Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Composition Analysis of Using Iron Oxide as an Oxygen Carrier in Nonflame Combustion Technology

Nonflame combustion technology （NFCT） is a harmonious energy utilization technology. There are not environmental-unfriendly gases such as NOx, CO2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Combustion processes realizes zero emission through this technology. Fe2O3 is involved as oxygen carrier, is examined thermodynamically, and the thermodynamic data of the redox reactions are calculated. Using the criteria of minimizing the Gibbs free energy, the equilibrium composition was investigated. The equilibrium analysis shows that producing complete oxidized resultants must have high molar ratio of Fe2O3/CH4. If quantity of Fe2O3 is not sufficient, more partial oxidized products such as CO, H2, even C will be produced.

Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Investigation into Nonflame Combustion Technology(NFCT) with Thermal Cyclic Carrier

The utilization of fossil fuels causes serious negative impacts on the environment and human life. To mitigate greenhouse gases and other pollutants, a novel combustion process-the nonflame combustion technology with a thermal cyclic carrier of molten salt is introduced. In this technology, a whole combustion is divided into two steps, i.e., the section of producing oxide and the section of combustion. In the first step, oxygen is separated from air, and pure N_2 is simultaneously formed which is easily recovered. In the other step, the fuels react with lattice oxygen in the oxides formed in the first step, and at the same time, thermal energy, CO_2 and H_2O vapor are produced. It is noted that the CO_2 is easily separated from water vapor and ultimately captured. Theoretically, there are no environmental-unfriendly gases such as CO_2, NO_x and SO_2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Some metal oxides scattered into molten salts play the roles of oxygen carriers in the combustion system, and they can constantly charge and discharge oxygen element from air to fuels during the combustion process. A nonflame combustion system with Li_2CO_3+K_2CO_3+Na_2SO_4 as the molten salt system, CH_4 as the fuel and CuO as the catalyst was experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the combustion process proceeded as it was theoretically analyzed, and CO_2 with a high volume fraction of 77.0%_95.0% and N_2 with a high volume fraction of 91.9%_99.3% were obtained. The high concentration of CO_2 is favorable for capturing and storing subsequently. Therefore, the potential of reducing CO_2 emissions of this nonflame combustion technology is huge.

Development of catalytic combustion and CO_(2)capture and conversion technology

Changes are needed to improve the efficiency and lower the CO_(2)emissions of traditional coal-fired power generation,which is the main source of global CO_(2)emissions.The integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC)process,which combines coal gasification and high-temperature fuel cells,was proposed in 2017 to improve the efficiency of coal-based power generation and reduce CO_(2)emissions.Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,the IGFC for nearzero CO_(2)emissions program was enacted with the goal of achieving near-zero CO_(2)emissions based on(1)catalytic combustion of the flue gas from solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)stacks and(2)CO_(2)conversion using solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs).In this work,we investigated a kW-level catalytic combustion burner and SOEC stack,evaluated the electrochemical performance of the SOEC stack in H2O electrolysis and H2O/CO_(2)co-electrolysis,and established a multiscale and multi-physical coupling simulation model of SOFCs and SOECs.The process developed in this work paves the way for the demonstration and deployment of IGFC technology in the future.

A novel suspension-floating-circulating fluidized combustion technology for coal slurry

A novel suspension-floating-circulating fluidized combustion technology is proposed for burning coal slurry fuel in traditional circulating ftuidized bed boilers （CFBB）. This technology can solve some existing problems in large- capacity CFBB burning coal slurry. The principles of the suspension-floating-circulating fluidized combustion technology were introduced in detail in this paper. A 130 t/h CFBB was retrofitted based on the technology, and the retrofitted system mainly includes a long-distance transport sub-system, a bed-material conveying sub-system with a wind-seal device invented by the authors, a superheater thermoregulation device using a novel temperature regulator, a return loop flu- idization facility, and a pneumatic ash conveying sub-system with sealed pump. The achieved performance of the retro- fitted CFBB shows that the thermal efficiency is 89.83 %, the combustion efficiency is 96.24 %, and the blending proportion of slurry is 94 %.

The application of the regenerative combustion technology to a radiant-tube furnace and its practice

This study compares the regenerative radiant-tube heater with the traditional radiant-tube heater, showing the regenerative radiant-tube heaters have many advantages in fuel consumption. Based on the experience of changing a heating system with traditional radiant-tube burners to a heating system with regenerative combustion, propositions are given for the combustion control system, pilot burner, flame detection and for trouble prevention in rebuilding the continuous annealing production line（CAPL） and the continuous galvanizing line（CGL）.

Application of the porous medium combustion technology in the chamber reheating furnaces at Baosteel

The design of the porous medium combustion （PMC） system which has been applied to chamber reheating furnaces is presented in this study and its main application effects are described in detail. Porous medium materials are mainly ceramic ball sucked granular bed porous media and foam ceramic porous media. This study investigates the foam ceramic porous medium and a schematic diagram of the combustion inside this porous medium. The PMC takes a solid medium as its main heat exchange way, thus greatly improving the heat transfer efficiency. Judging from the application effects,the following conclusions have been made： the PMC technology can save more than 25% of energy with remarkable effects; the furnace temperature uniformity can be significantly enhanced; the porous media combustion technology can make the heating furnace design in a more compact way, reduce the time for heating up the furnace, improve the heating rate and reduce energy consumption.

Combustion Engineering Technology Research Center of Power Plant of China

Northeast China Electric PowerCombustion Research Center (NPCC) is ahigh-tech enterprise which deals with"science, industry, trade, education" togetherand is mainly engaged in the research anddevelopment in the aspects of the combustiontechnology, energy conservation. safety-environmental protection, automatic controland so on. NPCC has the semi-industrial testlab, large-scale test equipment and advancedmeasurement apparatus and equipment, aswell as the equipment and workshop neededfor trans forming the results to industryapplication.NPCC has provided several sets oftechnology and equipment for the nationalimportant project of technology improvementand the project of domesticazation ofcombustion system of imported power plant.NPCC has comprehensive ability forproductions, engineering and correspondingtechnical equipment. In the aspect ofinternational joint-project, NPCC has alsoachieved the profit. NPCC is not only acomprehensive base of test research whichgets industry application, semi-industry testand industry test together. but also anengineering research center of applying theachievements in scientific research to high-tech products in batch process.

Quantitative Study on the Grade of Forest Combustibles Based on "3S" Technology

Based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution,periodic changes,and influencing factors of forest fires in Inner Mongolia,through fixed-point observations and experiments on the ground,forest combustibles are divided into the ground litter layer,ground standing litter,and living plants.The combustibles are divided into various grades according to their load,dryness and combustibility.By determining the influencing factors of each combustible grade,a forecast model of the combustibility grade of combustibles is established.The forecast model has been widely used in the mid-and long-term forecast model of fire danger grade,and the accuracy rate of the fall area forecast through back-generation fitting verification is above 88.43%.

Application of Ceramic Coat Synthesized by In-Situ Combustion Synthesis to BF Tuyere

A novel technology of tuyere protection is introduced. The ceramic coat .is synthesized by using in-situ combustion process as the internal, external, and nose protecting coat of BF tuyeres. It can effectively protect the tuyeres and reduce heat loss by cooling water. The technglogy is quick-acting, easy to use, energy-saving and can make tuyeres have long service life. The feasibility of the application of the tuyere ceramic coat is discussed and the energy-saving effect of the tuyere is compared with that of the tuyeres lined with refractory.

A novel coating technology for fast sealing of air leakage in underground coal mines

Air leakage in underground coal mines presents a serious hazard for coal production and the safety of miners.Coating technology is commonly used as an efficient means for preventing air leakage.To address existing problems with high dust concentrations in large operations involving complex processes and the high cost of traditional coating technology,a novel coating technology that ensures intrinsic safety by utilizing water pressure and wind pressure was developed.This new coating technology was designed to suction and spray,and the technical parameters of its spray performance was also studied.The experimental tests and evaluation indicated the optimum working range is 0.3–0.7 MPa of wind pressure,1.2–10.2 L/min of water quantity,and 1.0–3.5 m of spraying distance.Moreover,this novel coating technology was tested in the Dashuitou Coal Mine in Gansu Province of China.Compared with conventional counterparts,the proposed new technology is safe,efficient,and convenient to operate.During spraying,dust concentrations were kept at less than 10 mg/m3,and the average rebound ratio resilient rate of solid materials was below 13%.After spraying,the average leakage every 100 m was 4 m3/min,and the oxygen volume fraction in the adjacent goaf was approximately 4%,demonstrating excellent air leakage prevention.

Design and Application of Third-order Denitration Online Control Technology

In order to alleviate the pressure of environmental protection and further strengthen the monitoring and control of NOx emission of thermal power units, combining with the transformation of boiler low-nitrogen burner, combustion optimization, static and dynamic ratio of air and coal, and SCR denitration system process, third-order NOx online control technology was designed and applied, which takes the combustion security, boiler efficiency and environmental evaluation into account and provide reference for thermal power units to deepen energy conservation and emission reduction.

A review on chemical oxygen supply technology within confined spaces: Challenges, strategies, and opportunities toward chemical oxygen generators(COGs)

Chemical oxygen generators(COGs)have been used worldwide in confined spaces as an emergency oxygen supply technology,mainly because they are independent and have a long shelf life.However,a number of challenges related to COGs remain unsolved,and a literature review of the current state of the technology is needed.First,the present article summarizes the basic information and applications of COGs,including their oxygen production mechanism,components,forming technology,and ignition system.Four current challenges encountered in applying COGs are discussed,along with the strategies adopted thus far to solve these problems,as found in the published literature.The literature survey reveals that,although much effort has been devoted to controlling the oxygen production rate and the heat output of COGs,the mechanism of producing toxic gases remains unclear and a reliable and safe ignition system has not been fully developed.Finally,future opportunities in the development of COGs are briefly listed.

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions.The study explores different methods,including direct combustion,thermal combustion,catalytic combustion,low-temperature plasma purification,photocatalytic purification,membrane separation,and adsorption methods.Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles,efficiency,and applicability under different conditions.Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method,highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration,high-volume VOC emissions.The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method,providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios.The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies,contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

汽油发动机稀薄燃烧技术特性分析与应用

发动机节能技术一直是汽车制造厂商和科研工作者研究的重点,其中发动机稀薄燃烧节能技术最具有代表性。利用文献分析法综述了汽油发动机稀薄燃烧技术的机理、技术实现途径及应用情况,发现发动机稀燃技术具有明显的节能效果,可为相关领域科研工作者提供理论参考。

一种通用的基于火焰高光谱的燃烧特性预测模型

燃烧特性的准确预测可以为燃烧技术的优化提供重要依据。利用甲烷火焰高光谱数据同时预测多种燃烧特性,以解决工程中监测燃烧特性需要多种采集设备及现场取样的难题,提出了一种基于三维卷积神经网络(3-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network)方法的火焰特性预测模型。首先在层流火焰高光谱数据上验证了该方法并进一步将模型应用于湍流火焰高光谱数据,接着建立了一种通用模型和训练方法,最后使用Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping(Grad-CAM)方法对模型进行可解释性研究。在层流模型中研究了不同参数对火焰特性预测模型准确性的影响;在湍流模型中探究了使用迁移学习的可行性以及添加小波去噪处理方法和改变卷积层数对模型结果的影响;在通用模型中解决数据不一致的问题,使得层流和湍流火焰作为训练数据对模型进行混合训练成为可能,实现了从实验室小火焰到实际工程火焰的燃烧特性参数预测模型的建立;在模型的可解释性研究中使用Grad-CAM方法对神经网络模型的工作原理和决策过程进行研究。结果显示层流预测模型中针对不同预测参数平均准确率均能达到96%以上,使用Mish+Mae的参数组合平均准确率最高为98%且拥有较高的模型稳定性;湍流预测模型的平均准确率均能达到95%以上,迁移学习、小波去噪处理和改变卷积层数均能在一定程度上提升模型性能,但需要进行合适的调整;通用模型在层流和湍流不同参数预测的平均准确率分别达到了97%和94%,在两种不同火焰的工况下均达到较高的准确率,说明模型的适用性较强;可解释性研究中Grad-CAM热力图上的信息表明该方法能够通过定位火焰敏感区域,并从光谱中提取到关键组分信息,从而完成对火焰特性的预测。该研究可以为燃烧学实验测试技术的智能化发展提供支持,对燃烧特性的研究具有重要意义。

飞机发动机燃烧室燃油喷射与雾化技术研究

燃油喷射与雾化技术是影响飞机发动机燃烧室性能的关键因素之一,直接关系到燃油的燃烧效率和排放控制。概述了飞机发动机燃烧室的结构及其核心功能,重点分析了燃油喷射和雾化技术的基本原理,研究燃油喷射方式对燃烧稳定性、燃烧效率及排放的影响。在雾化技术方面,介绍了雾化过程中涉及的物理化学机制,探讨了雾化质量对燃油蒸发及燃烧过程的优化作用。还对飞机发动机燃烧室的设计提出了技术要求,主要涉及燃油喷射的温度、压力、流速等参数,以期为飞机发动机燃烧室的设计与优化提供参考。

基于化工行业的余热锅炉污染物减排技术研究

余热锅炉利用生产过程中的余热产生蒸汽,但也会排放氮氧化物、颗粒物等污染物。为应对这一问题,新型减排技术不断涌现。催化燃烧技术通过提高燃烧效率来减少有害排放;烟气再循环技术优化燃烧气氛,进一步降低污染物产生;纳米材料在减排中的应用展现了其独特的物理化学性质,有助于减排和能效提升;先进的热能回收系统则实现了能源的高效利用。这些技术不仅显著降低了污染物排放,还为化工行业的绿色转型提供了技术支持。

Clean coal technologies in Japan： A review

Coal is the primary fossil fuel most used in the world for the electricity generation, iron making, and cement/concrete and chemical production. However, utilization of coal also results in emissions of CO_2, SO_x, NO_x and other noxious compounds. The development of clean coal technology(CCT) is a main issue to maintain a clean environment. CCT in Japan is considered the highest level in the world. In this review, the developing CCTs in Japan including high efficiency combustion technologies, advanced gasification technologies, CO_2 recovery and utilization technologies, and flue gas cleaning technologies are introduced and discussed. It is expected to provide some new view-of-points for CCT development.

特厚煤层采空区危险区域判定及煤自燃防控技术研究

为研究特厚煤层采空区危险区域判定及煤自燃防控技术,以金鸡滩煤矿117大采高综放工作面主采2-2煤层为工程背景,对已揭露2-2及2-2上煤层鉴定为易燃煤层,易发生氧化作用而产生自燃且回采期间联行密闭漏风,为精准确定117工作面采空区的危险区域和采空区的浮煤自燃情况,论文采用理论分析,现场监测分析的研究方法对煤层采空区危险带进行划分,通过采空区预埋管路进行测温,分析气体的成分,得到采空区及联络巷的漏风规律,判定进风巷采空区60~145 m、回风巷采空区45~125 m这两个区域是煤自燃防治的重点区域,提出了胶体压注系统、注氮防灭火系统等相结合的集“阻化、惰化、降温”为一体的综合防灭火技术,研发适合采空区隔离墙及联络巷的密闭快速堵漏风技术及工艺,实现采空区的漏风控制和煤自燃防治成功应用,为我国类似矿井危险区判定和防(灭)火工作提供了技术参考依据。

我国高碱煤燃烧特性研究和工程应用进展

我国具有丰富的高碱煤资源。从基础研究、关键技术和工程实践等方面对高碱煤燃烧技术的研究和工程应用进展做一个较为全面的综述和总结,特别介绍了液态排渣锅炉全烧新疆高碱煤的机理研究和实践最新状况,以期为后续开发更为经济、可长期安全大比例掺烧甚至纯烧新疆高碱煤的燃烧技术提供参考。