Induction System for a Fusion Reactor: Quantum Mechanics Chained up

In the quest for a sustainable and abundant energy source, nuclear fusion technology stands as a beacon of hope. This study introduces a groundbreaking quantum mechanically effective induction system designed for magnetic plasma confinement within fusion reactors. The pursuit of clean energy, essential to combat climate change, hinges on the ability to harness nuclear fusion efficiently. Traditional approaches have faced challenges in plasma stability and energy efficiency. The novel induction system presented here not only addresses these issues but also transforms fusion reactors into integrated construction systems. This innovation promises compact fusion reactors, marking a significant step toward a clean and limitless energy future, free from the constraints of traditional power sources. This revolutionary quantum induction system redefines plasma confinement in fusion reactors, unlocking clean, compact, and efficient energy production.

New Approach to Synchronize General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics with Constant “K”-Resulting Dark Matter as a New Fundamental Force Particle

Planck scale plays a vital role in describing fundamental forces. Space time describes strength of fundamental force. In this paper, Einstein’s general relativity equation has been described in terms of contraction and expansion forces of space time. According to this, the space time with Planck diameter is a flat space time. This is the only diameter of space time that can be used as signal transformation in special relativity. This space time diameter defines the fundamental force which belongs to that space time. In quantum mechanics, this space time diameter is only the quantum of space which belongs to that particular fundamental force. Einstein’s general relativity equation and Planck parameters of quantum mechanics have been written in terms of equations containing a constant “K”, thus found a new equation for transformation of general relativity space time in to quantum space time. In this process of synchronization, there is a possibility of a new fundamental force between electromagnetic and gravitational forces with Planck length as its space time diameter. It is proposed that dark matter is that fundamental force carrying particle. By grand unification equation with space-time diameter, we found a coupling constant as per standard model “αs” for that fundamental force is 1.08 × 10-23. Its energy calculated as 113 MeV. A group of experimental scientists reported the energy of dark matter particle as 17 MeV. Thorough review may advance science further.

Dental Treatment Using Quantum Mechanics for Knee Joint Pain

In clinical practice, dentists sometimes encounter phenomena that cannot be explained by modern western medical concepts;for example, the patient’s medical symptoms improve by bringing medicines or dentures close to the body. Although it seems difficult to completely elucidate the mechanism through modern western medicine, it can be explained using quantum mechanics. The quantum, the smallest unit of matter composition, exhibits wave-particle duality. The fact that symptoms can be improved simply by bringing dentures or medicines closer to the body indicates that the waves emitted by dentures or medicines interfere with the pathological waves emitted by the pathological site. Thus, the pathological waves are deformed and lead to a change in symptoms. In this way, quantum theory can explain phenomena that are difficult to elucidate in conventional medicine, which are encountered in clinical practice. So far, the author has presented a case of difficulty in raising the upper limb where the symptoms improved without the need for dentures in the mouth by adjusting the dentures outside the mouth. This time, the author would like to introduce a case which the patient’s knee pain improved by adjusting the dentures outside the mouth.

(3+1)-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics from Monte Carlo Hamiltonian: Harmonic Oscillator

In Lagrangian formulation, it is extremely difficult to compute the excited spectrum and wavefunctions ora quantum theory via Monte Carlo methods. Recently, we developed a Monte Carlo Hamiltonian method for investigating this hard problem and tested the algorithm in quantum-mechanical systems in 1+1 and 2t1 dimensions. In this paper we apply it to the study of thelow-energy quantum physics of the (3+1)-dimensional harmonic oscillator.

The Wave-Particle Duality—Does the Concept of Particle Make Sense in Quantum Mechanics? Should We Ask the Second Quantization?

The quantum object is in general considered as displaying both wave and particle nature. By particle is understood an item localized in a very small volume of the space, and which cannot be simultaneously in two disjoint regions of the space. By wave, to the contrary, is understood a distributed item, occupying in some cases two or more disjoint regions of the space. The quantum formalism did not explain until today the so-called “collapse” of the wave-function, i.e. the shrinking of the wave-function to one small region of the space, when a macroscopic object is encountered. This seems to happen in “which-way” experiments. A very appealing explanation for this behavior is the idea of a particle, localized in some limited part of the wave-function. The present article challenges the concept of particle. It proves in the base of a variant of the Tan, Walls and Collett experiment, that this concept leads to a situation in which the particle has to be simultaneously in two places distant from one another—situation that contradicts the very definition of a particle. Another argument is based on a modified version of the Afshar experiment, showing that the concept of particle is problematic. The concept of particle makes additional difficulties when the wave-function passes through fields. An unexpected possibility to solve these difficulties seems to arise from the cavity quantum electrodynamics studies done recently by S. Savasta and his collaborators. It involves virtual particles. One of these studies is briefly described here. Though, experimental results are needed, so that it is too soon to conclude whether it speaks in favor, or against the concept of particle.

Quantum Tunneling Enhanced Hydrogen Desorption from Graphene Surface: Atomic versus Molecular Mechanism

We study the desorption mechanism of hydrogen isotopes from graphene surface using first-principles calculations,with focus on the effects of quantum tunneling.At low temperatures,quantum tunneling plays a dominant role in the desorption process of both hydrogen monomers and dimers.In the case of dimer desorption,two types of mechanisms,namely the traditional one-step desorption in the form of molecules(molecular mechanism),and the two-step desorption in the form of individual atoms(atomic mechanism),are studied and compared.For the ortho-dimers,the dominant desorption mechanism is found to switch from the molecular mechanism to the atomic mechanism above a critical temperature,which is∼300K and 200K for H and D,respectively.

Solving ground eigenvalue and eigenfunction of spheroidal wave equation at low frequency by supersymmetric quantum mechanics method

The spheroidal wave functions are found to have extensive applications in many branches of physics and mathematics. We use the perturbation method in supersymmetric quantum mechanics to obtain the analytic ground eigenvalue and the ground eigenfunction of the angular spheroidal wave equation at low frequency in a series form. Using this approach, the numerical determinations of the ground eigenvalue and the ground eigenfunction for small complex frequencies are also obtained.

The Fourier Transform and Principles of Quantum Mechanics

From the hypotheses that the position-representation of a physical state is the Fourier transform of its momentum-representation and that the timerepresentation is the inverse Fourier transform of its energy-representation, we are able to obtain the Planck relation E = hν , the de Broglie relation p = h /λ , the Dirac fundamental commutation relation, the Schr?dinger equations, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, and the annihilation/creation of a photon from excitation/de-excitation of an atom following Bohr.

Quantum generative adversarial networks based on a readout error mitigation method with fault tolerant mechanism

Readout errors caused by measurement noise are a significant source of errors in quantum circuits,which severely affect the output results and are an urgent problem to be solved in noisy-intermediate scale quantum(NISQ)computing.In this paper,we use the bit-flip averaging(BFA)method to mitigate frequent readout errors in quantum generative adversarial networks(QGAN)for image generation,which simplifies the response matrix structure by averaging the qubits for each random bit-flip in advance,successfully solving problems with high cost of measurement for traditional error mitigation methods.Our experiments were simulated in Qiskit using the handwritten digit image recognition dataset under the BFA-based method,the Kullback-Leibler(KL)divergence of the generated images converges to 0.04,0.05,and 0.1 for readout error probabilities of p=0.01,p=0.05,and p=0.1,respectively.Additionally,by evaluating the fidelity of the quantum states representing the images,we observe average fidelity values of 0.97,0.96,and 0.95 for the three readout error probabilities,respectively.These results demonstrate the robustness of the model in mitigating readout errors and provide a highly fault tolerant mechanism for image generation models.

On Quantum Mechanics on Noncommutative Quantum Phase Space

In this work,we develop a general framework in which Noncommutative Quantum Mechanics (NCQM), characterized by a space noncommutativity matrix parameter θ=∈_(ji)~kθ_k and a momentum noncommutativity matrix parameter β_(ij)=∈_(ij)~kβ_k,is shown to be equivalent to Quantum Mechanics (QM) on a suitable transformed Quantum Phase Space (QPS).Imposing some constraints on this particular transformation,we firstly find that the product of the two parameters θ and β possesses a lower bound in direct relation with Heisenberg incertitude relations,and secondly that the two parameters are equivalent but with opposite sign,up to a dimension factor depending on the physical system under study.This means that noncommutativity is represented by a unique parameter which may play the role of a fundamental constant characterizing the whole NCQPS.Within our framework,we treat some physical systems on NCQPS:free particle,harmonic oscillator,system of two-charged particles,Hydrogen atom.Among the obtained results, we discover a new phenomenon which consists of a free particle on NCQPS viewed as equivalent to a harmonic oscillator with Larmor frequency depending on β,representing the same particle in presence of a magnetic field=q~(-1).For the other examples,additional correction terms depending on β appear in the expression of the energy spectrum.Finally,in the two-particle system case,we emphasize the fact that for two opposite charges noncornmutativity is effectively feeled with opposite sign.

Reformulation of Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Equations with Non-Commutative Sedeons

We present sixteen-component values “sedeons”, generating associative non-commutative space-time algebra. The generalized relativistic wave equations based on sedeonic wave function and space-time operators are proposed. We demonstrate that sedeonic second-order wave equation for massive field can be reformulated as the quasi-classical equation for the potentials of the field or in equivalent form as the Maxwell-like equations for the field intensities. The sedeonic first-order Dirac-like equations for massive and massless fields are also discussed.

Physico−mathematical model of the voltage−current characteristics of light-emitting diodes with quantum wells based on the Sah−Noyce−Shockley recombination mechanism

Herein,a physical and mathematical model of the voltage−current characteristics of a p−n heterostructure with quantum wells(QWs)is prepared using the Sah−Noyce−Shockley(SNS)recombination mechanism to show the SNS recombination rate of the correction function of the distribution of QWs in the space charge region of diode configuration.A comparison of the model voltage−current characteristics(VCCs)with the experimental ones reveals their adequacy.The technological parameters of the structure of the VCC model are determined experimentally using a nondestructive capacitive approach for determining the impurity distribution profile in the active region of the diode structure with a profile depth resolution of up to 10Å.The correction function in the expression of the recombination rate shows the possibility of determining the derivative of the VCCs of structures with QWs with a nonideality factor of up to 4.

The Quantum Mechanics <i>Needs</i>the Principle of Wave-Function Collapse—But This Principle Shouldn’t Be <i>Misunderstood</i>

The postulate of the collapse of the wave-function stands between the microscopic, quantum world, and the macroscopic world. Because of this intermediate position, the collapse process cannot be examined with the formalism of the quantum mechanics (QM), neither with that of classical mechanics. This fact makes some physicists propose interpretations of QM, which avoid this postulate. However, the common procedure used in that is making assumptions incompatible with the QM formalism. The present work discusses the most popular interpretations. It is shown that because of such assumptions those interpretations fail, i.e. predict for some experiments results which differ from the QM predictions. Despite that, special attention is called to a proposal of S. Gao, the only one which addresses and tries to solve an obvious and major contradiction. A couple of theorems are proved for showing that the collapse postulate is necessary in the QM. Although non-explainable with the quantum formalism, this postulate cannot be denied, otherwise one comes to conclusions which disagree with the QM. It is also proved here that the idea of “collapse at a distance” is problematic especially in relativistic cases, and is a misunderstanding. Namely, in an entanglement of two quantum systems, assuming that the measurement of one of the systems (accompanied by collapse of that system on one of its states) collapses the other systems, too without the second system being measured, which leads to a contradiction.

Pseudospin symmetric solutions of the Dirac equation with the modified Rosen-Morse potential using Nikiforov-Uvarov method and supersymmetric quantum mechanics approach

Employing the Pekeris-type approximation to deal with the pseudo-centrifugal term,we analytically study the pseudospin symmetry of a Dirac nucleon subjected to equal scalar and vector modified Rosen-Morse potential including the spin-orbit coupling term by using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method and supersymmetric quantum mechanics approach.The complex eigenvalue equation and the total normalized wave functions expressed in terms of Jacobi polynomial with arbitrary spin-orbit coupling quantum number k are presented under the condition of pseudospin symmetry.The eigenvalue equations for both methods reproduce the same result to affirm the mathematical accuracy of analytical calculations.The numerical solutions obtained for different adjustable parameters produce degeneracies for some quantum number.

Discrete Symmetry in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

EPR experiment on system in 1998 [1] strongly hints that one should use operators and for the wavefunction (WF) of antiparticle. Further analysis on Klein-Gordon (KG) equation reveals that there is a discrete symmetry hiding in relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) that PT=C. Here PT means the (newly defined) combined space-time inversion (with x→-x,t→-t), while C the transformation of WF Ψ between particle and its antiparticle whose definition is just residing in the above symmetry. After combining with Feshbach-Villars (FV) dissociation of KG equation (Ψ=φ+x) [2], this discrete symmetry can be rigorously reformulated by the invariance of coupling equation of φ and x under either the combined space-time inversion PT or the mass inversion (m→-m), which makes the KG equation a self-consistent theory. Dirac equation is also discussed accordingly. Various applications of this discrete symmetry are discussed, including the prediction of antigravity between matter and antimatter as well as the reason why we believe neutrinos are likely the tachyons.

About the Nature of the Quantum System—An Examination of the Random Discontinuous Motion Interpretation of the Quantum Mechanics

What is the quantum system? Consider the wave-function of the electron—what we call “single particle wave-function”—and assume that it contains N wave-packets. If we pass all the wave-packets through an electric field, all are deflected, as if each one of them contains an electron. However, if we bring any two wave-packets to travel close to one another, they don’t repel one another, as if at least one of them contains no charge. In trying to solve the measurement problem of the quantum mechanics (QM), different interpretations were proposed, each one coming with a particular ontology. However, only one interpretation paid explicit attention to the contradiction mentioned above. This interpretation was proposed by S. Gao who named it “random discontinuous motion” (RDM), because it assumes the existence of a particle that jumps from place to place at random. The particle carries all the physical properties of the respective type of particle, mass, charge, magnetic momentum, etc. It jumps under the control of an “instantaneous condition” about which Gao did not give details so far. Along with presenting problems of the QM that this interpretation solves, this text reveals difficulties vis-à-vis entanglements and the special relativity.

Composite Time Concept for Quantum Mechanics and Bio-Psychology

Time has multiple aspects and is difficult to define as one unique entity, which therefore led to multiple interpretations in physics and philosophy. However, if the perception of time is considered as a composite time concept, it can be decomposed into basic invariable components for the perception of progressive and support-fixed time and into secondary components with possible association to unit-defined time or tense. Progressive time corresponds to Bergson＇s definition of duration without boundaries, which cannot be divided for measurements. Time periods are already lying in the past and fixed on different kinds of support. The human memory is the first automatic support, but any other support suitable for time registration can also be considered. The true reproduction of original time from any support requires conditions identical to the initial conditions, if not time reproduction becomes artificially modified as can be seen with a film. Time reproduction can be artificially accelerated, slowed down, extended or diminished, and also inverted from the present to the past, which only depends on the manipulation of the support, to which time is firmly linked. Tense associated to progressive and support fixed time is a psychological property directly dependent on an observer, who judges his present as immediate, his past as finished and his future as uncertain. Events can be secondarily associated to the tenses of an observer. Unit-defined time is essential for physics and normal live and is obtained by comparison of support-fixed time to systems with regular motions, like clocks. The association of time perception to time units can also be broken. Einstein＇s time units became relative, in quantum mechanics, some physicist eliminated time units, others maintained them. Nevertheless, even the complete elimination of time units is not identical to timelessness, since the psychological perception of progressive and support-fixed time still remains and cannot be ignored. It is not seizable by physical methods, but experienced by everybody in everyday life. Contemporary physics can only abandon the association of time units or tenses to the basic components in perceived time.

Refinement of Adaptive Dynamical Simulation of Quantum Mechanical Double Slit Interference Phenomenon

We applied adaptive dynamics to double slit interference phenomenon using particle model and obtained partial successful results in our previous report. The patterns qualitatively corresponded well with experiments. Several properties such as concave single slit pattern and large influence of slight displacement of the emission position were different from the experimental results. In this study we tried other slit conditions and obtained consistent patterns with experiments. We do not claim that the adaptive dynamics is the principle of quantum mechanics, but the present results support the probability of adaptive dynamics as the candidate of the basis of quantum mechanics. We discuss the advantages of the adaptive dynamical view for foundations of quantum mechanics.

Review of Methods of Image Segmentation Based on Quantum Mechanics

The quantum theory application is a hot research area in recent years, especially the theory of quantum mechanics. In this paper, we focus on the research of image segmentation based on quantum mechanics. Firstly,the theory of quantum mechanics is introduced; afterwards, a review of image segmentation methods based on quantum mechanics is presented; and finally, the characteristics about the quantum mechanics applied to image processing are concluded. Two main research topics are discussed in this paper. One is to emphasize that quantum mechanics can be applied in different research areas, such as image segmentation, and the second is to conclude some methods in image segmentation and give some suggestions for possible novel methods by applying quantum mechanics theory. As a summary, this is a review paper which presents some methods based on the feasible theory in quantum mechanics aiming at achieving a better performance in image segmentation.

The Yukawa potential in semirelativistic formulation via supersymmetry quantum mechanics

We apply an approximation to the centrifugal term and solve the two-body spinless-Salpeter equation （SSE） with the Yukawa potential via the supersymmetric quantum mechanics （SUSYQM） for arbitrary quantum numbers. Useful figures and tables are also included.