪声干扰导致现有算法漏检率和误检率高的问题,提出一种改进Double-Head Region-卷积神经网络(RCNN)的无人机航拍图像小目标检测算法。在骨干网络ResNet-50上引入Transformer和可变形卷积(DCN)模块,更有效提取小目标特征信息和语义信息;提出一种基于内容感知特征重组(CARAFE)的特征金字塔网络(FPN)结构模块,解决特征融合过程中小目标被背景噪声干扰而丢失特征信息的问题;在区域建议网络中针对小目标尺度分布特点重新设置Anchor生成尺度,进一步提升小目标检测性能。在VisDrone-DET2021数据集上的实验结果表明:所提算法能提取更具有表征能力的小目标特征信息和语义信息,对比Double-Head RCNN算法,所提算法的参数量增加了9.73×10^(6),FPS损失了0.6,但是AP、AP50和AP75分别提升了2.6%、6.2%和2.1%,APs提升了3.1%。

Canine Myofascial Kinetic Lines: A Descriptive Dissection Study Including Related Function and Locomotion and Comparison of the Human and Equine Myofascial Kinetic Lines

Aim: This dissection study was conducted to verify if the Myofascial kinetic lines, outlined in detail in humans and recently documented in horses, were present in dogs. These dynamic lines present rows of interconnected muscles, myofascia and other fascia structures, which influence the biomechanics of the spine and limbs. Methods: Forty-two dogs of different breeds and genders were dissected, imaged, and videoed. Results: Similar kinetic lines were verified in the dog, as described in humans and horses, and additionally, three new branches of the lines were discovered. The kinetic lines described were three superficial lines: Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral, which all started in the hindlimb and ended in the temporal and occipital regions. These lines act respectively in spinal extension, flexion, and lateral flexion. Three profound lines, which started in the tail and ended in the head. The Deep Dorsal Line followed the transversospinal myofascia. The Deep Ventral Line showed an additional start deep in the medial hind limb, continued in the hypaxial myofascia, and enveloped all the viscera. Also, the Deep Lateral Line started in the hindlimb but parted along the trunk in the deep lateral myofascial structures. Two helical lines crossed the midline two or three times and served to rotate the spine. The Functional Line established a sling from the axilla to the contralateral stifle and presented a new ipsilateral branch. The Spiral Line connected the head and the ipsilateral tarsus and additionally presented a new straight branch. The four front limb lines describe their motion: the Front Limb Protraction and Retraction, Adduction, and Abduction Lines. Conclusion: The canine lines mirrored the equine and human lines with exceptions due to differences in anatomy, foot posture, lumbosacral flexibility, and their biomechanical constitution as predator versus prey animals. Additionally, three new canine branches were verified and described.

On the Polygonal Wear Evolution of Heavy-Haul Locomotive Wheels due to Wheel/Rail Flexibility and Its Mitigation Measures

Wheel polygonal wear can immensely worsen wheel/rail interactions and vibration performances of the train and track,and ultimately,lead to the shortening of service life of railway components.At present,wheel/rail medium-or high-frequency frictional interactions are perceived as an essential reason of the high-order polygonal wear of railway wheels,which are potentially resulted by the flexible deformations of the train/track system or other external excitations.In this work,the effect of wheel/rail flexibility on polygonal wear evolution of heavy-haul locomotive wheels is explored with aid of the long-term wheel polygonal wear evolution simulations,in which different flexible modeling of the heavy-haul wheel/rail coupled system is implemented.Further,the mitigation measures for the polygonal wear of heavy-haul locomotive wheels are discussed.The results point out that the evolution of polygonal wear of heavy-haul locomotive wheels can be veritably simulated with consideration of the flexible effect of both wheelset and rails.Execution of mixed-line operation of heavy-haul trains and application of multicut wheel re-profiling can effectively reduce the development of wheel polygonal wear.This research can provide a deep-going understanding of polygonal wear evolution mechanism of heavy-haul locomotive wheels and its mitigation measures.

Research on uninterruptable power supply technology for auxiliary winding of electric locomotive while passing the neutral section

Purpose–Auxiliary power system is an indispensable part of the train;the auxiliary systems of both electric locomotives and EMUs mainly are powered by one of the two ways,which are either from auxiliary windings of traction transformers or from DC-link voltage of traction converters.Powered by DC-link voltage of traction converters,the auxiliary systems were maintained of uninterruptable power supply with energy from electric braking.Meanwhile,powered by traction transformers,the auxiliary systems were always out of power while passing the neutral section of power supply grid and control system is powered by battery at this time.Design/methodology/approach–Uninterrupted power supply of auxiliary power system powered by auxiliary winding of traction transformer was studied.Failure reasons why previous solutions cannot be realized are analyzed.An uninterruptable power supply scheme for the auxiliary systems powered by auxiliary windings of traction transformers is proposed in this paper.The validity of the proposed scheme is verified by simulation and experimental results and on-site operation of an upgraded HXD3C type locomotive.This scheme is attractive for upgrading practical locomotives with the auxiliary systems powered by auxiliary windings of traction transformers.Findings–This scheme regenerates braking power supplied to auxiliary windings of traction transformers while a locomotive runs in the neutral section of the power supply grid.Control objectives of uninterrupted power supply technology are proposed,which are no overvoltage,no overcurrent and uninterrupted power supply.Originality/value–The control strategies of the scheme ensure both overvoltage free and inrush current free when a locomotive enters or leaves the neutral section.Furthermore,this scheme is cost low by employing updated control strategy of software and add both the two current sensors and two connection wires of hardware.

Estimation of CO_2 Emissions of Locomotives in China(1975-2005)

Based on annual statistical data collected by the Chinese Railway Statistic Center, the CO2 emissions of locomotives during 1975-2005 were calculated and the emission intensity and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the CO2 emissions of steam locomotives decreased while that of diesel locomotives increased with time, due to the continuous shift from steam to diesel and electric locomotives. The total CO2 emissions of steam and diesel locomo- tives in China decreased from 42.23 Mt in 1975 to 16.40 Mt in 2005. The emission intensity of CO2 from the two kinds of locomotives decreased at an average rate of 2.4 g （converted t kin）-1 per year. The percentage of the CO2 emissions of locomotives to the total CO2 emissions in the sector of transportation, storage and post in China also decreased persistently from 1980 to 2005.

Locomotion Paradigms of Topological Space in Shakespeare’s Double Falsehood

In the 16th and 17th century,Britain was constantly strained by sporadic plagues,famines,fires and political conflicts.As a response in literature,Shakespeare has constructed an annular locomotion paradigm in Fletcher and his collaboration work Cardenio.Be more specific,the locomotion routes can be exemplified in Möbius strip,a rhizome system,a reciprocating juxtaposition between the foreground and the background,either of which finally runs to an annular schema.The annular in narration corresponds with The Globe theater and the round world.Shakespeare may express his expectation and prospect for the uprising bourgeoise and the newly found world by the resurrection theme in literature.

Typical faults and safety analysis of brake controller for AC locomotive

Purpose–The brake controller is a key component of the locomotive brake system.It is essential to study its safety.Design/methodology/approach–This paper summarizes and analyzes typical faults of the brake controller,and proposes four categories of faults:position sensor faults,microswitch faults,mechanical faults and communication faults.Suggestions and methods for improving the safety of the brake controller are also presented.Findings–In this paper,a self-judgment and self-learning dynamic calibration method is proposed,which integrates the linear error of the sensor and the manufacturing and assembly errors of the brake controller to solve the output drift.This paper also proposes a logic for diagnosing and handling microswitch faults.Suggestions are proposed for other faults of brake controller.Originality/value–The methods proposed in this paper can greatly improve the usability of the brake controller and reduce the failure rate.

低照度下改进YOLOX的煤矿无人电机车轨道障碍物检测方法

为解决地下煤矿光照不足进而导致无人电机车脱轨、撞车或侧翻等问题,提出了一种低照度多特征融合的YOLOX-CBAM目标检测算法,对矿井无人电机车轨道障碍物进行有效识别与分类。首先,通过实际场景采集及标注构建地下煤矿障碍物数据集,并将其输入微光数据处理Zero_DCE模型中;其次,对YOLOX目标检测网络进行改进,分别在骨干网络CSPDarknet和特征金字塔(Feature Pyramid Networks,FPN)部分增加双通道CBAM注意力模块,解决了特征提取环节通道单一的问题;最后,将预测头部分的损失函数替换成SIoU,加快了模型迭代的速度。结果表明,与传统两阶段Faster-RCNN网络、YOLOv4网络、YOLOv5网络和原YOLOX网络相比,本模型精确率分别提高了4.65百分点、2.65百分点、2.19百分点、1.35百分点,召回率分别提高了9.39百分点、4.36百分点、0.82百分点、0.76百分点,速度分别提高了28.6帧/s、16帧/s、13.6帧/s、2.9帧/s,同时本模型与分别添加CBAM、SA、SA+SIoU、SE、SE+SIoU,YOLOX-CBAM模块的YOLOX模型相比,其精度分别提高了0.64百分点、0.84百分点、1百分点、1.29百分点和0.76百分点,速度分别提高了0.5帧/s、0.4帧/s、0.3帧/s、0.2帧/s和0.4帧/s。所提出的方法能实现地下煤矿井下无人电机车轨道障碍物的快速准确检测,并为地下矿运输设备的智能化升级及安全运行提供理论支撑。

重载机车风源系统智能控制研究

针对重载机车提速运行过程中空气中不断扬起的粉尘对风源系统中处理的空气的质量提出了更高的要求。当压缩空气中粉尘颗粒浓度高或压缩空气湿度过大时,使得制动设备无法正常工作甚至损坏,给重载机车的平安行车带来安全隐患。该文通过设计一套智能重载机车风源控制系统,通过智能采集、检测风源系统中空气的洁净度与湿度参数,自动去除压缩空气中的粉尘和水,得到高质量的合格压缩空气,使得处理后的空气的湿度与洁净度符合机车制动系统管路的要求,当处理后的空气不符合要求时发出报警信号,提示工作人员进行排故处理,避免了计划维修的盲目性,提升了风源系统的有效运行效率,保障了重载机车的安全运输。

灵长类运动功能形态学研究进展

功能形态学是研究功能和形态相互适应的学科。灵长类(包括非人灵长类和人类)在动物界是一个极其特殊的类群,其在形态、生理、行为上表现出很强的环境适应能力,使它们常常成为生态学问题研究的模式动物。为适应多样化栖息环境,灵长类发展形成不同的运动模式,其骨骼和肌肉系统也相应进化以适应不同的运动模式。非人灵长类与人类在生态位、社会结构、地理分布以及进化上密切相关,开展其运动功能形态学研究不仅有助于了解灵长类的生态与适应,而且对深入了解运动功能进化在人类进化中所发挥的作用也具有重要参考价值。本文总结灵长类运动功能形态学的发展历史,深入探讨灵长类的运动模式及与之相适应的骨骼、肌肉系统的特征和功能。未来,新技术和新方法不断融入灵长类的运动功能形态学研究,将进一步丰富人们对灵长类的了解,揭示其结构和功能的适应与进化规律。

采用径向转向架的大轴重内燃机车曲线通过研究

为探究径向转向架在33 t轴重内燃机车的可行性,从径向转向架的概念、结构和原理出发,为大轴重内燃机车提供了一种径向转向架方案。在多体动力学软件中建立动力学模型,对比研究了采用径向转向架和传统转向架的重载机车通过曲线时导向轮对的黏着系数、蠕滑率和磨耗功。通过计算分析发现,与传统转向架相比,径向转向架可以减少车轮的滑动量,提高机车通过曲线时的黏着利用率,降低轮轨磨耗和左右车轮的不一致磨耗,降低轮对镟修频率,该结论可为今后我国研制大轴重高黏着内燃机车提供一定参考。

地面机动平台可重构轮履复合推进机构研究现状与展望

可重构轮履复合推进机构兼具轮式推进机构的快速性和履带推进机构的通过性,是提高地面机动平台在极端地形上综合性能的关键技术,在各类机器人和特种车辆上都得到了一定应用.文中在系统调研国内外相关文献的基础上,按轮履构型重构互换原理对推进机构进行分类,着重对比分析了不同构型的结构特点和应用场景,指出了可重构轮履复合推进机构的主要技术难点和发展前景.

运用米勒循环与生物柴油对柴油机性能优化分析

本文基于GT-Power软件,对比分析了B20生物柴油在1000 r/min转速、2种负荷工况(100%和50%)下的2种米勒循环最佳方案,找到关于动力、经济、排放性能最佳的进气门提前关闭角;再基于米勒循环方案,对其性能进行了优化和分析,得出了B20生物柴油发动机在2种工况下功率、油耗、soot排放与NOx排放最佳性能的进气正时方案。结果表明:变气门重叠角米勒循环在整体性能方面优于变凸轮型线米勒循环,变气门重叠角米勒循环燃用B20生物柴油在2种不同负荷工况下,当处于进气门提前关闭角30℃A时功率性能最佳,并且通过模型优化后2种工况分别在进气门正时179.0℃aA和排气门正时174.0℃aA、进气门正时224.5℃aA和排气门正时119.0℃aA区域内有功率极大值;同理,油耗、soot与NOx排放也同样存在相对应的最佳进气门提前关闭角与优化后相对应的区域。

机车充风能力对重载列车缓解性能及车钩力影响研究

机车充气与排气性能是列车制动系统重要指标,目前机车制动系统验收指标仅对排气性能有明确要求,对充气性能无要求。机车供风能力不仅影响重载列车缓解特性和车钩力,而且严重制约重载列车在循环制动中的操纵方法。了解机车充气能力对缓解特性和车钩力的影响规律,以及重载列车安全运行和制动系统设计具有重要意义。通过建立列车空气制动系统仿真模型,分析机车充风能力对重载列车缓解特性和车钩力的影响。分析发现,机车充风能力对列车再充风时间、缓解波传播和车钩力都有明显影响;充风能力越弱,则缓解波传递越慢,车钩力越大。在本文研究范围内,合适的充气能力将比弱充风能力首尾车缓解时间差缩短3 s,最大车钩力降低16.2%。建议机车验收时增加机车充风能力检测,并给出了建议检测标准。针对重载列车充风能力,建议多部门联合系统性开展实验与仿真研究,制订重载列车制动系统检测标准与方法。

基于失效演化模拟的电力机车用IGBT模块解析剩余寿命建模研究

牵引变流器作为电力机车系统中最关键且故障率最高的设备,影响系统的安全运行,其中绝缘栅双极晶体管(insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)模块是导致牵引变流器失效的主要部件。开展IGBT模块剩余寿命准确评估,对降低运维成本和系统故障率具有重要的战略价值和经济意义。目前采用“里程修”的运维方式,未考虑机车运行线路、工况、负载差异等因素对寿命的影响,导致一些线路过早更换的高昂运维成本和一些线路过晚替换的系统停运风险。因此,在牵引系统IGBT模块故障率高、运行线路间可靠性差异大且采用不合理的“里程修”方式背景下,目前业界普遍关心的问题是各线路基于固定里程修更换的IGBT模块剩余寿命是多少。该文针对电力机车用IGBT模块剩余寿命准确评估的问题,以IGBT模块焊料层不同服役里程空洞尺寸分布规律为基础,建立考虑焊料层空洞空间分布规律的精细化多物理场模型,开展多芯片并联IGBT模块失效演化物理过程模拟,提出以焊料层空洞分布统计规律为老化状态的电力机车用IGBT模块解析剩余寿命预测模拟,并通过功率循环试验验证改进模型准确性。研究成果丰富功率器件的寿命预测和可靠性评估理论,为系统从“里程修”向“状态修”转变提供科学依据。

《电力机车整备》课程教学改革与实践研究

“教师、教材、教法”改革是目前职业教育改革的热点,其中课程教学改革与实践关系到能否能切实培养出具备行业所需技能和素质的专业人才,满足社会和行业的发展需求,提升教育质量和学生的职业竞争力。以铁道机车运用与维护专业核心课程《电力机车整备》为例,探讨课程改革的设计与实施思路,以期为高职院校铁道类课程教学改革提供思路。

工矿机车牵引双供电系统及其下垂控制策略

为了应对工矿机车距离和载重日益增长的发展趋势,同时满足工矿机车牵引对突变负荷的运行稳定性提升的要求,提出一种双供电系统及其下垂控制方法的工矿机车牵引供电方案。针对工矿牵引具有负荷突变、往返载荷差异大等工矿行业的特殊性,对比分析了站间精确均流和非精确均流策略对工矿机车牵引的适用性,根据分析结果提出了工矿机车双供电系统方式及其站间协同下垂控制策略,在此基础上引入电流前馈控制策略。搭建了仿真模型和包含牵引变电站的工矿机车低压试验牵引物理动模平台,试验结果表明所该策略在负荷突变工况下的机车电压稳定性显著优于与常规下垂控制方法。该研究为工矿机车牵引向大容量、远距离、高可靠性未来发展提供了有力的技术支撑。

基于改进高斯过程回归模型的柴油机机油黏度变化趋势预测

针对内燃机车用柴油机机油稀释状态难以评估的问题,提出一种基于布谷鸟搜索算法和贝叶斯正则算法的改进高斯过程回归模型的柴油机机油黏度变化趋势预测方法。首先,采用理化检验手段分析机油黏度数据,将其用于模型验证。其次,基于布谷鸟搜索算法和贝叶斯正则算法集成优化高斯过程回归模型并对不同工况下机油黏度变化规律进行拟合,以协方差函数为优化目标提升模型的评估精度。最后,通过HXN3B型内燃机车柴油机机油黏度数据验证所提模型的有效性和实用性。现场测试验证与检修复核表明,所提模型不仅能够预测一定时间内机油黏度变化的趋势,有效评估机油稀释状态,还能在故障早期提出预测性维护建议并动态优化检修排程,提升了内燃机车的安全运用保障能力,进一步验证了该方法的工程应用价值。

机车驾驶室垂向动力学建模与舒适性问题研究

为了研究机车在行驶过程中不同速度下的机车驾驶室座椅地板的振动情况,判断其不同速度下的舒适性,降低机车驾驶人员在振动环境中引起职业病的可能性。本文应用子结构法构建了机车多体动力学模型,计算了在不同行驶速度工况下的驾驶室座椅地板处的振动加速度,结合舒适性标准确定不同速度下驾驶室座椅舒适性情况;针对120 km/h行驶速度计算宽轨电力机车驾驶室座椅地板处的随机动态响应,明确其峰值最大值所在的频率范围。分析结果表明:随着速度的提高,宽轨电力机车的驾驶室座椅地板的垂向振动加速度明显增大,舒适性等级由1级变为3级,舒适性明显降低。在频率点16.489 Hz和18.815 Hz时振动位移和振动加速度会产生峰值。

零速信号在机车电气控制中的应用

随着机车电气控制技术的不断发展,零速信号在机车电气控制中扮演着重要的角色,零速信号是指机车制动或牵引系统中用来检测车辆是否处于零速状态的信号,它能够帮助系统实时监测车辆的运行状态,从而实现精确的控制和调节,文章探讨了零速信号在机车电气控制中的应用,希望能够为机车电气的控制发展提供借鉴。