Research and experimental analysis of precision degradation method based on the ball screw mechanism

As a key transmission component in computer numerical control(CNC) machine tools,the ball screw mechanism(BSM) is usually investigated under working load conditions. Its accuracy degradation process is relatively long,which is not conducive to the design and development of new products. In this paper,the normal wear depth of the BSM nut raceway is calculated under the variable speed operation condition using the fractal wear analysis method and the BSM’s accelerated degradation proportional wear model. Parameters of the acceleration degradation model of the double-nut preloaded ball screw pair are calculated based on the physical simulation results. The accelerated degradation test platform of the BSM is designed and manufactured to calculate the raceway wear model when the lubrication condition is broken under the variable-speed inertial load and the boundary lubrication condition under the uniform speed state. Three load forces and two samples are selected for the accelerated degradation test of the BSM. The measured friction torque of the BSM is employed as the evaluation index of the accuracy degradation test. In addition,the life cycle of the accuracy retention is accurately calculated by employing the parameters of the physical simulation model of the BSM. The calculations mentioned above can be used to estimate BSM’s accuracy performance degradation law under normal operating conditions. The application of the proposed model provides a new research method for researching the precision retention of the BSM.

Three-dimensional Modeling for Predicting the Vibration Modes of Twin Ball Screw Driving Table

As a redundant drive mechanism, twin ball screw feed system has the advantage of high stiffness and little yaw vibration in the feeding process, while leads to increased difficulty with vibration characteristics analysis and structure optimization. Only low-dimensional structure and dynamics parameters are considered in the existing research, the complete and effective model for predicting the table＇s vibrations is lacked. A three-dimensional（3D） mechanical model of twin ball screw driving table is proposed. In order to predict the vibration modes of the table quantitatively, an analytical formulation following a comprehensive approach is developed, where the drive system is modeled as a lumped mass-spring system, and the Lagrangian method is used to obtain the table＇s independent and coupled axial, yaw, and pitch vibration modes. The frequency variation of each mode is studied for different heights of the center of gravity, nut positions and table masses by numerical simulations. Modal experiment is carried out on the Z-axis feed table of the horizontal machining center MCH63. The results show that for each mode, the error between the estimated and the measured frequencies is less than 13%. The independent and coupled vibration modes are in accordance with the experimental results, respectively The proposed work can serve a better understanding of the table＇s dynamics and be beneficial for optimizing the structure parameters of twin ball screw drive system in the design stage.

Modeling and application of thermal contact resistance of ball screws

Aiming at determining the thermal contact resistance of ball screws,a new analytical method combining the minimum excess principle with the MB fractal theory is proposed to estimate thermal contact resistance of ball screws considering microscopic fractal characteristics of contact surfaces.The minimum excess principle is employed for normal stress analysis.Moreover,the MB fractal theory is adopted for thermal contact resistance.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by self-designed experiment.The comparison between theoretical and experimental results demonstrates that thermal contact resistance of ball screws can be obtained by the proposed method.On this basis,effects of fractal parameters on thermal contact resistance of ball screws are discussed.Moreover,effects of the axial load on thermal contact resistance of ball screws are also analyzed.The conclusion can be drawn that the thermal contact resistance decreases along with the fractal dimension D increase and it increases along with the scale parameter G increase,and thermal contact resistance of ball screws is retained almost constant along with axial load increase before the preload of the right nut turns into zero in value.The application of the proposed method is also conducted and validated by the temperature measurement on a self-designed test bed.

Effect of contact angle and helix angle on slide-roll ratio under the accelerated motion state of ball screw mechanism

To study the effect of the contact angle and helix angle on slide-roll ratio at the ball contact points under the accelerated motion state of ball screw mechanisrm(B S M),the curve theory in differential geometry a d the homogeneous transformation matrix ae used to establish the acceleration kinematics model of BSM.The model can be used to describe the accelerated motion relationships among the screw,balls and nut,calculate the acceleration of relative motion at the contact points between the balls and raceways,and analyze five accelerated motion rules between the balls and raceways.It also conducts a simulation analysis of the slide-roll ratio relationship between the accelerations at the ball center and the contact point of ball under different contact angles and helix angles.As shownby the analysis,with the increase in the BSM’s contact angle,the slide-roll ratio at the contact points decreases,and the contact angle has a relatively significant effect on the slide-roll ratio.However,with the decrease in the BSM’helix angle,the slide-roll ratio at the contact points decreases,and the helix angle has a relatively insignificant effect on the slide-roll ratio.By measuring the accelerations of both the screw and nut under the accelerated motion state,it also verifies the existence of the slide-roll mixed motion at the ball contact point A between the ball and the screw racewayand pure rolling at the ball contact point B between the ball and the nut raceway during the accelerated motion.

Integral sliding mode control for flexible ball screw drives with matched and mismatched uncertainties and disturbances

The design of servo controllers for flexible ball screw drives with matched and mismatched disturbances and uncertainties is focused to improve the tracking performance and bandwidth of ball screw drives.A two degrees of freedom mass model is established based on the axial vibration characteristics of the transport ball screw,and the controller of an adaptive integral sliding mode is proposed combining the optimal design of state feedback gain matrix K to restrain the vibration and the matched disturbances and uncertainties.Then for the counteraction of the mismatched disturbances and uncertainties,a nonlinear disturbance observer is also developed.The trajectory tracking performance experiments and bandwidth analysis were conducted on experimental setup with the proposed control method.It is proved that the adaptive integral sliding mode controller has a high tracking performance and bandwidth especially for the axial vibration characteristics model of ball screw drives.And the ball screw tracking accuracy also has a considerable improvement with the application of the proposed nonlinear disturbance observer.

Acceleration-Dependent Analysis of Vertical Ball Screw Feed System without Counterweight

The distinguishing feature of a vertical ball screw feed system without counterweight is that the spindle system weight directly acts on the kinematic joints.Research into the dynamic characteristics under acceleration and deceleration is an important step in improving the structural performance of vertical milling machines.The magnitude and direction of the inertial force change significantly when the spindle system accelerates and decelerates.Therefore,the kinematic joint contact stiffness changes under the action of the inertial force and the spindle system weight.Thus,the system transmission stiffness also varies and affects the dynamics.In this study,a variable-coefficient lumped parameter dynamic model that considers the changes in the spindle system weight and the magnitude and direction of the inertial force is established for a ball screw feed system without counterweight.In addition,a calculation method for the system stiffness is provided.Experiments on a vertical ball screw feed system under acceleration and deceleration with different accelerations are also performed to verify the proposed dynamic model.Finally,the influence of the spindle system position,the rated dynamic load of the screw-nut joint,and the screw tension force on the natural frequency of the vertical ball screw feed system under acceleration and deceleration are studied.The results show that the vertical ball screw feed system has obviously different variable dynamics under acceleration and deceleration.The influence of the rated dynamic load and the spindle system position on the natural frequency under acceleration and deceleration is much greater than that of the screw tension force.

Structure design and characteristics analysis of a cylindrical giant magnetostrictive actuator for ball screw preload

In order to achieve automatic adjustment of the double-nut ball screw preload, a magnetostrictive ball screw preload system is proposed. A new cylindrical giant magnetostrictive actuator （CGMA）, which is the core component of the preload system, is developed using giant magnetostrictive material （GMM） with a hole. The pretightening force of the CGMA is determined by testing. And the magnetic circuit analysis method is introduced to calculate magnetic field intensity of the actuator with a ball screw shaft. To suppress the thermal effects on the magnetostrictive outputs, an oil cooling method which can directly cool the heat source is adopted. A CGMA test platform is established and the static and dynamic output characteristics are respectively studied. The experimental results indicate that the CGMA has good linearity and no double-frequency effect under the bias magnetic field and the output accuracy of the CGMA is significantly improved with cooling measures. Although the output decreased with screw shaft through the actuator, the performance of CGMA meets the design requirements for ball screw preload with output displacement more than 26 μm and force up to 6200 N. The development of a CGMA will provide a new approach for automatic adjustment of double-nut ball screw preload.

The Axial Nonlinear Vibration Analysis of Ball-screw about Machine Tool Feeding System

The forced state of the ball-screw of machine tool feeding system is analyzed. The ball-screw is simplified as Timoshenko beam and the differential equation of motion for the ball-screw is built. To obtain the axial vibration equation,the differential equation of motion is simplified using the assumed mode method. Axial vibration equation is in form of Duffing equation and has the characteristics of nonlinearity. The numerical simulation of Duffing equation is proceeded by MATLAB / Simulink. The effect of screw length,exciting force and damping coefficient are researched,and the axial vibration phase track diagram and Poincare section are obtained. The stability and period of the axial vibration are analyzed. The limit cycle of phase track diagram is enclosed. Axial vibration has two type-center singularity distributions on both sides of the origin. The singularity attracts vibration to reach a stable state,and Poincare section shows that axial vibration appears chaotic motion and quasi periodic motion or periodic motion. Singularity position changes with the vibration system parameters,while the distribution doesn’ t change. The period of the vibration is enhanced with increasing frequency and damping coefficient. Test of the feeding system ball-screw axial vibration exists chaos movement. This paper provides a certain theoretical basis for the dynamic characteristic analysis of machine feeding system ball-screw and optimization of structural parameters.

Modeling approach for axial contact stiffness of ball screws

Axial stiffness of ball screws has great effects on accuracy of positioning,dynamic characteristic and transmission efficiency. Axial contact stiffness modeling of ball screws is the key problem in dynamic analysis of ball screws. Aiming at obtaining axial stiffness of ball screws considering microscopic fractal characteristics of contact surfaces,a new analytical method is proposed to estimate axial contact stiffness of ball screws and combine the minimum excess principle with Mandelbort( MB)fractal theory in this research. The minimum excess principle is employed to conduct normal stress analysis. And the Mandelbort fractal theory is adopted to obtain contact stiffness in ball screws. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the self-designed experiment. The comparison between theoretical results and experimental results demonstrates that axial contact stiffness of ball screws could be obtained by the proposed method.

Precision loss of ball screw mechanism under sliding-rolling mixed motion behavior

The sliding-rolling mixed motion behavior degrades the ball screw’s precision at different levels.Based on the sliding-rolling mixed motion between ball and screw/nut raceway,the ball screw’s precision loss considering different given axial loading and rotational speed working conditions was investigated.Since creep and lubrication relate to sliding and rolling motion wear,the creep and lubrication characteristics are analyzed under different working conditions.Besides,the precision loss was calculated considering the sole influence of sliding behavior between ball and screw and compared with the results from other current models.Finally,research on precision loss owing to the sliding-rolling mixed motion behavior was realized under given working conditions,and suitable wear tests were carried out.The analytical results of precision loss are in good agreement with the experimental test conclusions,which is conducive to better predicting the law of precision loss in stable wear period.

Influence of velocity on the transmission precision of the ball screw mechanism

Ball screw mechanism(BSM)is an important force-motion transfer device which is used in high-precision machine tools such as the computer numerical control.Performance parameters such as contact angle,helix angle,and the pitch radius of the screw can greatly affect the transmission precision,and the transmission precision of the BSM are not yet well resolved.In this study,ball contact point motion model is derived to assess the influence of contact angle,helix angle,and the pitch radius of the screw on transmission precision under uniform motion of the BSM.For the purpose of verifying the kinematic characteristics of the contact points between the balls and raceways under a state of uniform motion,a kinematic model is developed and values are computed for a set of boundary conditions.Comparing the simulated data to measured data,the laws of motion for the ball contact points developed in this study are confirmed.Moreover,the effect of the screw velocity on contact angle,helix angle and the pitch radius of the screw directly affects the velocity of the nut.Under the accelerated and uniform motion state of the screw,larger angular velocity of the screw results in an increase in the displacement deviation of the nut,and these parameters of the nut are considered to improve the transmission precision of the BSM.The verification of the research results provides a new research method for the study of the precision retention of ball screw mechanism.

Confirmation of the Ball-Screw Force for the Differential Cushion System of Space Docking Mechanism

Based on the analysis of the differential cushion damping system kinematic relation and using principle of virtual work, a new kinematic function expression is established which is between six ball-screws and cushion components. At last the relationship between ball-screw force and attitude is intreduced.

改进粒子群优化滚珠丝杠进给系统BP神经网络PID控制策略研究

针对传统的BP神经网络PID(BP-PID)控制因其初始权值随机,导致系统的收敛速度较慢、控制前期会有较大误差和BP神经网络初始权值优化等问题,建立了滚珠丝杠进给系统伺服三环模型,设计了BP-PID控制器,提出了一种二阶振荡混沌映射粒子群算法(SCMPSO)优化滚珠丝杠进给系统BP-PID控制器。首先,混沌映射初始化粒子位置,使粒子均匀分布于空间,增加粒子解的多样性;随后,提出一种非线性余弦自适应惯性权重,以平衡算法的全局搜索能力和局部搜索能力;其次,在算法中引入二阶振荡环节,在面对突变多峰干扰时,能及时跳出局部最优解。研究结果表明:当加入外界干扰时,控制策略SCMPSO-BP-PID在正向进给时段的位移平均误差为0.013 mm,相比SAWPSO-BP-PID、LDWPSO-BP-PID、PSO-BP-PID这3种控制策略分别提升约45.8%、55.2%、61.7%;当加入阶跃响应时,SCMPSO-BP-PID的最大超调量仅为0.029,系统调节时间和峰值时间相比3种控制策略均有较大提升,具有较高的控制精度和稳定性。

基于改进Deeplabv3+算法的滚珠丝杠驱动表面点蚀缺陷检测

针对滚珠丝杠驱动表面背景环境复杂、点蚀缺陷目标小因而难以检测的问题,提出改进的Deeplabv3+滚珠丝杠驱动表面缺陷分割算法。本算法采用Re2Net-50替换Deeplabv3+的主干网络,显著提升了对小尺寸缺陷目标的识别能力。此外,通过在主干网络中融合特征金字塔网络FPN,能够加强多尺度信息的提取,从而增强了对缺陷目标的精确定位。最后,本研究在Deeplabv3+网络的ASPP模块之后引入了Coordinate Attention机制,能够增强模型对图像中空间和维度的关注,有效地捕获了图像中的长距离空间依赖关系。实验结果表明,与原始的Deeplabv3+相比,所提算法在平均交并比MIoU指标上提高了4.38%,准确率Accuracy提高了5.52%,F1-score提高了2.74%。同时,与其他经典的语义分割算法相比,所提算法也展现出了一定的优越性。

新型万向球摆式隔震装置的设计与应用

针对浮放物体防震保护的迫切需求,研发了一款基于万向球的摆式隔震装置。首先介绍了它的构造特征与运行原理,并以某陈列佛塔为对象进行方案设计,利用有限元软件模拟万向球与圆盘间的接触关系,评估该装置的承载能力;然后通过试验验证了内部阻尼机构力学模型的准确性,采用时程分析法检验了该装置在8度极罕遇地震作用下的隔震效果,并与传统滑动摩擦摆的减震性能进行了对比。结果表明,该隔震装置不仅结构简单、性能可靠,而且具有摩擦系数低,起滑加速度阈值小,阻尼灵活可调的特点。装置中的点面接触具有一定的承载能力,能够满足设计需求。端部设置黏滞阻尼器的阻尼机构表现出明显的速度相关性,阻尼力会随速度的增大而增大。该装置隔震性能良好,在满足位移限值的情况下达到了设定的隔震目标,而且相比于传统型,在位移和加速度响应均需兼顾的情况下,通过合理调整阻尼机构的性能参数,该装置在各地震工况中能够取得更优的综合隔震效果。

考虑材料形变的旋风铣削螺纹工件表面粗糙度建模

表面粗糙度对工件的耐磨性、疲劳强度和接触刚度有重要影响,在金属切削过程中,表面粗糙度受到工件材料形变的影响.根据赫兹弹性接触理论,建立工件材料形变的弹性回复高度模型.基于摩擦磨损计算原理,提出工件材料形变的塑性变形高度模型.分析刀具-工件接触运动,建立工件表面的残留高度模型.结合工件材料形变和残留高度的影响,建立滚珠丝杠旋风铣削表面粗糙度理论模型.通过旋风铣削试验验证表面粗糙度模型,结果表明理论模型值与试验值吻合良好.分析切削参数(切削速度、最大切削深度和刀具个数)对表面粗糙度的影响,揭示工件材料形变与表面粗糙度的关系.

基于输入整形的丝杠传动的振动误差补偿

针对丝杠传动系统中存在的由机械结构弹性形变产生的振动误差,首先,通过改进集中参数法与分布式参数法相结合的方法建立系统拉格朗日方程,从而求得动力学模型,得到X、Y方向上的传递函数,并将闭环传递函数进行降阶处理;然后,在Simulink中仿真实验,根据降阶函数计算输入整形器参数,分别比较ZV输入整形和ZVD输入整形的误差补偿效果;最后,在自主研发的实验平台进行应用验证:在负载较轻的X轴运动时,两种补偿方法稳定性相差不多,ZV输入整形器调整时间更短;而在负载较重的Y轴运动时,ZVD输入整形器更稳定。

基于磁流变阻尼器的滚珠丝杠进给系统主动抑振研究

针对滚珠丝杠进给系统轴向振动影响工件的加工质量和精度保持性的问题,将磁流变阻尼器应用于机床滚珠丝杠进给系统轴向抑振。设计磁流变阻尼器,进行磁流变阻尼器阻尼特性试验,采用最小二乘法和BP神经网络对阻尼力进行了辨识。建立带有磁流变阻尼器的机床滚珠丝杠进给系统单自由度振动模型,基于Runge-Kutta法计算了系统的动态响应。通过数值计算发现:阻尼器输入电流由零逐渐增大时,系统能够快速趋向于稳定;由幅频曲线可以看出,磁流变阻尼器抑制滚珠丝杠进给系统的振动是可行的。最后试验验证了磁流变阻尼器能够很好地抑制滚珠丝杠进给系统的振动。

倾转旋翼机齿轮-丝杠作动器动力学建模及响应分析

倾转旋翼机的倾转机构是由齿轮副与滚珠丝杠副组成的复杂结构,动力学问题较为突出。为准确分析其动态行为并探明振动机制,考虑丝杠副的滚珠冲击激励以及齿轮副的准静态传动误差激励耦合作用,提出了一种齿轮-滚珠丝杠作动器系统动力学耦合建模方法。基于系统动力学方程求解特征值问题,得到了系统各阶固有频率与振型;对比有限元模态分析结果,验证了理论模型的准确性;在此基础上,分析了齿轮-滚珠丝杠作动器系统的动态行为,研究了丝杠副结构参数对输出响应的影响。结果表明,丝杠轴向振动响应随着螺旋升角的增大而减小,随着接触角的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。

基于滚珠丝杠副进给系统受载响应研究

滚珠丝杠副主要由丝杠、螺母、滚珠和循环系统等组成。其主要作用是将旋转运动转换为直线运动,如车床中的刀架移动。目前在机床、航天、航空、核工业等领域广泛应用。通过建立滚珠丝杠进给系统的动力学方程,来研究系统受到不同冲击情况下的振动响应是十分有意义的。本文首先通过Lagrange第二类方程建立了进给系统的动力学方程,再利用有限元法对方程进行求解,实现了对不同载荷冲击下的滚珠丝杠螺母振动响应仿真。