Virtual rutting test of asphalt mixture using discrete element method

In order to investigate the permanent deformation behavior of asphalt mixtures from discontinuity, the virtual rutting test of asphalt mixtures is developed by the discrete element method （DEM）. A digital specimen generation procedure considering aggregate gradation and irregular shape is developed based on the probability theory and the Monte Carlo method. The virtual rutting test is then conducted based on the generated digital specimen. In addition, on the basis of the time-temperature superposition （TTS） principle, a calculation method is used to reduce the computation time of the virtual rutting test. The simulation results are compared with the laboratory measurements. The results show that the calculation method based on the TFS principle in the discrete element （DE） viscoelastic model can significantly reduce the computation time. The deformation law of asphalt mixtures in the virtual rutting test is similar to the laboratory measurements, and the deformation and the dynamic stability of the virtual rutting test are slightly greater than the laboratory measurements. The two-dimensional virtual rutting test can predict the permanent deformation performance of asphalt mixtures.

Release test of alliin/alliinase double-layer tablet by HPLC-Allicin determination

A simple, precise and accurate method was developed and validated for the determination of allicin release from alliin/alliinase double-layer tablets. According to Appendix XC Ⅱ of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 edition Volume II, a small glass-method was adopted at the rotational speed of 100 r/min using 100 mL phosphate buffer （pH 6.8） as release medium. The release amount was determined by HPLC with a C18 column （250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm） using the mobile phase consisting of methanol -0.4% carboxylic acid （65：35） at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 242 nm. The current method demonstrates good linearity over the range 4.052- 405.2 μg/mL （r2=0.9999） with an average recovery of 105.5%（RSD= 1.25%）. The accumulative release of alliin/alliinase double-layer tablets had good homogeneity for withinand betweenbatches. The method established is simple, accurate and repeatable for the determination of allicin release from alliin/alliinase double-layer tablets.

Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Overlay with Multilayer Wheel Tracking Test

The rutting resistance of maltilayer asphalt overlay was researched by using laboratoty wheel tracking test. The effects of loading level and test temperature on rutting resistance of asphalt overlay structure were evahuaed by means of multilayer specimens . In comparison with multilayer tests, standard specimens of various layers were also conducted to evaluate the rutting resistance. Experimental results indicated that the test tempercature and applied load have a significant effect on rutting resistance of asphalt concrete. Higher test tempercature and heavier applied load resulted in higher rut depths. In addition, the mutilayer wheel tracking test has been demonstrated to be a more reasonable solution in evaluation on rutting resistance of asphatt pavement structure beasuse it reflects the cumulative permanent deformation in all of asphalt layers.

Rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures in the middle course

In order to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures in the middle course to reduce the rutting of asphalt pavement, the influence of different types of gradation with their own optimal asphaltaggregate ratios is analyzed. Some investigations are made out on the mixture in the middle course through the modified wheel tracking test in air bath and the Hamburg wheel tracking test （HWTT） in water bath, and the results of which are compared with the corresponding research in Germany. Results show that the Sup20 and the modified AC-20I have better performance than that of AC-20I under the same test conditions. In addition, the high-quality bitumen and hard aggregate can improve the rutting performance of the mixture in water-submerged conditions. The selection of modified asphalt, hard aggregate and a reasonable gradation are essential to the improvement of the rutting resistance of the mixtures used in the middle course.

Evaluation of rutting performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures containing warm mix additives

Permanent deformation or rutting, one of the most important distresses in flexible pavements, has long been a problem in asphalt mixtures and thus a great deal of research has been focused on the development of a rheological parameter that would address the rutting susceptibility of both unmodified and modified bituminous binders. In this research, three warm mix additives(Sasobit, Rheofalt and Zycotherm) were used to modify 60-70 penetration grade base binder. The rutting potential of both modified and unmodified binders were evaluated through the multiple stress creep recovery(MSCR)-based parameter, nonrecoverable compliance(Jnr) and recovery parameter(R). Several performance tests carried on stone matrix asphalt(SMA) mixtures comprising different nominal maximum aggregate sizes(NMASs, 9.5, 12.5 and 19 mm), like Marshall stability, dynamic and static creep and Hamburg wheel tracking tests to evaluate their rutting performance. The objective of this work is to correlate MSCR test results to performance. Results indicate that for the range of the gradations investigated in this work, increasing the nominal maximum aggregate size of the gradation would increase the permanent deformation resistance of the SMA mixture. Addition of 3% sasobit to base binder leads an increase in Jnr100 about 82%. Addition of 2% rheofalt to base binder leads an recovery increase of about 9.76 % and 27.44% in stress levels of 100 and 3200 Pa, respectively. The results reveal that rutting resistance of mixtures improves as Jnr decreases. The use of the MSCR test in the rutting characterization of bituminous binders is highly recommended based on the results of this work.

Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Pavement Mixes by Finite Element Modelling and Optimisation

Asphalt pavement rtting is a major safety concem and is one of the main distress modes of asphalt pavement.Research into asphalt pavement mixes that provide strong resistance for nutting is considered of great significance as it can help provide extended pavement life and significant cost savings in pavement maintenance and rehabilitation.The objectives of this study are to develop numernical models to investigate the ntting of asphalt concrete pavements and to find optimal design of asphalt pave-ment mix for nutting resistance.Three-dimensional Finite Element mod-els were first developed to simulate both the axial compression and wheel track testing in which a visco elastic-plastic material model was used to predict the ntting of the asphalt concrete pavements.A strain hardening creep model with the material parameters developed from experimental testing was employed to model the time-dependent characteristics of the asphalt concrete pavements.The results were validated against the pre-vious experimental wheel track test results of different pavement mixes.Finally,optimisation techniques using the Design Of Experiments method were applied to the simulation rutting results by varying creep parameters to identify their effects on rutting resistance in order to obtain an optimal asphalt pavements mixes.The results of this paper clearly demonstrate an efficient and effective experimental-numerical method and tool set towards optimal design for asphalt concrete pavements for rutting resis-tance.

粗集料形态特征及含量对沥青混合料压密行为的影响

为探究粗集料形态特征及颗粒含量对沥青混合料压密行为的影响规律,利用智能颗粒对车辙试验进行测试,获取颗粒力学和运动响应数据,通过三维激光扫描设备及图像处理技术构建了不同形态特征的粗集料轮廓,利用离散元方法建立沥青混合料的车辙数字试件。对数字试件开展虚拟车辙试验,借助智能颗粒测试结果对模型预测精度进行校验,利用高精度模型研究粗集料形状及含量对混合料压密行为的影响规律,以数字试件内部应力与颗粒位移来评价混合料的抗变形性能,以单一集料平均接触点数量与力链大小为量化指标进行骨架接触特性分析。结果表明:智能颗粒测试结果能够有效验证预测模型的精度,加速度幅值实测与预测最大差异为0.0215 g;在车辙虚拟试验中,由立方体状集料成型的试件,其内部应力高于含其他形状集料的混合料,且具有较小的迁移自由度,在集料含量为40%时颗粒竖向及水平位移仅为3.65 mm、1.89 mm;集料含量会影响沥青混合料压密行为,沥青混合料抗车辙变形性能及骨架接触特性随立方体状集料含量的增加而提高,而当针状、片状或针片状集料颗粒含量大于20%时,性能出现明显衰变。

基于足尺加速加载试验的高速公路沥青面层力学性能与高温性能研究

针对高速公路改扩建工程老路沥青面层,在120万次足尺加速加载试验条件下,采用动态模量试验评价其力学性能,采用贯入强度试验与汉堡车辙试验评价其高温性能。动态模量试验结果表明,20℃、10 Hz条件下沥青面层芯样0~120万次的动态模量维持在相对稳定的状态,最大值与最小值偏差约为6.9%。贯入强度试验结果表明,0~120万次的沥青面层芯样的单轴贯入强度相对稳定,老路的加铺层、上面层、中面层、下面层的贯入强度变化量分别为-0.04 MPa、0.11 MPa、-0.03 MPa、0.18 MPa。汉堡车辙试验结果表明,加铺层和上面层的芯样总体维持在稳定的状态,中面层和下面层芯样试验结果有一定程度的波动,下面层变化相对明显:汉堡车辙深度的变化率为114.56%,蠕变斜率的变化率为150%。根据120万次足尺加速加载试验结果,该高速公路改扩建工程老路沥青面层在力学性能和高温性能方面表现稳定,扩建后的路面能够满足交通荷载的使用要求。

高碳铬铁渣微表处混合料路用性能研究

针对道路养护工程优质石料资源匮乏,高碳铬铁渣大多采用堆存处理且利用率低等问题,将高碳铬铁渣分别以0%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%的掺量替换常规微表处混合料,通过湿轮磨耗试验、车辙试验、黏聚力试验和构造深度试验研究不同高碳铬铁渣掺量下的微表处混合料的路用性能。试验结果表明:高碳铬铁渣掺量为20%时,混合料的耐磨耗性能和水稳定性与常规微表处混合料相近,抗车辙性能略有下降,早期强度和抗滑性能均优于常规微表处混合料。

沥青混合料高温车辙虚拟仿真实验设计与实现

为了深入理解和系统掌握沥青混合料高温车辙实验原理、影响因素及评价指标,设计了沥青混合料高温车辙虚拟仿真实验。实验由路面温度场检测、交通量检测、混合料配合比设计、多参数车辙实验和微观力链模拟等多个模块组成,涉及道路材料、设计及检测等多门专业课程知识点。通过多参数车辙实验,可分析不同温度、荷载作用下沥青混合料抗高温性能的变化规律,还可探索抗车辙剂、玄武岩纤维等添加剂对沥青混合料抗高温性能的提升效果。结果表明,高温和重载的叠加作用会大大加速沥青路面车辙的形成,添加玄武岩纤维后沥青混合料的高温性能可提升68%以上。此外,通过可视化模拟,能够从微观层面直观展示沥青混合料车辙病害形成机理,为相关课程实验教学提供支撑。

基于多尺度加载试验的沥青路面结构参数设计方法

基于江苏省典型路面结构,通过改变试件尺寸、温度和荷载作用次数对SMA-13、SUP-20和SUP-253种材料开展动态模量和蠕变试验。将结果耦合到修正的Burgers模型并在ABAQUS中开发用户材料子程序模型。对室内单轴试验分别采用应变硬化和子程序模型进行模拟、对小型和大型路面加载试验分别进行车辙模拟。结果表明3种材料的动态模量随试件尺寸增加而增大、温度升高而减小;SUP-25的疲劳损伤效应最为明显,在重复加载5400次后损伤值达到了0.419。子程序模拟单轴试验的误差小于应变硬化模型、车辙模拟与小型和大型加载测试结果的误差分别为3.08%和2.83%,说明模型在单层及多层复合材料的应用中都是有效的。模拟表明夏季高温100万次加载的变形量为春季常温的1.8倍;行车速度由22 km/h增加至120 km/h时,变形量减少72.6%;轴载增加100%,车辙深度增加48.52%,表明在高温地区低速路段要尤其限制车辆超载。累计标准轴载作用次数超过2500万次,车辙变形进入加速累积阶段,须及时对该路面结构进行养护维修。

沥青路面冷再生试验路车辙变形的时空分布

为了揭示冷再生沥青混合料在结构中的力学行为,为道路维修养护中的结构设计提供依据,研究依托山东省某高速公路试验路的冷再生沥青路面结构及其中传感器监测数据,分析冷再生结构层在行车荷载作用下的动态响应特点及规律。依托实测温度场数据,构建黏弹性有限元仿真模型,分析了冷再生沥青路面结构车辙的分布规律。结果表明:对于试验路结构的冷再生沥青混合料层,行车速度与结构内部应变响应持续时间呈幂函数关系,在60~80 km/h的速度下,其结构层内部的力学响应频率接近10 Hz;在路面设计时,冷再生层可取其在20℃、10 Hz下的动态模量作为结构模量;对于冷再生沥青试验路结构,其一天中逐小时车辙量的分布主要与交通量相关,一年中的月车辙量的分布主要与温度相关,其中,一年之内的车辙累积主要发生在5—10月,冬季期内发生的车辙量几乎可以忽略不计;为避免由于结构层厚度增加导致过高的车辙预估量,需在计算沥青混合料层永久变形等效温度时对沥青层的厚度进行限制;此外,在高温条件下,相较于动态模量的改变,控制上、中面层沥青混合料在40~45℃左右的塑性变形发展速率对于减小路面永久变形的累积具有更为显著的作用。

基于塑性活化能的沥青混合料抗车辙性能优化

为了解决目前沥青混合料抗车辙性能评价指标的不足,实现沥青混合料抗车辙性能的优化,依托城市道路大中修项目,采用离散元模拟和塑性活化能(E a)评价相结合的方法从级配设计角度对试验路段进行抗车辙优化,其中,重点介绍了塑性活化能相关的理论,并给出E a指标的试验确定和计算方法。研究过程中,首先通过虚拟蠕变试验确定优化级配,然后对优化级配和原设计级配的沥青混合料进行室内蠕变试验,包括浸水和不浸水,20℃和40℃,有损(300 kPa)和无损(25 kPa)条件下分别进行试验。同时基于理论计算各自E a大小,分析结果表明优化级配有着较高的E a。最后为了进一步验证该方法的有效性,采用原设计级配和优化级配的沥青混合料分别进行试验路铺筑,并观测车辙变形情况,对比结果表明优化级配路段抗车辙性能更好,与E a指标评价结果一致。

磷石膏改性沥青高低温性能研究

为评价固废磷石膏作为沥青改性剂的可能性,对磷石膏改性沥青的高低温性能进行评价。分别将不同掺量的磷石膏加入到70#基质沥青中,以制备磷石膏改性沥青。通过动态剪切流变仪的温度扫描、频率扫描、多重应力蠕变模式测试磷石膏改性沥青高温流变特性,并基于Sigmoidal方程建立流变主曲线,通过弯曲梁流变仪评价磷石膏改性沥青低温抗裂性。研究结果表明,随着磷石膏的加入,磷石膏改性沥青的复数剪切模量(G^(*))提高并高于70#基质沥青,相位角(δ)差距不大,Shenoy车辙参数[G^(*)/(1-1/sinδtanδ)]明显提高;磷石膏的掺入能提高沥青在0.1,3.2 kPa的蠕变恢复率,并且降低在0.1,3.2 kPa的不可恢复柔量。添加磷石膏会增强基质沥青的高温性能,同时会略微降低沥青的低温抗裂性能,但是不会影响PG低温分级中的设计温度。

Influence of secondary lining thickness on mechanical behaviours of double-layer lining in large-diameter shield tunnels

In large-diameter shield tunnels,applying the double-layer lining structure can improve the load-bearing properties and maintain the stability of segmental lining.The secondary lining thickness is a key parameter in the design of a double lining structure,which is worth being explored.Based on an actual large-diameter shield tunnel,loading model tests are carried out to investigate the effect of the secondary lining thickness on the mechanical behaviours of the double lining structure.The test results show that within the range of secondary lining thicknesses discussed,the load-bearing limit of the double-layer lining increases with growing secondary lining thickness.As a passive support,the secondary lining acts as an auxiliary load-bearing structure by contacting the segment.And changes in secondary lining thickness have a significant effect on the contact state between the segment and secondary lining,with both the contact pressure level and the contact area between the two varying.For double-layer lining structures in large-diameter shield tunnels,it is proposed that the stiffness of the secondary lining needs to be matched to the stiffness of the segment,as this allows them to have a coordinated deformation and a good joint load-bearing effect.

抗车辙沥青性能及其应用研究

对于抗车辙沥青而言,抗车辙剂的最佳掺量一直是一个技术难题,为解决这一问题,通过车辙试验、弯曲破坏试验、浸水马歇尔试验、冻融劈裂强度试验等研究了不同抗车辙剂掺量下沥青混合料性能的变化规律,结果显示,随着抗车辙剂的掺入,沥青混合料的高温稳定性、低温稳定性及水稳定性均有明显提高,掺量在0.3%时,试件的破坏应变值、抗弯拉强度值、残留稳定度值及冻融劈裂强度比值均达到峰值,分别为2583με、13.6 MPa、92%、93%,故0.3%可作为抗车辙剂的最佳掺量,并通过工程项目,进一步证明了0.3%抗车辙剂掺量的沥青混合料在实际应用中有着良好的效果。

基于中法标准的改性沥青混合料性能评价

为了对比中、法两国沥青混合料性能测试评价体系的异同,分别对2种体系下典型混合料(AC-13和BBSG-14)的路用性能进行评价。采用FLEX 20改性沥青配制上述2种沥青混合料,并以中国标准体系下的马歇尔试件性能试验、浸水马歇尔试验、高温车辙试验、低温弯曲试验以及法国标准体系下的复数模量试验、车辙变形率试验、多列士试验进行性能评价。试验结果表明:FLEX 20改性沥青混合料具有良好的高温性能、低温性能和水稳定性;AC-13的动稳定度是BBSG-14的6倍;AC-13的弯曲强度仅为BBSG-14的66%;在水稳定性方面,2种沥青混合料相差较小,但中国的评价方法更加严格。中、法两国对沥青混合料路用性能评价方法具有一定相关性,试验结果对于推进中、法两国沥青混合料路用性能评价体系具有重要意义。

纤维对再生沥青混合料高温性能的影响研究

为研究纤维对再生沥青混合料高温性能的影响,将玄武岩纤维和聚酯纤维掺入再生沥青混合料中,通过车辙试验对掺纤维再生沥青混合料的高温性能进行研究。结果表明,纤维掺量增加导致再生沥青混合料变形差降低和动稳定度增加,在0.2%、0.3%、0.4%和0.5%纤维掺量下,掺玄武岩纤维再生沥青混合料的变形差分别较掺聚酯纤维再生沥青混合料增大15.85%、16.07%、27.40%和41.41%,动稳定度分别降低13.68%、13.85%、21.51%和29.28%。在4.8%、5.0%、5.2%、5.4%和5.6%油石比下,掺玄武岩纤维再生沥青混合料的变形差分别较掺聚酯纤维再生沥青混合料增大7.36%、8.28%、10.00%、4.27%和4.00%,动稳定度分别降低6.86%、7.65%、9.09%、4.09%和3.85%。

透水沥青混合料车辙试验离散元仿真

为分析车辙对透水沥青混合料内部空隙的影响,以透水沥青混合料PAC-13为研究对象,进行按级配上限及级配中值成型的沥青混合料试件的车辙试验,得到轮迹处的车辙及空隙率的变化规律;基于车辙试验数据,采用离散元软件PFC 2D,从细观角度建立透水沥青混合料离散元颗粒仿真模型,分析透水沥青混合料车辙产生过程中内部空隙及颗粒间接触力的变化规律,并考虑试件厚度对空隙率的影响。研究结果表明:车辆荷载作用处沥青混合料空隙率变化比其他部位大;在相同荷载作用下,级配中值沥青混合料的空隙率变化比级配上限沥青混合料小;级配上限沥青混合料的模型厚度增大,空隙率变化减小,颗粒间接触力向下传递的趋势降低,且车辙板底部所受颗粒间接触力较小;厚8 cm的车辙板在荷载位置的空隙率变化较大,且随距表面距离的增大,空隙率变化幅度减小。

固废微表处混合料性能研究

为探究高碳铬铁渣固废在微表处混合料中的适用性,将高碳铬铁渣分别以0%和30%的掺量替换常规微表处集料,通过湿轮磨耗试验、改进高温车辙试验和改进低温小梁弯曲试验对比分析高碳铬铁渣掺入后对微表处混合料的耐磨耗性能、水稳定性、高温稳定性和低温抗裂性影响。试验结果表明:与高碳铬铁渣掺量为0%相比,高碳铬铁渣掺入30%后微表处混合料的耐磨耗性能和水稳定性降低,高温稳定性和低温抗裂性增强,说明高碳铬铁渣在微表处应用方面具有一定的适用性。