Aircraft Observation and Simulation of the Supercooled Liquid Water Layer in a Warm Conveyor Belt over North China

This paper studied a snow event over North China on 21 February 2017,using aircraft in-situ data,a Lagrangian analysis tool,and WRF simulations with different microphysical schemes to investigate the supercooled layer of warm conveyor belts(WCBs).Based on the aircraft data,we found a fine vertical structure within clouds in the WCB and highlighted a 1-2 km thin supercooled liquid water layer with a maximum Liquid Water Content(LWC) exceeding0.5 g kg^(-1) during the vertical aircraft observation.Although the main features of thermodynamic profiles were essentially captured by both modeling schemes,the microphysical quantities exhibited large diversity with different microphysics schemes.The conventional Morrison two-moment scheme showed remarkable agreement with in-situ observations,both in terms of the thermodynamic structure and the supercooled liquid water layer.However,the microphysical structure of the WCB clouds,in terms of LWC and IWC,was not apparent in HUJI fast bin scheme.To reduce such uncertainty,future work may focus on improving the representation of microphysics in bin schemes with in-situ data and using similar assumptions for all schemes to isolate the impact of physics.

Oil-Film Clutch in Soft-Start of Belt Conveyor

The oil film clutch, which is superior in speed adjustment, is capable of being used in the belt conveyor to carry out soft start operation. According to running properties of both belt conveyor and oil film clutch, equations that are used to decide the lubricating oil flow and the number of oil films (i.e. the number of rotating and stationary plates) are deduced theoretically. Also key parameters are provided for the design of the hydraulic system. All these together provide the theoretical basis for the soft start design of the belt conveyor and references for the application of the oil film clutch in similar fields.

Fuzzy-immune control strategy of a hydro-viscous soft start device of a belt conveyor

Considering the control difficulties of a hydro-viscous trol algorithm was derived. A fuzzy-immune PID controller was soft start （HVSS） device of a belt conveyor, a fuzzy-immune con- designed based on immune feedback regulations and adaptability of the fuzzy logic inference. Using MATLAB software, we simulated the controller and compared the HVSS device with a conven- tional PID controller and a fuzzy PID controller. The simulation results show that the controller is not only very reliable as a PID controller, robust and requires only a short adjustment time of fuzzy control, but possesses also capacity of global optimization of the immune algorithm. To verify our theoretical analysis and simulation, a HVSS test-bed was developed. The experimental results demonstrate that the fuzzy-immune PID controller managed to start the belt conveyor softly and to follow an S-shaped curve while the output speed correctly followed the preset speed with only small fluctuations in speed.

Mechanism of hydro-viscous soft start of belt conveyor

The mechanism of a hydro-viscous soft start is of great importance in the design of a hydro-viscous clutch and its control system. To explain the mechanism of a hydro-viscous soft start, the startup process of a belt conveyor was numerically analyzed with the modified Reynolds equation, an energy equation and a temperature-viscosity equation. The effect of temperature and grooves of the friction disk surface on torque transfer and load capacity of the oil film have also been analyzed. The results show that 1) the grooves are the basis of forming dynamic pressure but they may reduce the capacity of torque transfer to a certain extent, 2) during the startup process, temperature has little effect on torque transfer and load capacity and the variation in load capacity of the oil film is very small, indicating that it is preferable to use the flow rate as a control object than the pressure of the feed cylinder. The results have been verified by an experiment.

Dynamic characteristics of conveyor belts

The dynamic characteristics of a belt conveyor are determined to a large extent by the properties of the belt. This paper describes experiments designed to establish the dynamic properties of belting material. The dynamic elastic modulus, viscous damping and rheologicat constants of the belt were measured. Several properties were studied as a function of the tensile loading on the belt. These included longitudinal vibration, the natural vibration frequency in the transverse direction and the response to an impulse excitation. Vibration response was observed under several different excitation frequencies. Most of these properties have not been tested previously under conditions appropriate for the ISO/DP9856 standard. Two types of belt were tested, a steel reinforced belt and a fabric reinforced belt. The test equipment was built to provide data appropriate for designing belt conveyors. It was observed that the stress wave propagation speed increased with tensile load and that tensile load was the main factor influencing longitudinal vibrations.

Theoretical research on hydroviscous speed-adjusting clutch in soft-start of belt conveyor

Through research on the application of hydroviscous speed-adjusting clutch in belt conveyor, this paper concluded that hydroviscous speed-adjusting clutch has many advantages such as controllable start and stop, overload protection and multi-motor power equilibrium. But its theory when used in large power fan and pump could not meet the needs of belt conveyor soft-start operation. Focusing on the theo- retical analysis of the lubrication oil flow needed by the transmission procedure to form the oil-film. Put forward concrete calculation methods of lubrication flow and how to de- cide number of oil-films used in belt conveyor.

Conveyor-Belt Detection of Conditional Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network

In underground mining,the belt is a critical component,as its state directly affects the safe and stable operation of the conveyor.Most of the existing non-contact detection methods based on machine vision can only detect a single type of damage and they require pre-processing operations.This tends to cause a large amount of calculation and low detection precision.To solve these problems,in the work described in this paper a belt tear detection method based on a multi-class conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network(CDCGAN)was designed.In the traditional DCGAN,the image generated by the generator has a certain degree of randomness.Here,a small number of labeled belt images are taken as conditions and added them to the generator and discriminator,so the generator can generate images with the characteristics of belt damage under the aforementioned conditions.Moreover,because the discriminator cannot identify multiple types of damage,the multi-class softmax function is used as the output function of the discriminator to output a vector of class probabilities,and it can accurately classify cracks,scratches,and tears.To avoid the features learned incompletely,skiplayer connection is adopted in the generator and discriminator.This not only can minimize the loss of features,but also improves the convergence speed.Compared with other algorithms,experimental results show that the loss value of the generator and discriminator is the least.Moreover,its convergence speed is faster,and the mean average precision of the proposed algorithm is up to 96.2%,which is at least 6%higher than that of other algorithms.

Optimal Driving of Large Belt Conveyor with Multi-roller Variable-Frequency Drive

in this paper, an electromechanically coupled mathematic model of multi-roller driving system for belt conveyor is set up, and the computing equations for dynamic displacement and dynamic tension of the conveyor are also formulated when the hoister is used for straining. Based on the belt conveyor of main inclined shaft in Chengzhuang coal mine, the driving torque, driving power and starting-speed characteristic of each electric motor are studied and measured when multi-roller variable-frequency drive (power distribution 2∶1) is used. The optimal control and the optimal starting-acceleration of the multi-roller variable-frequency drive are determined by a large number of industrial experiments and theoretical calculations.

Applying BP neural network to detect conveyor belt fire with multi-sensors

A kind of feed forward neural network with three layers was applied to detect conveyor belt fire faster. And backward propagation (BP) algorithm was used to train the network parameters. The appropriate parameters and architecture of network were ob- tained after training with 81 pair of data. Matlab was used to simulate and the experi- ment result shows training time is least and error reduces most rapidly when ten neu- rons were in hidden layer and momentum coefficient is equal to 0.95. Temperature, rate of temperature change, dense of carbon monoxide and rate of carbon monoxide dense change were considered as four parameters to detect the PVC belt fire in this paper. It is indicated that the network can give alarm as fire takes place about 350 s. The network can effectively detect the fire at the early stage of conveyor belt fire. At the same time, the reliability of alarm can be increased and the anti-interference capability can be en- hanced when using this network.

Experimental Study of Kinetic Properties of Pyrolysis for Conveyor Belt in Coal Mine

The combustion of conveyor belt is a leading factor of mine fire. In this paper, the pyrolysis properties of ordinary conveyor belt and fire-resistant belt were studied experimentally with thermo-gravimetric analysis and derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis, and the curves of pyrolysis properties were achieved. On this basis, the activation energy and reaction order of pyrolysis were obtained in combination with theoretical analysis, aiming to provide data for further numerical simulation and simulating experiment of mine fire.

Dynamics simulation of the belt conveyor possessing feedback loop during starting

Synthesizing the mechanical models of the belt, the driver and the take-up device, the dynamics model was established on the longitudinal vibration of the overall belt conveyor system with finite elemental method, and S-function simulation block of asynchronous motor owing feedback function was built in Matlab/Simulink software, the simulation block indicates that motor rotation speed and its output moment vary with load and time, and the motor is a dynamic feedback system in working process. The state space block was adopted to express model of the belt. Thus it created simulation model of established dynamic model of overall belt conveyor system with Mat- lab/Simulink software, and simulates the course of starting by properly setting simulation parameters, and processes data for visualization.

Development of belt conveyor driving system

A short review for the existing various driving methods for belt conveyor was given, which include the analysis and comparison about the advantages, disadvantages and suitable application range of these methods. Based on this the vari-able-frequency-control(VFC) method for belt conveyor drive was fully discussed with focus on its application in medium-high voltage range. The principle of Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) Three-Level Inverter using high-voltage IGBTs together with the control strategy of rotor field-oriented vector control for induction motor drive were illustrated.

Structural Optimization of Metal and Polymer Ore Conveyor Belt Rollers

Ore conveyor belt rollers operate in harsh environments,making them prone to premature failure.Their service lives are highly dependent on the stress field and bearing misalignment angle,for which limit values are defined in a standard.In this work,an optimization methodology using metamodels based on radial basis functions is implemented to reduce themass of twomodels of rollers.From a structural point of view,one of the rollers ismade completely of metal,while the other also has some components made of polymeric material.The objective of this study is to develop and apply a parametric structural optimization methodology to minimize the mass of the two models of rollers.To represent the mechanical behavior of the rollers,simulations were performed using the finite element method.During the numerical optimization process,the variable parameters were the dimensions of the shaft and external tube.The geometric configuration that corresponded at the same time to the lowest mass and acceptable ranges for the stress and bearingmisalignment angle was determined.With the proposed methodology,a 32.3% reduction in mass was obtained for a metal roller design and an 18.9% reduction for a polymer roller.In both cases,the constraints were not violated.For the all-metal roller,the safety factors for the maximum stress and bearingmisalignment angle were 1.44 and 1.75,respectively,while for the polymer roller the corresponding figures were 1.50 and 2.23.This work describes a low-computational-cost optimization methodology for roller designs that have been little studied in the literature.Furthermore,the methodology could be adapted for use with other types of rollers and rollers made of different materials.

Research on Dynamic Tension for Belt Conveyor with Constant Force Automatic Take-Up Assembly

The article Provides a dynamic model for belt conveyor. Based on the drive-force of conveyor, take-up tension of take-up assembly, gravity of conveyor belt and material, and friction between belt and idlers, it gives a viscoelastic dynamic equation for conveyor belt. It presents a calculation method of analytic solution to both viscoelastic dynamic equation and geometric dynamic equation when automatic take-up assembly is applied to belt conveyor. The article also makes a study of design method of limiting and eliminating the conveyor belt's elastic vibration.

LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON DRUMS OF DOUBLE DRIVE BELT CONVEYOR

The double drum drive is widely used on the mine belt conveyor, which are divided the rigid connected double drums and separately driving double drums according to connected method of two drums. Because of the change of real work condition, the load distribution is changed on the two drive drums, which may produce a slippage between a drum and belt. Slippage may intensify the wear of the drum, and sometimes causing the fire of the belt. This restricts the development toward narrow belt, high velocity and large power of belt conveyor. In this paper, the factors affecting the load distribution of two drums of double drum belt conveyor are systematically analyzed and some computing formulas derived, by these formulas, the actual lcad distribution on the two drums of rigid connected or separately driving belt conveyor can be separately calculated.These formulas also can be as the theory base for adjusting the driving force of two drums.

Research on Vibration Characteristics of Large Scale Belt Conveyor and Its Application

High speed and large capacity belt conveyor is the main development trend. In the design, calculated and used of belt conveyor must be considered the high speed, large capacity, dynamic load. This paper starts from the analysis of conveyor belt transverse vibration. Through calculate transverse vibration natural frequency of conveyor belt, and analyze the lateral stability of belt conveyor.

Design and Application of Leather Replacement Tool for Belt Conveyor Seal

In order to solve the problem which may be generated in the case of manual replacement of the belt conveyor sealing leather, such as the operation space is small, the work efficiency is low and the finger is easy to be scratched, Using the principle of simulated bionics, through theoretical analysis and experimental verification,a tool was designed to replace the belt conveyor sealing leather. The tool includes a limit device, feeding device,U-shaped handle three parts, suitable for the replacement of various types and sizes of belt conveyor sealing leather. Use this tool to replace the belt conveyor sealing leather, the results show that： 1） The effect of replace belt conveyor sealing leather is good, belt conveyor sealing leather flat and solid. 2） The replacement proces saveraged 1. 77 min, shorter than the original method of more than 8 min. 3） Direct contact of the fingers and the metal baffle edge was avoided, so as to reduce the chances of a finger injury.

Feeding Control System of Conveyor-belt Based on Image Processing

Based on the real time measurement of the width of coal flow, the method for measuring the width and the relative position of coal flow on a conveyor-belt by image processing was presented. A feeding control system of conveyor-belt was proposed using a fuzzy controller. This control system consists of CCD camera, universal image sampling system, control network and executor. The result shows that the algorithm used in the image processing is simple and efficient, and the measuring error of width is less than 4%.

带式输送机不停机托辊更换车结构设计及特性分析

为提高煤矿带式输送机在更换损坏托辊时的维护效率,减小人工更换产生的安全风险,文中设计了一种可在带式输送机不停机状态下进行托辊更换的更换车。针对不停机更换托辊的工作要求,确定更换车的更换方案,并建立三维模型。采用D-H参数法建立更换车机械手的连杆坐标系,通过MATLAB软件机器人工具箱建立机械手模型,并用蒙特卡洛法确定机械手的工作空间,结果表明,其运动范围满足槽型托辊组3个托辊的更换。采用ADAMS软件对机械手拆卸和安装托辊过程进行仿真,得到损坏托辊和备用托辊的位移曲线,结合夹取结构的运动曲线和运行轨迹,结果表明,机械手的工作过程平稳流畅。采用ANSYS软件对更换车工作中关键受力部件支撑臂和支撑托辊架进行有限元分析,结果表明:两部件强度满足工作要求,保证更换车工作的可靠性。

基于改进YOLOv8的煤矿输送带异物检测

现有基于深度学习的输送带异物检测模型较大,难以在边缘设备部署,且对不同尺寸异物和小目标异物存在错检、漏检情况。针对上述问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv8的煤矿输送带异物检测方法。采用深度可分离卷积、压缩和激励(SE)网络将YOLOv8主干网络中C2f模块的Bottleneck重新构建为DSBlock,在保持模型轻量化的同时提升检测性能;为增强对不同尺寸目标物体信息的获取能力,引入高效通道注意力(ECA)机制,并对ECA的输入层进行自适应平均池化和自适应最大池化操作,得到跨通道交互MECA模块,以增强模块的全局视觉信息,进一步提升异物识别精度;将YOLOv8的3个检测头修改为4个轻量化小目标检测头,以增强对小目标的敏感性,有效降低小目标异物的漏检率和错检率。实验结果表明:改进YOLOv8的精确度达91.69%,mAP@50达92.27%,较YOLOv8分别提升了3.09%和4.07%;改进YOLOv8的检测速度达73.92帧/s,可充分满足煤矿输送带异物实时检测的需求;改进YOLOv8的精确度、mAP@50、参数量、权重大小和每秒浮点运算数均优于SSD,Faster-RCNN,YOLOv5,YOLOv7-tiny等主流目标检测算法。