Functions and mechanism of modification elements in eutectic solidification of Al-Si alloys:A brief review

Being used more and more widely in engineering,AlSi alloys comprise about 80%of all kinds of aluminum alloys,which are the most widely utilized nonferrous alloys.Although most Al-Si alloys consist of multiple components,the eutectics in the structure accounts for 50%-90%of the sum volume of such alloys.Therefore,understanding the modification mechanism and function rules of the AlSi eutectic solidification is the technical key in controlling the structures and properties of such casting alloys.The present paper chiefly reviews recent investigation developments and important conclusions along the lines of the functions of modification elements and their modification mechanism in the eutectic solidification of Al-Si alloys.

Effect of Zr modification on solidification behavior and mechanical properties of Mg–Y–RE (WE54) alloy

Magnesium alloys containing rare earth elements (RE) have received considerable attention in recent years due to their high mechanical strength and good heat-resisting performance. Among them, Mg–5%Y–4%RE (WE54) magnesium alloy is a high strength sand casting magnesium alloy for use at temperatures up to 300 ℃, which is of great interest to engineers in the aerospace industry. In the present work, the solidification behavior of Zr-containing WE54 alloy and Zr-free alloy was investigated by computer-aided cooling curve analysis (CA-CCA) technique. And the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of them were also investigated comparatively. It is found from the cooling curves and as-cast microstructure of WE54 alloy that the nucleation temperature of α-Mg in WE54 alloy increases after Zr addition, and the as-cast microstructure of the alloy is significantly refined by Zr. While the phase constitution of WE54 alloy is not changed after Zr addition. These phenomena indicate that Zr acts as heterogeneous nuclei during the solidification of WE54 alloy. Due to refined microstructure, the mechanical properties of Zr-containing WE54 alloy is much higher than Zr-free WE54 alloy.

Effects of Ca(Y)-Si modifier on interface morphology and solute segregation during directional solidification of an austenite medium Mn steel

The austenite medium Mn steel modified with controlled additions of Ca, Y, Si were directionally solidified using the vertical Bridgman method to study the effects of Ca（Y）-Si modifier on the solid-liquid （S-L） interface morphology and solute segregation. The interface morphology and the C and Mn segregation of the steel directionally solidified at 6.9 μtrn/s were investigated with an image analysis and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The 0.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel is solidified with a planar S-L interface. The interface of the 1.0wt% Ca-Si modified steel is similar to that of the 0.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel, but with larger nodes. The 1.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel displays a cellular growth parttern. The S-L interface morphology of the 0.5wt% Ca-Si＋1.0wt% Y-Si modified Mn steel appears as dendritic interface, and primary austenite dendrites reveal developed lateral branching at the quenched liquid. In the meantime, the independent austenite colonies are formed ahead of the S-L interface. A mechanism involving constitutional supercooling explains the S-L interface evolution. It depends mainly on the difference in the contents of Ca, Y, and Si ahead of the S-L interface. The segregation of C and Mn ahead of the S-L interface enhanced by the modifiers is observed.

Improving the solidification structure of commercially pure aluminium with electropulse acting on liquid metal

The effect of electropulse on the solidification structure of commercially pure aluminium was studied. The orthogonal array L9 was used to determine the effect of three process parameters of electropulse modification （EPM）, which were pulse current intensity, pulse frequency, and treating time. For each factor, three levels were chosen to cover the experimental region. According to the experimental results, the solidification structure of commercially pure aluminium was modified from large grains with columnar crystals to finer grains with equiaxed crystals, by allowing the electropulse to act on liquid aluminium. However, the solidification structures could be refined differently at different EPM parameters. Certain EPM parameters should be selected to get the optimum solidification structure. Among the three parameters, pulse frequency was the most important factor influencing the solidification structure, the secondary factor was current intensity, and treating time was the third one. The optimum parameters were the pulse frequency of 5 Hz, the current intensity of 68 A, and the treating time of l0 s.

Effect of complex modification of Al-5Ti and Al-3P on hypereutectic Al-18Si alloys

The solidification microstructure,fracture morphologies,and mechanical properties of an Al-18Si alloy and alloys modified with Al-5Ti and Al-3P master alloys were investigated using an optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,and an electronic universal testing machine.The results show that additions of Al-5Ti and Al-3P have significant effects on the size and area fraction of the primary Si and the mechanical properties of the Al-18Si alloy.Compared to the Al-18Si alloy modified with 0.6 wt%Al-5Ti at 850°C,when the Al-18Si alloy was modified with 0.3 wt%Al-5Ti and 0.5 wt%Al-3P at the same temperature,the average size of the primary Si decreased from 39 to 14μm and the area fraction increased from 9.5%to 11.6%.The biggest influencing factor on the tensile strength and elongation of the Al-18Si alloy is the addition of Al-3P,followed by the modification temperature and the addition of Al-5Ti.At a modification temperature of 850°C,the tensile strength and elongation of the Al-18Si alloy modified with 0.3 wt%Al-5Ti+0.5 wt%Al-3P increased by 19.6%and 88.6%,respectively compared to that of the Al-18Si alloy modified with 0.6 wt%Al-5Ti.

Preparation of nanocrystal modificator and its modification mechanism

In order to increase the modifying effect, the Cu-P master alloy was rapidly solidified with melt-spin method, and the nano-sized ribbon was gained at 105?106 ℃/s. Subsequently, ZL109 alloy was modified by nanocrystal and massive Cu-P master alloy, respectively, with molten metal casting method. The results show that the microscopic structure of ZL109 alloy modified by nanocrystal Cu-P master alloy is better than that modified by massive Cu-P master alloy, the original crystal silicon and eutectic silicon are refined more effectively and the mechanical properties are increased evidently: the tensile-strength is increased by 25%, the elongation is increased by 32.26% and the hardness is increased by 17.2%. Therefore, the melt-spin treatment is a feasible method to improve the modifying effect of Cu-P master alloy.

Study on Improving Solidification Structure of Rare Earth Al-Si Alloys with Electropulse Acting on Liquid Alloy

Electropulse modification (EPM) process, a new physical field method for improving the solidification structure of metals was introduced.Different from other research, EPM is only acting pulse current on melt under liquid state.The solidification structure of Al-Si alloys, A1-Cu alloys,cast iron and steel can be modified obviously with this method: the solidification structure of ZL101 alloy presented the Na and Sr modification and the mechanical properties were enhanced; a large number of primary silicon appeared in the microstructure of ZL109 alloy; the equiaxed grain zone was expanded and the grains were fined in Al-5.0wt% Cu alloy; the graphitization took place in solidification process of molten cast iron; the grain sizes of solidification structure of T8 steel were reduced significantly and the shape of steel pearlites also changed; the equiaxed grain zone increased to 88% from original untreated 19%, the equiaxed grains were fined and the intercrystalline crack was avoided in concasting billet by continuously treating liquid electrical sheet steel in tundish.Effects of rare earths on casting Al-Si alloys were also summarized.The method of modifying the solidification structure of rare earth Al-Si alloys with EPM in producing the alloys was proposed.

环氧树脂的亲水改性及固化特征研究

以环氧树脂E-51与二乙醇胺进行开环加成,在疏水环氧树脂分子中引入亲水基团,加酸成盐后得到环氧树脂水性体系。利用红外光谱和热失重对产物进行分析,研究了反应温度、反应时间等对反应产物的影响,最优反应温度为80℃,反应时间为3 h。此外,还对亲水改性环氧树脂的涂膜表干时间、附着力、硬度和柔韧性进行了研究,结果表明,亲水改性环氧树脂有良好的应用前景和价值。

吹填淤泥土的双掺固化和配比优化试验研究

为了研究水泥和氧化钙双掺固化改良吹填淤泥土的最优配比,该文基于正交试验开展了双掺固化土的改性分析,最后通过模糊综合评价法对各配比方案进行了量化优选。结果表明:①同等比例掺入条件下(掺入量1.0%~4.0%),最优含水率与掺入量呈正线性相关,而最大干密度呈负线性相关;非同等比例下,规律不甚明显,但是相对水泥来说,氧化钙的减水效果要优于水泥的效果;②试样的无侧限抗压强度受水泥和氧化钙相对比例影响,等比例掺入时呈正相关,但总体上水泥在双掺固化土强度增长过程中起主要作用;③采用模糊综合评价法,综合考虑项目固化施工成本、抗压强度、击实特性等多种因素认为山东玉龙岛炼化项目吹填淤泥的最优配合比方案是采用2.0%水泥+1.5%氧化钙双固化,此时试样的最优含水率为23.3%,最大干密度为1.68 g/cm^(3),无侧限抗压强度为440 kPa。

硫化砷渣表面改性-水泥固化试验研究

将硫化砷渣与CaO混合,分别用空气和双氧水对其氧化,考察硫化砷渣与CaO反应的钙化效果。XRD分析证明Ca_(3)(AsO_(4))_(2)·11H_(2)O、CaO·As_(2)O_(5)·SO_(2)、CaHAsO_(4)·H_(2)O的生成。用少量双氧水仅对硫化砷颗粒表面进行氧化,表面被氧化的硫化砷颗粒与氧化钙生成砷酸钙层,这种表面改性的硫化砷渣用水泥固化的方法进行砷的稳定性处理,水泥固化体砷的浸出浓度最低可达0.63 mg/L,低于GB 18598-2019《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》中砷浸出浓度1.2 mg/L的填埋限值。

Effect of bismuth on microstructure of unmodified and Sr-modified Al-7Si-0.4Mg alloys

The effects of bismuth and the combination of bismuth and strontium on the eutectic silicon structure in Al-7Si-0.4Mg alloys were investigated under different solidification conditions.The results show that bismuth has a refining effect on the eutectic silicon and its refinement behavior increases with increasing Bi content up to 0.5% （mass fraction）.When bismuth is added into the molten alloy modified with strontium,a higher Sr/Bi mass ratio of at least 0.45 is required to attain full modification of the eutectic silicon.

Thermal analysis as a microstructure prediction tool for A356 aluminium parts solidified under various cooling conditions

Thermal analysis technique has been used for a long time,in both ferrous and nonferrous industries for evaluating the metallurgical quality of the liquid metal before casting.However,obtaining a proper microstructure in a standard cup does not ensure that the microstructure is correct in real parts which may solidify at very different cooling rates.For this study,alloy A356 with different metal quality in terms of modification and grain refinement was tested.Different cooling rates were obtained by using cylindrical test samples with various diameters cast in sand and metallic moulds.The correlation between microstructure features such as grain size,modification rate and secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) measured in the standard thermal analysis cup with those obtained in the cylindrical test parts has been investigated.Thus,knowing the thermal modulus and the mould type it is possible to establish the required grain size and modification rate in the standard cup in order to get a desired structure in a real part.Corrective actions can then be taken in order to improve the metallurgical quality before casting the part.

地聚物在重金属铅固化中的研究进展

地聚物作为一种新型的硅铝酸盐无机聚合胶凝材料,因具有耐酸、耐热、耐腐蚀和低能耗、低排放等优良性能而受到多领域的广泛关注,其中地聚物对重金属的固化作用成为重金属污染处理的新兴研究方向。在众多重金属中,地聚物对铅污染物的固化效果优异,引起学者的广泛关注。文章首先回顾了重金属污染的处理方法,提出了水泥基材料固化重金属铅存在的问题。其次,文章从地聚物对铅的固化机制及改性地聚物对铅的固化等方面,重点阐述了地聚物通过物理包封、电荷平衡作用、形成氧化物和/或硅酸盐等方式对铅的固化机理,并对影响地聚物固化铅的因素和地聚物固化铅性能表征方法进行了总结。最后,文章对地聚物在重金属铅固化方面的问题和展望进行了概述,为地聚物在铅固化中的研究提供参考。

电脉冲孕育处理对方坯连铸09CuPCrNi钢凝固组织的影响

在鞍钢工业生产中进行了利用电脉冲孕育技术改善和细化连铸坯凝固组织的探索性实验研究,实验钢种为09CuPCrNi,连铸坯的尺寸规格为150mm×150mm,实验结果表明,在连铸中间罐内对09CuPCrNi钢水进行电脉冲孕育处理可以明显细化连铸坯的凝固组织,与未经电脉冲孕育处理的连铸坯相比,经电脉冲孕育处理后,连铸坯的柱状晶长度明显缩短,一次枝晶臂间距明显减小;连铸坯的中心等轴晶区扩大,中心缩孔得到明显改善,轧材性能达到了技术要求。

脉冲电场处理对铁液凝固过程石墨化的影响

在未加任何孕育剂的情况下 ,铸铁铁液经过脉冲电场处理后 ,在凝固过程中发生了石墨化转变 ;在相同参数脉冲电场的作用下 ,处理时间长有利于石墨化转变的进行 ;原铁液中的硅有利于缩短处理时间。分析认为 ,脉冲电场的施加 ,引起了铁液中不同原子及原子团的电子施主 /受主特性的改变 ,改变了铁液中碳的活度及原子团的尺度 。

高锰钢中碳化物的形成特征及其高温固溶行为研究

通过观察高锰钢高温淬火和 Si- Ca变质组织 ,指出高锰钢中的碳化物在高温淬火和变质处理过程中均能形成 ,并在一定条件下以团球状弥散分布于奥氏体晶粒内。此外 ,利用高温金相观察了高锰钢组织在加热或高温保温过程中的变化。发现碳化物溶入奥氏体的过程伴随着晶粒的长大。晶粒长大的方式是晶界迁移和大晶粒吞并小晶粒。表面组织层磨发现 ,表层碳化物溶解后 ,将留下小的孔洞。

稀土、钛变质ZA27合金的组织与性能的研究

分析了经过RE、Ti变质ZA27合金的非平衡凝固过程,获得的合金铸态组织是由枝晶α相、枝晶边缘的β相以及呈网状分布的晶界共晶体组成。这种能降低材料塑韧性的网状组织用固溶淬火处理可以消除,进而提高合金的塑韧性。利用投射电镜对合金铸态组织的微观结构进行了研究,发现在枝晶心部存在着调幅分解产物———"类织物",并说明了类织物的生成过程。此外,研究了RE、Ti使合金组织细化的变质机理。

Cu-P中间合金的快速凝固处理对Al-Si合金耐磨性的影响(英文)

研究了Cu-P中间合金的快速凝固处理对Al-Si合金耐磨性的影响。TEM分析表明：在冷却速度为10^5～10^6℃／s时，Cu-P中间合金薄带的组织由纳米晶和少量的非晶组织组成，而且Cu-P中间合金中的Cu3P的晶粒尺寸由5～40μm下降到30～50nm。结果表明，由于强度和硬度的提高，用薄带状中间合金改性处理的Al-Si合金的耐磨性要高于用块状中间合金改性处理的Al-Si合金：磨损率由0．86％下降到0．39％。因此，用熔体快淬Cu-P中间合金进行改性处理是提高Al-Si合金的耐磨性的有效办法。

金属材料快速凝固激光加工与成形

报道近年来在先进金属材料快速凝固激光表面改性、金属间化合物高温耐磨耐蚀涂层新材料快速凝固激光熔覆制备技术、钛合金及高温合金等高性能金属零件快速凝固激光成形技术等领域的研究进展 ,主要内容包括 :钛合金激光表面合金化及激光熔覆表面改性、激光熔覆高温耐磨耐蚀多功能金属间化合物涂层、小面相非平衡凝固液固界面结构及生长机制、钛合金及高温合金高性能零部件激光快速成形。

Ce对共晶Mg-Al合金组织的影响

模拟AZ91镁合金半固态液相凝固后期的成分,分析了共晶成分镁铝合金添加不同含量的稀土元素Ce后,铸态显微结构的变化。结果表明:Ce的加入改变了合金的组织,增加了初晶α相的含量,细化了β相并减少了β相的含量。随着稀土Ce加入量的增加,在Ce的加入量为0.6%时,所得的组织最好;在Ce含量大于0.6%时,随着Ce加入量的增加,细化效果反而变差。