In the event of an instantaneous valve closure, the pressure transmitted to a surge tank induces the mass fluctuations that can cause high amplitude of water-level fluctuation in the surge tank for a reasonable cross-...In the event of an instantaneous valve closure, the pressure transmitted to a surge tank induces the mass fluctuations that can cause high amplitude of water-level fluctuation in the surge tank for a reasonable cross-sectional area. The height of the surge tank is then designed using this high water level mark generated by the completely closed penstock valve. Using a conical surge tank with a non-constant cross-sectional area can resolve the problems of space and height. When addressing issues in designing open surge tanks, key parameters are usually calculated by using complex equations, which may become cumbersome when multiple iterations are required. A more effective alternative in obtaining these values is the use of simple charts. Firstly, this paper presents and describes the equations used to design open conical surge tanks. Secondly, it introduces user-friendly charts that can be used in the design of cylindrical and conical open surge tanks. The contribution can be a benefit for practicing engineers in this field. A case study is also presented to illustrate the use of these design charts. The case study’s results show that key parameters obtained via successive approximation method required 26 iterations or complex calculations, whereas these values can be obtained by simple reading of the proposed chart. The use of charts to help surge tanks designing, in the case of preliminary designs, can save time and increase design efficiency, while reducing calculation errors.展开更多
The surge tank plays an important role in ensuring the stability of a water flow standard device. To study the influence of the structure and the working conditions on the regulator performance of a surge tank, a thre...The surge tank plays an important role in ensuring the stability of a water flow standard device. To study the influence of the structure and the working conditions on the regulator performance of a surge tank, a three-dimensional model, including a surge tank, the pipeline and the water tank is built, and the VOF model in the Fluent software is used to simulate the two-phase pulsatile flow in the surge tank. The inlet flow pulsation is defined by the User Defined Functions （UDF）, and the outlet flow is set to be a free jet. By calculating the flow fluctuation coefficient of the variation uader different flow conditions, the influences of the pulse frequency, the initial water level height and the baffle plate structure on the flow stability are analyzed. It is shown that the surge tank has a good attenuation effect on high-frequency pulsations, there is an optimal initial water level to suppress the fluctuations, the round holes of the baffle should ensure a certain circulation area with the bore diameter small enough to have the necessary damping effect.展开更多
When using the draft-tube vacuum to be less than 8.0 m as the rule to set atailrace surge tank, a mixing function that describes the process of water-hammer vacuum andvelocity-head vacuum varied with time is proposed,...When using the draft-tube vacuum to be less than 8.0 m as the rule to set atailrace surge tank, a mixing function that describes the process of water-hammer vacuum andvelocity-head vacuum varied with time is proposed, on the assumption that the guide vane of thehydraulic turbine and the turbine discharge were all changed linearly. An exact maximum of thedraft-tube vacuum for the first-phase water-hammer and the last-phase water-hammer is obtained.Finally a much more reasonable formula of critical tailrace length is derived. The results of twocases show that the formula proposed can determine correctly and reasonably whether a tail-racesurge tank is needed or not, and are more suitable for project design than the formula suggested bythe specification.展开更多
The steady-state flow field characteristics have important effects on the stability of the throttled surge tank with the standpipe. This paper analyzes these effects on the basis of the numerical simulation of the flo...The steady-state flow field characteristics have important effects on the stability of the throttled surge tank with the standpipe. This paper analyzes these effects on the basis of the numerical simulation of the flow field by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） method. It is shown that the anticlockwise recirculation zone is formed in the standpipe, which affects the local head loss at the junction of the standpipe with the pipeline. The variation of the head loss coefficient at the junction is linearly related with the diameter ratio of the standpipe to the pipeline. The dimensionless recirculation flow rate is proportional to the square of the diameter ratio. Considering the effects of the recirculation zone, an empirical expression of the critical stability area is obtained. Comparing with the Thoma critical area, the area obtained by the present method is smaller, and the reduction depends on the diameter ratio and the ratio of the velocity head to the head losses in the tunnel. words：展开更多
The air-trapped vertical vortices（ATVVs） are easy to form above the throttled orifices in the widely used long-corridor-shaped surge tanks（LCSSTs）, when the tank water level decreases rapidly during hydraulic tran...The air-trapped vertical vortices（ATVVs） are easy to form above the throttled orifices in the widely used long-corridor-shaped surge tanks（LCSSTs）, when the tank water level decreases rapidly during hydraulic transients. These ATVVs may jeopardize the operation safety of the hydropower stations and should be avoided. This study elucidates the formation mechanism of the ATVVs and proposes some simple measures to eliminate them. The 3-D CFD model for predicting the ATVVs is validated first by physical model tests in a model tailrace LCSST, and then the formation mechanism is analyzed based on the numerical results. It is shown that the main influence factor for the ATVVs is the critical submergence, which can be reduced by minimizing the velocity circulation around the throttled orifices. Two practical ATVV elimination measures through suppressing the velocity circulation are compared and verified, and the optimized one is recommended.展开更多
文摘In the event of an instantaneous valve closure, the pressure transmitted to a surge tank induces the mass fluctuations that can cause high amplitude of water-level fluctuation in the surge tank for a reasonable cross-sectional area. The height of the surge tank is then designed using this high water level mark generated by the completely closed penstock valve. Using a conical surge tank with a non-constant cross-sectional area can resolve the problems of space and height. When addressing issues in designing open surge tanks, key parameters are usually calculated by using complex equations, which may become cumbersome when multiple iterations are required. A more effective alternative in obtaining these values is the use of simple charts. Firstly, this paper presents and describes the equations used to design open conical surge tanks. Secondly, it introduces user-friendly charts that can be used in the design of cylindrical and conical open surge tanks. The contribution can be a benefit for practicing engineers in this field. A case study is also presented to illustrate the use of these design charts. The case study’s results show that key parameters obtained via successive approximation method required 26 iterations or complex calculations, whereas these values can be obtained by simple reading of the proposed chart. The use of charts to help surge tanks designing, in the case of preliminary designs, can save time and increase design efficiency, while reducing calculation errors.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10972123)
文摘The surge tank plays an important role in ensuring the stability of a water flow standard device. To study the influence of the structure and the working conditions on the regulator performance of a surge tank, a three-dimensional model, including a surge tank, the pipeline and the water tank is built, and the VOF model in the Fluent software is used to simulate the two-phase pulsatile flow in the surge tank. The inlet flow pulsation is defined by the User Defined Functions （UDF）, and the outlet flow is set to be a free jet. By calculating the flow fluctuation coefficient of the variation uader different flow conditions, the influences of the pulse frequency, the initial water level height and the baffle plate structure on the flow stability are analyzed. It is shown that the surge tank has a good attenuation effect on high-frequency pulsations, there is an optimal initial water level to suppress the fluctuations, the round holes of the baffle should ensure a certain circulation area with the bore diameter small enough to have the necessary damping effect.
文摘When using the draft-tube vacuum to be less than 8.0 m as the rule to set atailrace surge tank, a mixing function that describes the process of water-hammer vacuum andvelocity-head vacuum varied with time is proposed, on the assumption that the guide vane of thehydraulic turbine and the turbine discharge were all changed linearly. An exact maximum of thedraft-tube vacuum for the first-phase water-hammer and the last-phase water-hammer is obtained.Finally a much more reasonable formula of critical tailrace length is derived. The results of twocases show that the formula proposed can determine correctly and reasonably whether a tail-racesurge tank is needed or not, and are more suitable for project design than the formula suggested bythe specification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51079050)the Doctoral Innovation Foundation in Jiangsu Province(Grant No.2017-B0803338)
文摘The steady-state flow field characteristics have important effects on the stability of the throttled surge tank with the standpipe. This paper analyzes these effects on the basis of the numerical simulation of the flow field by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） method. It is shown that the anticlockwise recirculation zone is formed in the standpipe, which affects the local head loss at the junction of the standpipe with the pipeline. The variation of the head loss coefficient at the junction is linearly related with the diameter ratio of the standpipe to the pipeline. The dimensionless recirculation flow rate is proportional to the square of the diameter ratio. Considering the effects of the recirculation zone, an empirical expression of the critical stability area is obtained. Comparing with the Thoma critical area, the area obtained by the present method is smaller, and the reduction depends on the diameter ratio and the ratio of the velocity head to the head losses in the tunnel. words：
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51579187)
文摘The air-trapped vertical vortices（ATVVs） are easy to form above the throttled orifices in the widely used long-corridor-shaped surge tanks（LCSSTs）, when the tank water level decreases rapidly during hydraulic transients. These ATVVs may jeopardize the operation safety of the hydropower stations and should be avoided. This study elucidates the formation mechanism of the ATVVs and proposes some simple measures to eliminate them. The 3-D CFD model for predicting the ATVVs is validated first by physical model tests in a model tailrace LCSST, and then the formation mechanism is analyzed based on the numerical results. It is shown that the main influence factor for the ATVVs is the critical submergence, which can be reduced by minimizing the velocity circulation around the throttled orifices. Two practical ATVV elimination measures through suppressing the velocity circulation are compared and verified, and the optimized one is recommended.
