In view of the problem that the current single-antenna GPS attitude determination system can only determine the body attitude when the sideslip angle is zero and the multiantenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system ...In view of the problem that the current single-antenna GPS attitude determination system can only determine the body attitude when the sideslip angle is zero and the multiantenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system is of large volume, high cost, and complex structure, this approach is presented to determine the attitude based on vector space with single-antenna GPS and accelerometers in the micro inertial measurement unit (MIMU). It can provide real-time and accurate attitude information. Subsequently, the single-antenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system is designed based on the combination of position, velocity, and attitude. Finally the semi- physical simulations of single-antenna GPS attitude determination system and single-antenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system are carried out. The simulation results, based on measured data, show that the single-antenna GPS/SINS system can provide more accurate navigation information compared to the GPS/SINS system, based on the combination of position and velocity. Furthermore, the single-antenna GPS/SINS system is characteristic of lower cost and simpler structure. It provides the basis for the application of a single-antenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system in a micro aerial vehicle (MAV).展开更多
GPS-based attitude system is an important research field, since it is a valuable technique for the attitude determination of platforms. There exist two classes approaches for attitude determination using the GPS. The ...GPS-based attitude system is an important research field, since it is a valuable technique for the attitude determination of platforms. There exist two classes approaches for attitude determination using the GPS. The one determines attitude via baseline estimates in two frames, the other one solves for attitude by incorporating the attitude parameters directly into the GPS measurements. However, comparisons between these two classes approaches have been unexplored. First of all, two algorithms are introduced in detail which on behalf of these two kinds of approaches. Then we present numerical simulations demonstrating the performance of our algorithms and provide a comparison evaluating.展开更多
As an important sensor in the navigation systems,star sensors and the gyro play important roles in spacecraft attitude determination system.Complex environmental factors are the main sources of error in attitude deter...As an important sensor in the navigation systems,star sensors and the gyro play important roles in spacecraft attitude determination system.Complex environmental factors are the main sources of error in attitude determination.The error influence of different benchmarks and the disintegration mode between the star sensor and the gyro is analyzed in theory.The integrated design of the star sensor and the gyro on the same benchmark can effectively avoid the error influence and improves the spacecraft attitude determination accuracy.Simulation results indicate that when the stars sensor optical axis vectors overlap the reference coordinate axis of the gyro in the same benchmark,the attitude determination accuracy improves.展开更多
To address a problem of autonomous attitude determination algorithm using gravitational field and geomagnetic field observation, a new recursive optimization autonomous attitude estimation algorithm is proposed. The a...To address a problem of autonomous attitude determination algorithm using gravitational field and geomagnetic field observation, a new recursive optimization autonomous attitude estimation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on unscented Kalman filter(UKF), and can synchronously provide the attitude rate information. The simulated results show that the measurement precision of the method could be increased by 2 times compared to that of the common methods.展开更多
This paper discusses the design and implementation of a low cost multi-sensor integrated attitude determination system for small unmanned aerial vehicles( UAVs),which uses strapdown inertial navigation system( SINS) b...This paper discusses the design and implementation of a low cost multi-sensor integrated attitude determination system for small unmanned aerial vehicles( UAVs),which uses strapdown inertial navigation system( SINS) based on micro electromechanical system( MEMS) inertial sensors,commercial GPS receiver,and 3-axis magnetometer.MEMS-SINS initial attitude determination cannot be well performed for the reason that the MEMS inertial sensors biases are time-varying and poor repeatability,therefore in this paper the magnetometer and inclinometer are used to assist the MEMS-SINS initial attitude determination and MEMS inertial sensors field calibration.Furthermore,the attitude determination algorithms are presented to estimate the full attitude during GPS signal outage and non-accelerating situation.Additionally,the attitude information estimation results are compared with the reference of the non-magnetic marble platform and 3-axis turntable.Then the attitude estimation precision satisfies the requirement of attitude measurement for small UAVs during GPS signal outage and availability.Finally,the small UAV autonomous flight test results show that the low cost and real-time attitude determination system can yield continuous,reliable and effective attitude information for small UAVs.展开更多
In this paper,the Global Positioning System(GPS)interferometer provides the preliminarily computed quaternions,which are then employed as the measurement of the extended Kalman filter(EKF)for the attitude determinatio...In this paper,the Global Positioning System(GPS)interferometer provides the preliminarily computed quaternions,which are then employed as the measurement of the extended Kalman filter(EKF)for the attitude determination system.The estimated quaternion elements from the EKF output with noticeably improved precision can be converted to the Euler angles for navigation applications.The aim of the study is twofold.Firstly,the GPS-based computed quaternion vector is utilized to avoid the singularity problem.Secondly,the quaternion estimator based on the EKF is adopted to improve the estimation accuracy.Determination of the unknown baseline vector between the antennas sits at the heart of GPS-based attitude determination.Although utilization of the carrier phase observables enables the relative positioning to achieve centimeter level accuracy,however,the quaternion elements derived from the GPS interferometer are inherently noisy.This is due to the fact that the baseline vectors estimated by the least-squares method are based on the raw double-differenced measurements.Construction of the transformation matrix is accessible according to the estimate of baseline vectors and thereafter the computed quaternion elements can be derived.Using the Euler angle method,the process becomes meaningless when the angles are at 90where the singularity problem occurs.A good alternative is the quaternion approach,which possesses advantages over the equivalent Euler angle based transformation since they apply to all attitudes.Simulation results on the attitude estimation performance based on the proposed method will be presented and compared to the conventional method.The results presented in this paper elucidate the superiority of proposed algorithm.展开更多
In this paper,the estimator-based Global Positioning System(GPS)attitude and angular velocity determination is presented.Outputs of the attitude estimator include the attitude angles and attitude rates or body angular...In this paper,the estimator-based Global Positioning System(GPS)attitude and angular velocity determination is presented.Outputs of the attitude estimator include the attitude angles and attitude rates or body angular velocities,depending on the design of estimator.Traditionally as a position,velocity and time sensor,the GPS also offers a free attitude-determination interferometer.GPS research and applications to the field of attitude determination using carrier phase or Doppler measurement has been extensively conducted.The rawattitude solution using the interferometry technique based on the least-squares approach is inherently noisy.The estimator such as the Kalman filter(KF)or extended Kalman filter(EKF)can be incorporated into the GPS interferometer,potentially providing several advantages,such as accuracy improvement,reliability enhancement,and real-time characteristics.Three estimator-based approaches are investigated for performance comparison,including(1)KF with measurement involving attitude angles only;(2)EKF with measurements based on attitude angles only;(3)EKF with measurements involving both attitude angles and body angular rates.The assistance from body mounted gyroscopes,if available,can be utilized as the measurements for further performance improvement,especially useful for the case of signal-challenged environment,such as the GPS outages.Modeling of the dynamic process involving the body angular rates and derivation of the related algorithm will be presented.Simulation results for various estimator-based approaches are conducted;performance comparison is presented for the case of GPS outages.展开更多
The Global Positioning System(GPS)offers the interferometer for attitude determination by processing the carrier phase observables.By using carrier phase observables,the relative positioning is obtained in centimeter ...The Global Positioning System(GPS)offers the interferometer for attitude determination by processing the carrier phase observables.By using carrier phase observables,the relative positioning is obtained in centimeter level.GPS interferometry has been firstly used in precise static relative positioning,and thereafter in kinematic positioning.The carrier phase differential GPS based on interferometer principles can solve for the antenna baseline vector,defined as the vector between the antenna designated master and one of the slave antennas,connected to a rigid body.Determining the unknown baseline vectors between the antennas sits at the heart of GPS-based attitude determination.The conventional solution of the baseline vectors based on least-squares approach is inherently noisy,which results in the noisy attitude solutions.In this article,the complementary Kalman filter(CKF)is employed for solving the baseline vector in the attitude determination mechanism to improve the performance,where the receiver-satellite double differenced observable was utilized as the measurement.By using the carrier phase observables,the relative positioning is obtained in centimeter level.Employing the CKF provides several advantages,such as accuracy improvement,reliability enhancement,and real-time assurance.Simulation results based on the conventional method where the least-squares approach is involved,and the proposed method where the CKF is involved are compared and discussed.展开更多
With the development of GPS carrier wave phase technology, it becomes possible that the height accuracy of centimeter level is got by GPS RTK technology. Vessel attitudes are very important parameters in marine survey...With the development of GPS carrier wave phase technology, it becomes possible that the height accuracy of centimeter level is got by GPS RTK technology. Vessel attitudes are very important parameters in marine survey. In this paper, they were determined by 4 GPS receivers. At the same time, the arithmetic and procedure of vessel attitude determining were given. Based on an experiment, some useful conclusions were obtained and the corresponding methods were put forward to improve the accuracy.展开更多
This paper initially reviews types of deep space navigation methods. Then, it studies the use of pulsars as one of sources emitting electromagnetic waves in navigation;hence more details regarding the pulsar physics a...This paper initially reviews types of deep space navigation methods. Then, it studies the use of pulsars as one of sources emitting electromagnetic waves in navigation;hence more details regarding the pulsar physics and the history of navigation using pulsars are presented. The various methods of navigation (including radio method), their advantages and disadvantages—in comparison with navigation using pulsars in spacecraft—are discussed. Then, the equations necessary for calculating position and velocity of a spacecraft (such as the arrival time of pulse from pulsar to the receiver) are introduced, and the methods of calculating position and velocity are dealt with. Finally, two algorithms are presented for positioning, and one for velocity. Attitude determination follows the same simple methods presented in various articles.展开更多
Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers' risk perceptions and risk attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations and management decisi...Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers' risk perceptions and risk attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations and management decisions. However, this important issue has been overlooked in the contemporary studies and therefore there is a dearth of literature on this important issue. The present research is therefore, an attempt to fill this gap. This study aims to quantify hybrid maize farmers' perceptions of disastrous risks, their attitudes towards risk and to explore the impacts of various farm and farm household factors on farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The present study is conducted in four hybrid maize growing districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan, using cross-sectional data of 400 hybrid maize farmers. Risk matrix and equally likely certainty equivalent (ELCE) method are used to rank farmers' perceptions of four catastrophic risk sources including climate, biological, price and financial risks and to investigate farmers' risk aversion attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, probit regression is used to analyze the determinants affecting farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The results of the study showed that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and perceive price, biological and climate to be potential sources of risks to their farm enterprise. In addition, analysis divulges that distance from farm to main market, off-farm income, location dummies for Sahiwal and Okara, age, maize farming experience, access to extension agent, significantly (either negatively or positively) influence farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The study delivers valuable insights for farmers, agricultural insurance sector, extension services researchers and agricultural policy makers about the local understanding of risks to hybrid maize crop in developing countries, like Pakistan, and have implications for research on farmers' adaptation to exposed risks.展开更多
Optical gyros and star sensors are primary measurement hardware in an attitude control system with high accuracy. The drifts of the optical gyros, however, make an unfavorable impact on the accuracy of the attitude c...Optical gyros and star sensors are primary measurement hardware in an attitude control system with high accuracy. The drifts of the optical gyros, however, make an unfavorable impact on the accuracy of the attitude control system. In order for compensati展开更多
A method is presented for near-Earth spacecraft or aviation vehicle's attitude rate estimation by using relative Doppler frequency shift of the Global Positioning System (GPS)carrier. It comprises two GPS receivin...A method is presented for near-Earth spacecraft or aviation vehicle's attitude rate estimation by using relative Doppler frequency shift of the Global Positioning System (GPS)carrier. It comprises two GPS receiving antennas, a signal processing circuit and an algorithm.The whole system is relatively simple, the cost and wcight, as well as power consumption, are very low.展开更多
Objective: The purpose of this study is to understand the current situation of knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-management in young patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore the relationshi...Objective: The purpose of this study is to understand the current situation of knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-management in young patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore the relationship between general conditions (personal, social, and environment, clinical factors) and their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of diabetes self-management, This aims to provide patients with high-quality nursing care management and services, as well as to provide relevant recommendations for effective self-management. Methods: This study is a descriptive correlational study that used the purposive sampling method to investigate 359 patients with T2DM aged 18-25 years in four designated tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province. Results: Knowledge of self-management was correlated with sex, age, education level, occupation and work situation, monthly household income, medical payment method, family and friend support, frequency of diabetes health education, and diabetes complications. The attitude subscale was correlated with sex, age, education level, work situation, and family and friend support. The practice subscale was associated with age, education level, work situation, family and friend support, frequency of diabetes health education, and HbA1c values. Conclusion: Young adults aged 18-25 with T2DM have positive attitudes towards diabetes self-management, but there are still deficiencies in knowledge acquisition and behavioral practice. The KAP of self-management of diabetes is influenced by personal factors such as sex, age, and education level, and socio-environmental factors such as family income and family or friends’ social support. Additionally, clinical factors such as complications and HbA1c values significantly impacted the patient’s disease self-management ability.展开更多
基金the Astronautic Technology Foundation (HTZC0405)
文摘In view of the problem that the current single-antenna GPS attitude determination system can only determine the body attitude when the sideslip angle is zero and the multiantenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system is of large volume, high cost, and complex structure, this approach is presented to determine the attitude based on vector space with single-antenna GPS and accelerometers in the micro inertial measurement unit (MIMU). It can provide real-time and accurate attitude information. Subsequently, the single-antenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system is designed based on the combination of position, velocity, and attitude. Finally the semi- physical simulations of single-antenna GPS attitude determination system and single-antenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system are carried out. The simulation results, based on measured data, show that the single-antenna GPS/SINS system can provide more accurate navigation information compared to the GPS/SINS system, based on the combination of position and velocity. Furthermore, the single-antenna GPS/SINS system is characteristic of lower cost and simpler structure. It provides the basis for the application of a single-antenna GPS/SINS integrated navigation system in a micro aerial vehicle (MAV).
文摘GPS-based attitude system is an important research field, since it is a valuable technique for the attitude determination of platforms. There exist two classes approaches for attitude determination using the GPS. The one determines attitude via baseline estimates in two frames, the other one solves for attitude by incorporating the attitude parameters directly into the GPS measurements. However, comparisons between these two classes approaches have been unexplored. First of all, two algorithms are introduced in detail which on behalf of these two kinds of approaches. Then we present numerical simulations demonstrating the performance of our algorithms and provide a comparison evaluating.
文摘As an important sensor in the navigation systems,star sensors and the gyro play important roles in spacecraft attitude determination system.Complex environmental factors are the main sources of error in attitude determination.The error influence of different benchmarks and the disintegration mode between the star sensor and the gyro is analyzed in theory.The integrated design of the star sensor and the gyro on the same benchmark can effectively avoid the error influence and improves the spacecraft attitude determination accuracy.Simulation results indicate that when the stars sensor optical axis vectors overlap the reference coordinate axis of the gyro in the same benchmark,the attitude determination accuracy improves.
文摘To address a problem of autonomous attitude determination algorithm using gravitational field and geomagnetic field observation, a new recursive optimization autonomous attitude estimation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on unscented Kalman filter(UKF), and can synchronously provide the attitude rate information. The simulated results show that the measurement precision of the method could be increased by 2 times compared to that of the common methods.
基金Sponsored by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2013M540857)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.FRF-TP-14-019A1)
文摘This paper discusses the design and implementation of a low cost multi-sensor integrated attitude determination system for small unmanned aerial vehicles( UAVs),which uses strapdown inertial navigation system( SINS) based on micro electromechanical system( MEMS) inertial sensors,commercial GPS receiver,and 3-axis magnetometer.MEMS-SINS initial attitude determination cannot be well performed for the reason that the MEMS inertial sensors biases are time-varying and poor repeatability,therefore in this paper the magnetometer and inclinometer are used to assist the MEMS-SINS initial attitude determination and MEMS inertial sensors field calibration.Furthermore,the attitude determination algorithms are presented to estimate the full attitude during GPS signal outage and non-accelerating situation.Additionally,the attitude information estimation results are compared with the reference of the non-magnetic marble platform and 3-axis turntable.Then the attitude estimation precision satisfies the requirement of attitude measurement for small UAVs during GPS signal outage and availability.Finally,the small UAV autonomous flight test results show that the low cost and real-time attitude determination system can yield continuous,reliable and effective attitude information for small UAVs.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China[Grant No.MOST 108-2221-E-019-013].
文摘In this paper,the Global Positioning System(GPS)interferometer provides the preliminarily computed quaternions,which are then employed as the measurement of the extended Kalman filter(EKF)for the attitude determination system.The estimated quaternion elements from the EKF output with noticeably improved precision can be converted to the Euler angles for navigation applications.The aim of the study is twofold.Firstly,the GPS-based computed quaternion vector is utilized to avoid the singularity problem.Secondly,the quaternion estimator based on the EKF is adopted to improve the estimation accuracy.Determination of the unknown baseline vector between the antennas sits at the heart of GPS-based attitude determination.Although utilization of the carrier phase observables enables the relative positioning to achieve centimeter level accuracy,however,the quaternion elements derived from the GPS interferometer are inherently noisy.This is due to the fact that the baseline vectors estimated by the least-squares method are based on the raw double-differenced measurements.Construction of the transformation matrix is accessible according to the estimate of baseline vectors and thereafter the computed quaternion elements can be derived.Using the Euler angle method,the process becomes meaningless when the angles are at 90where the singularity problem occurs.A good alternative is the quaternion approach,which possesses advantages over the equivalent Euler angle based transformation since they apply to all attitudes.Simulation results on the attitude estimation performance based on the proposed method will be presented and compared to the conventional method.The results presented in this paper elucidate the superiority of proposed algorithm.
基金This work has been partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology,Taiwan[Grant Numbers MOST 109-2221-E-019-010 and MOST 110-2221-E-019-042].
文摘In this paper,the estimator-based Global Positioning System(GPS)attitude and angular velocity determination is presented.Outputs of the attitude estimator include the attitude angles and attitude rates or body angular velocities,depending on the design of estimator.Traditionally as a position,velocity and time sensor,the GPS also offers a free attitude-determination interferometer.GPS research and applications to the field of attitude determination using carrier phase or Doppler measurement has been extensively conducted.The rawattitude solution using the interferometry technique based on the least-squares approach is inherently noisy.The estimator such as the Kalman filter(KF)or extended Kalman filter(EKF)can be incorporated into the GPS interferometer,potentially providing several advantages,such as accuracy improvement,reliability enhancement,and real-time characteristics.Three estimator-based approaches are investigated for performance comparison,including(1)KF with measurement involving attitude angles only;(2)EKF with measurements based on attitude angles only;(3)EKF with measurements involving both attitude angles and body angular rates.The assistance from body mounted gyroscopes,if available,can be utilized as the measurements for further performance improvement,especially useful for the case of signal-challenged environment,such as the GPS outages.Modeling of the dynamic process involving the body angular rates and derivation of the related algorithm will be presented.Simulation results for various estimator-based approaches are conducted;performance comparison is presented for the case of GPS outages.
基金This work has been partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China[Grant Number:MOST 108-2221-E-019-013].
文摘The Global Positioning System(GPS)offers the interferometer for attitude determination by processing the carrier phase observables.By using carrier phase observables,the relative positioning is obtained in centimeter level.GPS interferometry has been firstly used in precise static relative positioning,and thereafter in kinematic positioning.The carrier phase differential GPS based on interferometer principles can solve for the antenna baseline vector,defined as the vector between the antenna designated master and one of the slave antennas,connected to a rigid body.Determining the unknown baseline vectors between the antennas sits at the heart of GPS-based attitude determination.The conventional solution of the baseline vectors based on least-squares approach is inherently noisy,which results in the noisy attitude solutions.In this article,the complementary Kalman filter(CKF)is employed for solving the baseline vector in the attitude determination mechanism to improve the performance,where the receiver-satellite double differenced observable was utilized as the measurement.By using the carrier phase observables,the relative positioning is obtained in centimeter level.Employing the CKF provides several advantages,such as accuracy improvement,reliability enhancement,and real-time assurance.Simulation results based on the conventional method where the least-squares approach is involved,and the proposed method where the CKF is involved are compared and discussed.
文摘With the development of GPS carrier wave phase technology, it becomes possible that the height accuracy of centimeter level is got by GPS RTK technology. Vessel attitudes are very important parameters in marine survey. In this paper, they were determined by 4 GPS receivers. At the same time, the arithmetic and procedure of vessel attitude determining were given. Based on an experiment, some useful conclusions were obtained and the corresponding methods were put forward to improve the accuracy.
文摘This paper initially reviews types of deep space navigation methods. Then, it studies the use of pulsars as one of sources emitting electromagnetic waves in navigation;hence more details regarding the pulsar physics and the history of navigation using pulsars are presented. The various methods of navigation (including radio method), their advantages and disadvantages—in comparison with navigation using pulsars in spacecraft—are discussed. Then, the equations necessary for calculating position and velocity of a spacecraft (such as the arrival time of pulse from pulsar to the receiver) are introduced, and the methods of calculating position and velocity are dealt with. Finally, two algorithms are presented for positioning, and one for velocity. Attitude determination follows the same simple methods presented in various articles.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC,71473100NSFC-CGIAR,71461010701)
文摘Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers' risk perceptions and risk attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations and management decisions. However, this important issue has been overlooked in the contemporary studies and therefore there is a dearth of literature on this important issue. The present research is therefore, an attempt to fill this gap. This study aims to quantify hybrid maize farmers' perceptions of disastrous risks, their attitudes towards risk and to explore the impacts of various farm and farm household factors on farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The present study is conducted in four hybrid maize growing districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan, using cross-sectional data of 400 hybrid maize farmers. Risk matrix and equally likely certainty equivalent (ELCE) method are used to rank farmers' perceptions of four catastrophic risk sources including climate, biological, price and financial risks and to investigate farmers' risk aversion attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, probit regression is used to analyze the determinants affecting farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The results of the study showed that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and perceive price, biological and climate to be potential sources of risks to their farm enterprise. In addition, analysis divulges that distance from farm to main market, off-farm income, location dummies for Sahiwal and Okara, age, maize farming experience, access to extension agent, significantly (either negatively or positively) influence farmers' risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The study delivers valuable insights for farmers, agricultural insurance sector, extension services researchers and agricultural policy makers about the local understanding of risks to hybrid maize crop in developing countries, like Pakistan, and have implications for research on farmers' adaptation to exposed risks.
文摘Optical gyros and star sensors are primary measurement hardware in an attitude control system with high accuracy. The drifts of the optical gyros, however, make an unfavorable impact on the accuracy of the attitude control system. In order for compensati
基金Supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA),Goddard Space Flight Center,USA,under Contract AN13709
文摘A method is presented for near-Earth spacecraft or aviation vehicle's attitude rate estimation by using relative Doppler frequency shift of the Global Positioning System (GPS)carrier. It comprises two GPS receiving antennas, a signal processing circuit and an algorithm.The whole system is relatively simple, the cost and wcight, as well as power consumption, are very low.
文摘Objective: The purpose of this study is to understand the current situation of knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-management in young patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore the relationship between general conditions (personal, social, and environment, clinical factors) and their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of diabetes self-management, This aims to provide patients with high-quality nursing care management and services, as well as to provide relevant recommendations for effective self-management. Methods: This study is a descriptive correlational study that used the purposive sampling method to investigate 359 patients with T2DM aged 18-25 years in four designated tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province. Results: Knowledge of self-management was correlated with sex, age, education level, occupation and work situation, monthly household income, medical payment method, family and friend support, frequency of diabetes health education, and diabetes complications. The attitude subscale was correlated with sex, age, education level, work situation, and family and friend support. The practice subscale was associated with age, education level, work situation, family and friend support, frequency of diabetes health education, and HbA1c values. Conclusion: Young adults aged 18-25 with T2DM have positive attitudes towards diabetes self-management, but there are still deficiencies in knowledge acquisition and behavioral practice. The KAP of self-management of diabetes is influenced by personal factors such as sex, age, and education level, and socio-environmental factors such as family income and family or friends’ social support. Additionally, clinical factors such as complications and HbA1c values significantly impacted the patient’s disease self-management ability.