Optimization-based mode selection scheme for OAM millimeter wave system in the off-axis misalignment case

Millimeter-wave transmission combined with Orbital Angular Momentum(OAM)has the advantage of reducing the loss of beam power and increasing the system capacity.However,to fulfill this advantage,the antennas at the transmitter and receiver must be parallel and coaxial;otherwise,the accuracy of mode detection at the receiver can be seriously influenced.In this paper,we design an OAM millimeter-wave communication system for overcoming the above limitation.Specifically,the first contribution is that the power distribution between different OAM modes and the capacity of the system with different mode sets are analytically derived for performance analysis.The second contribution lies in that a novel mode selection scheme is proposed to reduce the total interference between different modes.Numerical results show that system performance is less affected by the offset when the mode set with smaller modes or larger intervals is selected.

A Modified Iterative Learning Control Approach for the Active Suppression of Rotor Vibration Induced by Coupled Unbalance and Misalignment

This paper proposes a modified iterative learning control(MILC)periodical feedback-feedforward algorithm to reduce the vibration of a rotor caused by coupled unbalance and parallel misalignment.The control of the vibration of the rotor is provided by an active magnetic actuator(AMA).The iterative gain of the MILC algorithm here presented has a self-adjustment based on the magnitude of the vibration.Notch filters are adopted to extract the synchronous(1×Ω)and twice rotational frequency(2×Ω)components of the rotor vibration.Both the notch frequency of the filter and the size of feedforward storage used during the experiment have a real-time adaptation to the rotational speed.The method proposed in this work can provide effective suppression of the vibration of the rotor in case of sudden changes or fluctuations of the rotor speed.Simulations and experiments using the MILC algorithm proposed here are carried out and give evidence to the feasibility and robustness of the technique proposed.

Modification Design Method for an Enveloping Hourglass Worm Gear with Consideration of Machining and Misalignment Errors

The influences of machining and misalignment errors play a very critical role in the performance of the anti-backlash double-roller enveloping hourglass worm gear(ADEHWG).However,a corresponding efficient method for eliminating or reducing these errors on the tooth profile of the ADEHWG is seldom reported.The gear engagement equation and tooth profile equation for considering six different errors that could arise from the machining and gear misalignment are derived from the theories of differential geometry and gear meshing.Also,the tooth contact analysis(TCA) is used to systematically investigate the influence of the machining and misalignment errors on the contact curves and the tooth profile by means of numerical analysis and three-dimensional solid modeling.The research results show that vertical angular misalignment of the worm wheel(Δβ) has the strongest influences while the tooth angle error(Δα) has the weakest influences on the contact curves and the tooth profile.A novel efficient approach is proposed and used to minimize the effect of the errors in manufacturing by changing the radius of the grinding wheel and the approaching point of contact.The results from the TCA and the experiment demonstrate that this tooth profile design modification method can indeed reduce the machining and misalignment errors.This modification design method is helpful in understanding the manufacturing technology of the ADEHWG.

Model-Based Degree Estimation of Unbalance and Misalignment in Flexible Coupling-rotor System

The condition of rotor system must be assessed in order to develop condition-based maintenance for rotating machinery. It is determined by multiple variables such as unbalance degree, misalignment degree, the amount of bending deformation of the shaft, occurrence of shaft crack of rotor system and so on. The estimation of the degrees of unbalance and misalignment in flexible coupling-rotor system is discussed. The model-based approach is employed to solve this problem. The models of the equivalent external loads for unbalance and misalignment are derived and analyzed. Then, the degrees of unbalance and misalignment are estimated by analyzing the components of the equivalent external loads of which the frequencies are equal to the 1 and 2 times running frequency respectively. The equivalent external loads are calculated according to the dynamic equation of the original rotor system and the differences between the dynamical responses in normal case and the vibrations when the degree of unbalance or misalignment or both changes. The denoise method based on bandpass filter is used to decrease the effect of noise on the estimation accuracy. The numerical examples are given to show that the proposed approach can estimate the degrees of unbalance and misalignment of the flexible coupling-rotor system accurately.

Development of space end-effector with capabilities of misalignment tolerance and soft capture based on tendon-sheath transmission system

The essential requirements of the end-effector of large space manipulator are capabilities of misalignment tolerance and soft capture.According to these requirements,an end-effector prototype combining the tendon-sheath transmission system with steel cable snaring mechanism was manufactured.An analysis method based on the coordinate transformation and the projection of key points of the mechanical interface was proposed,and it was a guideline of the end-effector design.Furthermore,the tendon-sheath transmission system was employed in the capture subassembly to reduce the inertia of the capture mechanism and enlarge the capture space.The capabilities of misalignment tolerance and soft capture were validated through the dynamic simulation in ADAMS software.The results of the capture simulation and experiment show that the end-effector has outstanding capabilities of misalignment tolerance and soft capture.The translation misalignments in radial directions are±100 mm,and angular misalignments about pitch and yaw are±15°.

Experimental study on vibration suppression of gear shaft misalignment with ISFD

Misalignment faults in gear systems lead to violent vibration and noise, shortening the life of equipment. The aim of this work is the demonstration of vibration suppression of parallel-misaligned gear shafts using an integral squeeze film damper(ISFD). Using a first grade spur gear in engineering for reference, an open first-grade spur gear system is built and the vibration characteristics of the gear system with rigid supports and ISFD elastic damping supports are studied under different degrees of misalignment. The experimental results show that ISFD supports have excellent damping and vibration attenuation characteristics, which have improved control of the gear system vibration in horizontal, vertical and axial directions under different degrees of misalignment. This work shows that an ISFD structure can effectively suppress vibration of characteristic frequency components and resonance modulation frequency components. The test results provide evidence for the application of ISFD in vibration control of gear shaft misalignment faults in engineering.

Research on suppress vibration of rotor misalignment with shear viscous damper

A new type of shear viscous damper for rotating machinery is designed. The new damper with good stability and reliability can inhibit all kinds of frequency multiplication vibration caused by misalignment in the condition of nonstop machine. It analyzes and discusses the use of the shear viscous damper for misalignment vibration response inhibition with a finite element method, and experi ments are extensively carried out with a laboratory test rig. Both the simulation and experimental re suits basically agree well in that, the damper can effectively control the misalignment vibration of the rotor system and improves the stability of the plitude of one time running speed component bration has been basically eliminated. entire rotor system. Experimental results show the am decreases by 30% , and the two time running speed vibration has been basically eliminated.

Effects of Wind-Wave Misalignment on a Wind Turbine Blade Mating Process:Impact Velocities,Blade Root Damages and Structural Safety Assessment

Most wind turbine blades are assembled piece-by-piece onto the hub of a monopile-type offshore wind turbine using jack-up crane vessels.Despite the stable foundation of the lifting cranes,the mating process exhibits substantial relative responses amidst blade root and hub.These relative motions are combined effects of wave-induced monopile motions and wind-induced blade root motions,which can cause impact loads at the blade root’s guide pin in the course of alignment procedure.Environmental parameters including the wind-wave misalignments play an important role for the safety of the installation tasks and govern the impact scenarios.The present study investigates the effects of wind-wave misalignments on the blade root mating process on a monopile-type offshore wind turbine.The dynamic responses including the impact velocities between root and hub in selected wind-wave misalignment conditions are investigated using multibody simulations.Furthermore,based on a finite element study,different impact-induced failure modes at the blade root for sideways and head-on impact scenarios,developed due to wind-wave misalignment conditions,are investigated.Finally,based on extreme value analyses of critical responses,safe domain for the mating task under different wind-wave misalignments is compared.The results show that although misaligned wind-wave conditions develop substantial relative motions between root and hub,aligned wind-wave conditions induce largest impact velocities and develop critical failure modes at a relatively low threshold velocity of impact.

Research on dynamic model of rotors with bearing misalignment

Based on the structural and mechanics analysis of aero-engines rotor system, the dynamic model of the flexible rotor system with multi-supports are presented in order to solve the bearing misalignment problem of rotor system in aero-engines. The motion equations are derived through Lagrange method. The relationship between structural and mechanics characteristics parameters are built up. Finally, the dynamic influence of bearing misalignment on rotor system are divided into three kinds： additional rotor bending rigidity, additional bearing misalignment excitation force and additional imbalance. The equations suggest that additional imbalance excitation force activates the nonlinearity on rotor system and an additional 2x excitation force might appear.

Thermal analysis on the EAST tungsten plasma facing components with shaping structure counteracting the misalignment issues

Tungsten monoblock type tiles with ITER dimensions along with supporting cassette components were installed at EAST＇s upper diverter during 2014 and EAST＇s lower diverter will also be upgraded in the future. These cassette structures pose critical issues on the high cumulative incident heat flux due to the leading edges and misalignments （0 ～ 1.5 mm）, which may result in the destruction or even melting of the tungsten tile. The present work summarizes the thermal analysis using ANSYS multiphysics software 15.0 performed on the actively cooled W tiles to evaluate the shaping effect on surface temperature. In the current heat flux conditions （Q11 ～ 100 MW m-2）, the adopted chamfer shaping （1 ×1 mm） can only reduce the maximum temperature by about 14%, but it also has a melting risk at the maximum misalignment of 1.5 mm. The candidate shaping solutions elliptical （round） edge, dome and fish-scale are analyzed for comparison and are identified not as good as the dual chamfer structure. A relatively good dual chamfer （2 ×13 mm） shaping forming a symmetrical sloping roof structure can effectively counteract the 1.5 mm misalignment, reducing the maximum temperature by up to 50%. However, in the future heat flux conditions （Q11 ～287 MW m-2）, it may only endure about 0.5 mm misalignment. Moreover, no proper shaping solution has been found that can avoid melting at the maximum misalignment of 1.5 mm. Thus, the engineering misalignment has to be limited to an acceptable level.

Helvacioglu reproducibility index: a new algorithm to evaluate the effects of misalignments on the measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer by spectraldomain OCT

AIMTo evaluate the effect of misalignment on the measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).METHODSA total of 42 eyes from 21 healthy young subjects underwent RNFL measurements with RTVue spectral-domain OCT (Optovue Inc., Fremont, California, USA). Two baseline measurements with perfectly aligned central circle to the borders of the optic nerve and four misaligned measurements which were misaligned towards to four quadrants were taken. The differences in RNFL between the baseline and misaligned measurements were analyzed with a new algorithm called Helvacioglu reproducibility index (HRI) which is designed to measure the reproducibility of the scans by evaluating the RNFL changes in the four main quadrants.RESULTSThe average RNFL scores of the first two baseline measurements have good correlation (c=0.930) and good reproducibility scores (0.15±0.07). Superior misaligned measurements had significantly lower superior quadrant score and higher inferior quadrant score, similar nasal and little higher temporal scores (P1, P2<0.001, P3=0.553, P4=0.001). Inferior misaligned measurements had significantly higher superior quadrant score and lower inferior quadrant score with similar temporal and little lower nasal scores (P1, P2<0.001, P3=0.315, P4=0.016). Nasal misaligned measurements had significantly higher temporal quadrant score and lower nasal quadrant score with little lower superior and inferior scores (P1, P2, P4<0.001, P3=0.005). Temporal misaligned measurements had significantly higher nasal quadrant score and lower temporal quadrant score with similar superior and little higher inferior scores (P1, P2<0.001, P3=0.943, P4=0.001).CONCLUSIONGood alignment of the central circle to the borders of optic nerve is crucial to have correct and repeatable RNFL measurements. Misalignment to a quadrant resulted in falsely low readings at that quadrant and falsely high readings at the opposite quadrant.

Misalignment Angle Calculation Accuracy Analysis of Three-Axis Stabilized Geostationary Satellite

The most challenging problem of navigation in three-axis stabilized geostationary satellite is accurate calculation of misalignment angles, deduced by orbit measurement error, attitude measurement error, thermal elastic deformation, time synchronization error, and so on. Before the satellite is launched, the misalignment model must be established and validated. But there were no observation data, which is a non-negligible risk of yielding the greatest returns on investment. On the basis of misalignment modeling using landmarks and stars, which is not available between different organizations and is developed by ourselves, experimental data are constructed to validate the navigation processing flow as well as misalignment calculation accuracy. In the condition of using landmarks, the maximum misalignment calculation errors of roll, pitch, and yaw axis are 2, 2, and 104 micro radians, respectively, without considering the accuracy of image edge detection. While in the condition of using stars, the maximum errors of roll, pitch, and yaw axis are 1, 1, and 3 micro radians, respectively, without considering the accuracy of star center extraction. Results are rather encouraging, which pave the way for high-accuracy image navigation of three-axis stabilized geostationary satellite. The misalignment modeling as well as calculation method has been used in the new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite in China, FY-4 series, the first satellite of which was launched at the end of 2016.

Circadian Misalignment and Cardiovascular Risk

All organisms,ranging from single-celled organisms to humans,demonstrate circadian rhythms that are near 24-h patterns that are present independent of environmental cues.Disruption of this process,called circadian misalignment,is associated with deleterious health outcomes.The most extreme example of this misalignment is shift work,and there is evidence suggesting a strong association between shift work and certain cardiovascular outcomes.The outcomes of most studies include obesity,metabolic syndrome,hypertension,type 2 diabetes mellitus,atrial fibrillation,and cardiovascular events.In this article we review the current literature with an emphasis on women’s cardiovascular health.The data are confl icting,and there is a paucity of robust evidence with regard to women’s cardiovascular health and circadian misalignment.More studies are needed to better delineate the sex differences as well as the pathophysiology of the associations between circadian misalignment and cardiovascular diseases so that we can provide patients with more personalized care.

Dynamic response of large increased pressure wind tunnel rotor-gear coupling system with parallel misalignment

To study the misalignment of gear coupling, this paper analyzed the distortion of the tooth of gear coupling on the base of gear coupling’s motion under parallel misalignment, and derived the specific expression of additive radial force, which produced by the rotor’ torque. The motion differential equations of the large increased pressure wind tunnel rotor-gear coupling system were derived by the finite element method. Newmark integral method was applied to calculate the dynamic response of the system with parallel misalignment. The numerical results show that: under the effect of additive radial force, the static misalignment can arouse 2X frequency component lateral vibration; the dynamic misalignment can arouse2X,4X,6X multiple frequency components lateral vibration. The 2X frequency component is obvious. The additive radial force of the gear coupling can arouse lateral vibration with even multiple frequency components.

A Novel Mutation in FOXF1 Gene Associated with a Delayed Presentation of Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia with Misalignment of Pulmonary Veins

Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a rare, fatal developmental lung disorder of neonates and infants, associated with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension unresponsive to treatment. We reported the case of a term newborn with delayed presentation of ACD/MPV and a novel mutation of FOXF1 gene that received supportive cardiopulmonary treatments, inhaled nitric oxide, oral sildenafil and nebulized iloprost with no clinical improvement. DNA sequence analysis of FOXF1 gene identified a novel heterozygous variant c.257G > C;p.R86P, in exon 1. At autopsy, lung histology showed the characteristic features of ACD/MPV. FOXF1 has been identified as one of the genes responsible for ACD/MPV associated with multiple congenital malformations. This is a report of a novel heterozygous variant c.257G > C;p.R86P, in the first exon of FOXF1, in a patient with delayed presentation of ACD/MPV.

Dynamic Response during the Online Compensation of Misalignment Based on Auxiliary Electromagnetic Support

A new support structure,named auxiliary electromagnetic support,is introduced to adjust the position of rotor shaft online.The auxiliary electromagnetic support consists of sliding bearing,iron core,radial spring,pedestal and electromagnet that could adjust the rotor position.In a rotor system adopting two auxiliary electromagnetic supports,the online compensation of misalignment was achieved without stopping work.Using the proposed auxiliary electromagnetic support,the analytical solution of dynamic response was obtained by analyzing a simulated single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF)system.And the dynamic response of the multi-degrees-of-freedom(MDOF)system in the experiment is acquired using Newmark variable step-size integration method.Further the new design is tested in a symmetrical single-disk rotor-bearing system.With both the theory analysis and the experimental results,some conclusions are obtained about the relationship between the vibration and the system damping which are related to system stability.

Theoretical investigation on self-recovery regulation method for diesel engine misalignment through co-simulation

Misalignment is one of the most common faults for the diesel engine.In order to eliminate the misalignment fault of the diesel engine in the process of operation,a targeting self-recovery regulation system is constructed by using a movable base and displacement sensors.Misalignment is monitored and detected in real time,the value of misalignment is calculated rapidly and accurately,andintelligent decision is made.Then,the base is moved reversely with a definite target to drive the shaft to translate or rotate,so that the shafts can be recovered to alignment online.A co-simulation model for the self-recovery system is established which consists of a dynamic model of the crankshaft system and control model.The self-recovery regulation process of misalignment is simulated.The simulation results show that the system can accurately calculate the misalignment values,with an error of less than 5%,and can automatically eliminate the misalignment fault of the diesel engine online.The research results provide theoretical support for the self-recovery regulation of misalignment fault,and due to the universality of structure and principle,the self-recovery system is not only suitable for diesel engine,but also for other rotating machineries.

Study on Initial Alignment Under Large Misalignment Angle

Misalignment angle error model describing the SINS mathematical platform error is presented in this paper following the idea of small misalignment angle error model and large azimuth misalignment angle error model.It can be considered that the three misalignment angles are independent of the rotational sequence in the misalignment error model,but not suitable in the large misalignment error model.The error angle of Euler platform is used to represent the three misalignment angles from theoretical navigation coordinate system to computational navigation coordinate system.The Euler platform error angle is utilized to represent the mathematical platform error and its physical meaning is very clear.The SINS nonlinear error model is deduced by using the error angle of Euler platform and is simplified under the condition of large azimuth error and small error.The simplified results are more comprehensive and accurate than the large azimuth misalignment error model.The damping SINS algorithm and its error model are proposed to change the structure of the strapdown inertial navigation algorithm by using the external damping information.The accuracy of SINS error model of large Euler platform error angle is simulated,and has strong practicability in initial alignment and is conducive to reducing the amount of calculation.

Automated Calibration of RF On-Wafer Probing and Evaluation of Probe Misalignment Effects Using a Desktop Micro-Factory

A fully automatic setup for on-wafer contact probing will be presented. This setup consists of six automatable nano positioning axes used as tool holder and a sample holder. With this setup a fully automatic one-port SOL calibration for a Vector Network Analyzer is done. Furthermore a fully automated on-wafer contact probing is performed. Afterwards, the effects of a misalignment of the three tips of a GSG-probe are examined. Additionally the error on the calibration is calculated to determine its effect on the measurement. The results show, that a misalignment of the probe has a high impact on the measurement of the VNA. Hence a fully automated on-wafer probing presented in this paper is a good way to detect these misalignments and correct them if necessary.

Shafting misalignment fault diagnosis by means of motor speed signal and SVD-HT method

Aiming at the deficiency of diagnosis method based on vibration signal,a novel method based on speed signal with singular value decomposition and Hilbert transform(SVD-HT)is proposed.The fault diagnosis mechanism based on the speed signal is obtained by constructing the shaft misalignment fault model firstly.Then the SVD-HT method is applied to the processing of the speed signal.The accuracy of the SVD-HT method is verified by comparing the diagnosis results of the order spectrum method and the SVD-HT method.After that,the diagnosis results based on vibration signal and speed signal under no-load and load patterns are compared.Under the no-load pattern,the amplitudes of the speed signal components f_(r),2f_(r) and 4f_(r) are linear with the misalignment.In addition,under the load pattern,the amplitudes of the speed signal components f_(r),2f_(r) and 4f_(r) have a linear relationship with the load.However,the diagnosis result of the vibration signal does not have the above characteristics.The comparison results verify the robustness and reliability of the speed signal and SVD-HT method.The method presented in this paper provides a novel way for misalignment fault diagnosis.