Stability behavior of the Lanxi ancient flood control levee after reinforcement with upside-down hanging wells and grouting curtain

The stability of the ancient flood control levees is mainly influenced by water level fluctuations, groundwater concentration and rainfalls. This paper takes the Lanxi ancient levee as a research object to study the evolution laws of its seepage, displacement and stability before and after reinforcement with the upside-down hanging wells and grouting curtain through numerical simulation methods combined with experiments and observations. The study results indicate that the filled soil is less affected by water level fluctuations and groundwater concentration after reinforcement. A high groundwater level is detrimental to the levee's long-term stability, and the drainage issues need to be fully considered. The deformation of the reinforced levee is effectively controlled since the fill deformation is mainly borne by the upside-down hanging wells. The safety factors of the levee before reinforcement vary significantly with the water level. The minimum value of the safety factors is 0.886 during the water level decreasing period, indicating a very high risk of the instability. While it reached 1.478 after reinforcement, the stability of the ancient levee is improved by a large margin.

Numerical Simulation of Surrounding Rock Deformation and Grouting Reinforcement of Cross-Fault Tunnel under Different Excavation Methods

Tunnel construction is susceptible to accidents such as loosening, deformation, collapse, and water inrush, especiallyunder complex geological conditions like dense fault areas. These accidents can cause instability and damageto the tunnel. As a result, it is essential to conduct research on tunnel construction and grouting reinforcementtechnology in fault fracture zones to address these issues and ensure the safety of tunnel excavation projects. Thisstudy utilized the Xianglushan cross-fault tunnel to conduct a comprehensive analysis on the construction, support,and reinforcement of a tunnel crossing a fault fracture zone using the three-dimensional finite element numericalmethod. The study yielded the following research conclusions: The excavation conditions of the cross-fault tunnelarray were analyzed to determine the optimal construction method for excavation while controlling deformationand stress in the surrounding rock. The middle partition method (CD method) was found to be the most suitable.Additionally, the effects of advanced reinforcement grouting on the cross-fault fracture zone tunnel were studied,and the optimal combination of grouting reinforcement range (140°) and grouting thickness (1m) was determined.The stress and deformation data obtained fromon-site monitoring of the surrounding rock was slightly lower thanthe numerical simulation results. However, the change trend of both sets of data was found to be consistent. Theseresearch findings provide technical analysis and data support for the construction and design of cross-fault tunnels.

Numerical investigation of geostress influence on the grouting reinforcement effectiveness of tunnel surrounding rock mass in fault fracture zones

Grouting is a widely used approach to reinforce broken surrounding rock mass during the construction of underground tunnels in fault fracture zones,and its reinforcement effectiveness is highly affected by geostress.In this study,a numerical manifold method(NMM)based simulator has been developed to examine the impact of geostress conditions on grouting reinforcement during tunnel excavation.To develop this simulator,a detection technique for identifying slurry migration channels and an improved fluid-solid coupling(FeS)framework,which considers the influence of fracture properties and geostress states,is developed and incorporated into a zero-thickness cohesive element(ZE)based NMM(Co-NMM)for simulating tunnel excavation.Additionally,to simulate coagulation of injected slurry,a bonding repair algorithm is further proposed based on the ZE model.To verify the accuracy of the proposed simulator,a series of simulations about slurry migration in single fractures and fracture networks are numerically reproduced,and the results align well with analytical and laboratory test results.Furthermore,these numerical results show that neglecting the influence of geostress condition can lead to a serious over-estimation of slurry migration range and reinforcement effectiveness.After validations,a series of simulations about tunnel grouting reinforcement and tunnel excavation in fault fracture zones with varying fracture densities under different geostress conditions are conducted.Based on these simula-tions,the influence of geostress conditions and the optimization of grouting schemes are discussed.

Reinforcement of Clay Soils through Fracture Grouting

Fracture grouting is widely used for building foundation reinforcement,however the underpinning mechanisms are still not clear.Using numerical results about a single-hole fracture grouting process as a basis,a model composed of soil and grouting veins has been created to analyze the reinforcement mechanism.The influence weights of the grouting vein skeleton and compaction effect have been studied,thereby obtaining relevant information on the compressive modulus of the considered composite soil.The research results show that the compaction effect plays a leading role in the soil fracture grouting reinforcement.The grouting pressure,the hardened grouting vein modulus,and the shape of the grouting veins all influence the compressive modulus of the composite soil.

A local homogenization approach for simulating the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt in deep underground openings

Fully grouted bolts are a key component of the support system for underground openings.Although considerable effort has been made in the simulation of the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolts on the rock masses surrounding underground openings,most of the work has limited significance since the structural element approach is used.This study proposes a local homogenization approach(L-H approach)that integrates elastoplastic mechanics,composite mechanics,and analytical approaches with numerical simulation to effectively simulate the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on deep surrounding rock masses.In the L-H approach,the representative volume of bolted rock mass(RVBRM)with a fully grouted bolt is established based on the original mesh model utilized in the rockbolt element approach.The RVBRM is a regular quadrangular prism with a cross-sectional size equal to the bolt spacing and a length equal to the bolt length.The RVBRM is homogenized by the L-H approach from a unidirectional bolt-reinforced composite into a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium whose mechanical properties are described by a new transversely isotropic elastoplastic model.The L-H parameters for the RVBRM are obtained using analytical approaches,composite mechanics,and known parameters of the rock mass and bolt.Using the L-H approach,the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on the bolted rock specimen and the surrounding rock mass in Jinping II Diversion Tunnel#2 with a depth greater than 2000 m is simulated.The results show that the predictions of the L-H approach are more in agreement with the physical model results of bolted rock specimen and provide a more realistic response of the bolted surrounding rock mass.The L-H approach demonstrates that fully grouted bolts with common bolt spacings and diameters substantially enhance the elastic modulus,shear strength,and tensile strength of the rock mass in the direction of the bolt axis.

Explicit reinforcement models for fully-grouted rebar rock bolts

This paper investigates the explicit use of rock reinforcement in a discontinuous stress analysis model.A series of numerical experiments was undertaken to evaluate the performance of local and global reinforcement models implemented in universal distinct element code(UDEC).This was made possible by calibrating the reinforcement models to the laboratory behavior of a fully-grouted rebar bolt tested under pure pull and pure shear loading conditions.The model calibration focuses on matching different loading stages of the force-displacement curve including the initial elastic response,the hardening behavior and the bolt rupture.The paper concludes with a discussion on the suitability of the different reinforcement models in UDEC including their advantages and limitations.Finally,it addresses the choice of input parameters required for a realistic simulation of fully-grouted rebar bolts.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Cracked Rock Mass Reinforced by Bolting and Grouting

The stress hardening characteristics of the reinforced rock mass in uniaxial compression tests were revealed by means of the experimental study on mechanical characteristics of cracked rock mass reinforced by bolting and grouting. And the load-beating mechanism of the reinforced rock mass was perfectly reflected by the experiment. The results can offer some useful advice for support design and stability analysis of deep drifts in unstable strata.

Development and application of novel high‐efficiency composite ultrafine cement grouts for roadway in fractured surrounding rocks

The fractured surrounding rocks of roadways pose major challenges to safe mining.Grouting has often been used to reinforce the surrounding rocks to mitigate the safety risks associated with fractured rocks.The aim of this study is to develop highly efficient composite ultrafine cement(CUC)grouts to reinforce the roadway in fractured surrounding rocks.The materials used are ultrafine cement(UC),ultrafine fly ash(UF),ultrafine slag(US),and additives(superplasticizer[SUP],aluminate ultrafine expansion agent[AUA],gypsum,and retarder).The fluidity,bleeding,shrinkage,setting time,chemical composition,microstructure,degree of hydration,and mechanical property of grouting materials were evaluated in this study.Also,a suitable and effective CUC grout mixture was used to reinforce the roadway in the fractured surrounding rock.The results have shown that the addition of UF and US reduces the plastic viscosity of CUC,and the best fluidity can be obtained by adding 40%UF and 10%US.Since UC and UF particles are small,the pozzolanic effect of UF promotes the hydration reaction,which is conductive to the stability of CUC grouts.In addition,fine particles of UC,UF,and US can effectively fill the pores,while the volumetric expansion of AUA and gypsum decreases the pores and thus affects the microstructure of the solidified grout.The compressive test results have shown that the addition of specific amounts of UF and US can ameliorate the mechanical properties of CUC grouts.Finally,the CUC22‐8 grout was used to reinforce the No.20322 belt roadway.The results of numerical simulation and field monitoring have indicated that grouting can efficaciously reinforce the surrounding rock of the roadway.In this research,high‐performance CUC grouts were developed for surrounding rock reinforcement of underground engineering by utilizing UC and some additives.

Bonding stress—slip constitutive behavior between bars and grout concrete

To establish bonding stress—slip constitutive model between bars and grout concrete,13 test specimens were employed to study the bonding behavior and the force transfer of bars adhered to grout concrete. The bonding stress development of bars adhered to grout concrete was analyzed. The local bonding stress—slip curve was obtained. Based on the test results,a new bonding stress— slip constitutive model between bars and grout concrete was proposed. The results show that the maximum bonding stress is not influenced by the bar bond length,but it is strengthened when the splitting strength of grout concrete is increased. The model matches the experimental results well,and the regressing coefficient equals 1.7.

High-Rise Residential Reinforced Concrete Building Optimisation

In the last few decades structure optimisation has become a main task in a civil engineering project. As a matter of fact, due to the complexity and particularity of every structure, the great amount of variables and design criteria to considerate and many other factors, a general optimisation’s method is not simple to formulate. As a result, this paper focuses on how to provide a successful optimisation method for a particular building type, high-rise reinforced concrete buildings. The optimization method is based on decomposition of the main structure into substructures: floor system, vertical load resisting system, lateral load resisting system and foundation system;then each of the subsystems using the design criteria established at the building codes is improved. Due to the effect of the superstructure optimisation on the foundation system, vertical and lateral load resisting system is the last to be considered after the improvement of floor. Finally, as a case example, using the method explained in the paper, a 30-story-high high-rise residential building complex is analysed and optimised, achieving good results in terms of structural behaviour and diminishing the overall cost of the structure.

深部巷道围岩裂隙注浆加固浆液扩散规律研究

目的为了解决深部巷道围岩裂隙注浆加固难题,方法采用现场矿压观测、数值模拟等方法,结果研究得到深部巷道围岩破坏特征:深部巷道呈现“顶、帮、底”全断面大变形现象,围岩破坏深度显著增加;深部巷道围岩由浅至深形成裂隙发育区、裂隙扩展区和原生裂隙区,其中裂隙扩展区裂隙较小,注入难度较大。采用数值模拟方法,分析裂隙特征、注浆压力、浆液水灰比等因素对浆液扩散特征的影响规律,结果表明:裂隙开度对浆液扩散半径影响显著,而裂隙粗糙度的影响较小;对于裂隙开度较大的裂隙发育区,采用常规注浆压力;对于裂隙扩展区,裂隙开度较小(小于0.10 mm),应采用高于10 MPa的注浆压力;浆液扩散半径与注浆压力、水灰比呈正比,但对于深部微围岩裂隙而言,注浆压力存在临界点,不应盲目增大注浆压力,选取水灰比时,应综合考虑浆液扩散半径和浆液析水效应。结论对于注浆工程而言,选取浆液配比及注浆压力时,应考虑巷道开挖后围岩裂隙开度的发育状态。

流固耦合作用下含不同长度裂隙灰岩注浆加固特性试验研究

黄河北煤田因矿井水害影响,安全高效开采煤炭资源成为矿井发展的关键瓶颈。注浆技术是当前解决矿井水害问题的重要手段,不仅能解放大量受到水害威胁的煤炭资源,而且对保护地下水资源具有积极意义。对黄河北煤田邱集煤矿取得的灰岩试样开展室试验,观察了灰岩的细观特征,获取了流固耦合作用下含不同长度裂隙灰岩的力学特性及注浆加固特性,通过理论分析得到了灰岩随预制裂隙长度变化时,起裂强度的变化规律,分析了注浆加固机理。结果表明:注浆后岩石的强度、韧性得到明显改善,注浆前的灰岩有明显的脆性特征,注浆后灰岩的脆性降低延性增强;注浆加固体的破坏程度随着裂隙长度的增加越来越剧烈,当裂隙长度较大时伴随有水平方向的裂隙发育;注浆加固体的峰前渗透率的降低程度较小,峰后渗透率有明显的降低,灰岩渗透率最大阶段产生在峰后阶段、而渗透率最小的阶段发生在应力–应变曲线的线弹性阶段,并且裂隙长度越长越容易出现渗透率双峰现象。使用连续介质力学理论推导得到了注浆加固体起裂强度和断裂韧度的计算式,理论证明了注浆加固体的强度大于原岩试样;岩石弹性模量与注浆形成的结合体的弹性模量的差异越大,注浆对岩石强度的影响越弱。

富水裂隙围岩隧道涌水量计算方法与规律分析

富水裂隙区隧道涌水量预测精度较差,涌水问题尚未得到较好的解决。针对此问题,视裂隙围岩及注浆区为非均质各向异性介质,初期支护及二次支护结构为均质各向同性介质,构建了裂隙围岩下隧道涌水简化计算模型,基于地下水力学理论及流体质量守恒定律推导了富水裂隙区隧道涌水量计算公式。通过退化分析及案例工程现场实测数据验证了构建富水裂隙区隧道涌水简化计算模型的合理性及涌水量计算式求解的正确性,最后基于解析解揭示了各特征参数对富水裂隙区隧道涌水的影响规律,探讨了富水裂隙区隧道涌水机制。结果表明:理论计算值与现场实测值最大相对误差为8.1%,验证了构建模型的合理性及公式推导的正确性;隧道涌水量随裂隙最大宽度的增加而增大,受堵水结构的联合制约,两者近似呈线性关系;注浆区厚度与隧道半径比值在2倍以内时,隧道涌水量受注浆区厚度的影响显著;富水裂隙区隧道涌水受裂隙分布规律及支护结构的制约,应重视对裂隙分布的调查。

基于水平旋喷桩处置优化的地铁隧道施工变形控制分析

为研究富水砂层隧道中水平旋喷桩+超前小导管组合预加固的效果,以青岛地铁某区间段隧道为依托,采用有限元数值模拟方法,对比分析了无预加固、单独使用水平旋喷桩及旋喷桩配合超前小导管组合预加固三种工况的加固效果。结果表明,与无预加固方案相比,单独使用水平旋喷桩预加固可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约61%、59%、38%;而水平旋喷桩与超前小导管组合预加固方案可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约66%、77.6%、38.9%,典型开挖断面处与拱脚处地下水渗流量分别减少93.4%、96.7%,预加固效果与止水效果显著。

富水软弱围岩劈裂型注浆加固体力学性能与破坏模式

富水软弱围岩劈裂型注浆加固体的力学性能与破坏模式对注浆整体效果具有显著影响。基于室内注浆模拟试验、劈裂型注浆加固体三轴压缩试验和相应的离散元数值模拟,研究劈裂浆脉形态与空间分布特征及注浆加固规律,分析浆脉粗糙度、厚度、数量和倾角对注浆加固体力学性能与破坏模式的影响,阐明三轴加载条件下加固体内部孔隙率和微裂纹演化规律。研究结果表明:劈裂浆脉空间分布模式主要包括半贯通型、交叉型和贯通型,注浆影响区域可分为加固区、过渡区和未扰动区;浆脉存在有效提升了加固体的整体刚度和承载力,加固体峰值偏应力与浆脉粗糙度、厚度、数量呈正相关关系,而浆脉倾角增大会导致整体强度降低;加固体破坏模式主要有局部膨胀型和剪切滑移型,受浆脉形态特征影响,二者对整体变形破坏的贡献程度不同;在加载过程中,浆-土界面处首先萌生微裂纹,进而浆脉两侧软弱介质被压缩挤密后出现大量微裂纹,裂纹数量持续增多直至试样破坏;加固体孔隙率与微裂纹萌生数量变化规律均呈现明显的阶段性特征,且受浆脉形态特征影响显著。

蒙脱土内养护天然水硬性石灰的水化行为及使用性能研究

石窟寺是我国独具特色的文物类型,具有重要的历史、艺术和科学价值。裂隙是造成石窟寺失稳、渗水、风化等病害产生及发育最为直接的因素。常规外养护灌浆加固的同时,难以解决养护后期深部裂隙缺水导致的收缩开裂及强度不足的问题。文中利用蒙脱土(MMT)对天然水硬性石灰(NHL)进行内养护改性,系统评估固化过程中的水化行为及使用性能。结果表明,MMT掺量为2%时,NHL的内养护效果最好,7 d自收缩仅为空白试样的56.70%,保水性能优异。此外,该试样的28 d抗压强度相比空白试样增加了22.03%。这是由于养护固化全过程中,预储水的MMT在试样内部湿度梯度作用下,不断释放层间吸附水,促进NHL的水化反应,减少自收缩,提高内养护效果。研究结果为石窟寺裂隙的内养护灌浆加固提供了重要的理论与实践基础。

氧化石墨烯对天然水硬性石灰水化及力学性能的影响

石质文物是一类重要的文化遗产,然而裂隙会导致其产生失稳、渗水、风化等病害,因此,开发一种合适的灌浆材料用于石质文物裂隙修复具有重要意义。本文将氧化石墨烯(GO)掺入天然水硬性石灰(NHL2)制备灌浆材料,采用SEM、TG、XRD和FT-IR等测试研究了GO掺量对NHL2水化进程及水化产物的影响,通过力学性能测试和模拟灌浆试验评价了该材料用于石质文物灌浆加固的可行性。结果表明:添加GO可加速NHL2的水化进程,促进规整致密的花状聚集态水化产物的形成;当GO掺量为0.05%(质量分数)时,试样的水化产物含量最多,力学性能最好,28 d抗压强度和抗折强度分别达2.83和1.63 MPa,相比空白试样分别提高了19.91%和23.40%。此外,灌浆材料与砂岩之间具有优异的黏结强度,两者界面结合紧密,兼容性良好。本研究为石质文物的裂隙灌浆加固提供了参考。

注浆加固砖砌体的受压性能试验研究

我国许多20世纪所修建的砖石砌体结构排水管渠面临年久失修、功能丧失等问题,影响城市的正常运作,亟需对其进行加固修缮。针对砌体结构排水管渠长期遭地下水冲刷、灰缝砂浆不饱满、性能劣化的特点,可采用注浆法填充原结构灰缝,在充分修复原结构的基础上再进行整体结构加固修复。为了验证注浆加固受损砌体的可行性,通过砌筑灰缝饱满度为50%~60%的砌体试件来模拟砌体灰缝砂浆长期受水流冲刷的状态,并完成6个注浆砖砌体、3个未注浆砖砌体的受压试验来对比分析注浆前后砖砌体的受力性能,根据试验结果,拟合砖砌体应力-应变曲线。结果表明,注浆后砖砌体的抗压强度为未注浆砌体的280%,注浆加固砌体的弹性模量和泊松比为未注浆砌体的281%、60%。证明注浆法能够改善受损砌体结构的力学性能,在砖石砌体结构排水管渠的加固工程中可起到修复原砌体结构的作用。

砂土介质注浆扩散规律试验研究

为研究超细水泥浆液在砂土中的扩散规律,以赵固一矿西翼进风巷围岩加固为研究背景,设计了一套砂土注浆试验装置,运用正交设计法开展了多组砂土注浆试验,分析了单位时间流量、水灰比、砂土渗透系数等因素对浆液扩散体积和注浆量的敏感性及影响,系统讨论了不同渗透系数条件下,随注浆流量和水灰比变化浆液结石体形状的变化规律。研究结果表明:浆液扩散范围的影响因素主次排序为单位时间流量、水灰比、渗透系数,影响注浆量因素的主次顺序与浆液扩散体积的影响因素一致。发现单位时间流量、水灰比和渗透系数对浆液扩散体积和注浆量的影响并非呈线性关系,而是呈多元幂函数关系,构建了对应的浆液扩散体积和注浆量求解式,并对影响浆液扩散体积和注浆量的参数进行了回归分析。在渗透系数较大的砂土中,浆液以渗透注浆为主,结石体形状呈规则的圆球状,注浆流量和水灰比增大对结石体积影响显著。随着砂土渗透系数减小,结石体形状沿薄弱面发展,即由沿四周的均匀渗透扩散向沿薄弱面发展的劈裂注浆,注浆流量增大和水灰比减小对劈裂注浆有积极作用。研究结果可为松散砂土环境下地下工程注浆设计和施工提供参考。

过断层压气储能巷道围岩变形特征与支护优化

目的为解决断层附近储气巷道围岩变形不协调、在储气循环荷载作用下易发生损伤失稳的问题。方法采用FLAC3D建立数值模型,基于淮南潘一矿第一水平西翼轨道石门实际地质条件和原有支护方案,分别开展单一内压荷载作用和循环荷载作用下,储气巷道穿越Fe3正断层附近区域围岩变形破坏特征与支护方案优化模拟分析,针对该区域提出注浆加固方案,并通过数值模拟方法对注浆效果进行考察。结果随着内部储气上限压力的增大,储气库围岩变形加剧。尤其穿越破碎带区域,在循环荷载作用下,围岩累积损伤导致储气巷道极限承载能力大幅度降低,位移增加显著,成为潜在破坏区。注浆后巷道围岩顶底板及两帮位移量明显降低,对储气巷道围岩稳定性具有良好的控制作用。结论研究结果可指导破碎区域注浆加固提高储气巷道内压上限,为同类高压储气巷道的稳定性和安全性提供参考。