Solidification microstructure of directionally solidified superalloy under high temperature gradient

The effect of solidification rate on the microstructure development of nickel-based superalloy under the temperature gradient of 500 K·cm-1 was studied. The results show that, with the increase of directional solidification rate from 50 to 800 μm·s-1, both the primary and the secondary dendrite arm spacings of the alloy decrease gradually, and the dendrite morphologies transform from coarse dendrite to superfine dendrite. The sizes of all precipitates in the superalloy decrease gradually. The morphology of γ' precipitate changes from cube to sphere shape and distributes uniformly in both dendrite core and interdendritic regions. MC carbide morphology changes from coarse block to fine-strip and then to Chinese-script and mainly consists of Ta, W, and Hf elements. The γ-γ' eutectic fraction increases firstly and then decreases, and similar regularity is also found for the variation of segregation ratio of elements.

Effect of Heat Transfer Coefficient on the Temperature Gradient for Hollow Fiber

The heat transfer coefficient h caused by blowing affects the heat transfer of fiber greatly. Especially,unsymmetrical blowing forms the unsymmetrical temperature gradient on the fiber cross.section. Based on the results of spinning simulation by computer, the changes of heat transfer coefficient on the cross-section along the spinning line and the effects on distributions of temperature gradients were discussedl It is showed that for the spinning simulation of hollow fiber under strong blowing condition, the heat transfer coetticient should bemodified as: h=0.437×10-4[ G/Vρ ( R2/ R2-n2 ) ] -o.333(V2+ 64( VYsin (θ))2)0.

Direct Measurements of the Electron Energy Flux versus Electron Temperature Gradient in Tokamak Discharges

Electron thermal transport is one of the most complex processes in fusionplasmas. It is generally described by a simple thermal diffusivity in transport analyses ofdischarges, but there is evidence of critical gradient effects with moderate stiffness. By analyzingperiodic perturbations to an equilibrium, one canmeasure the variations in electron energy flux andelectron temperature gradient over the perturbation cycle, obtaining the flux as a function ofgradient over the range of parameters generated by the perturbation. Although time-dependenttransport analysis is very sensitive to noise in the input data, averaging over many cycles of aperiodic perturbation can provide data of sufficient quality. The analyses presented here are basedon the ECE temperature data with high spatial and temporal resolution and full profile coverage onDIII-D for sawteeth and modulated ECH heating.

Effect of Sinusoidal Heating on Natural Convection Coupled to Thermal Radiation in a Square Cavity Subjected to Cross Temperature Gradients

Coupled natural convection and surface radiation within a square cavity, filled with air and submitted to discrete heating and cooling from all its walls, is studied numerically. The thermally active elements are centrally located on the walls of the cavity. Two heating modes, called SB and SV, are considered. They correspond to bottom and vertical left elements sinusoidally heated in time, respectively, while the top and vertical right ones are constantly cooled. The remaining portions of all the walls are considered adiabatic. The parameters governing the problem are the amplitude and the period of the temporally sinusoidal temperature, the emissivity of the walls , the relative lengths of the active elements and the Rayleigh number . The effect of such parameters on flow and thermal fields and the resulting heat transfer is examined. It is shown that, during a flow cycle, the flow structure can present complex behavior, depending on the emissivity and the amplitude and period of the exciting temperature. The rate of heat transfer is generally enhanced in the case of sinusoidal heating. Also, the resonance phenomenon existence, characterized by maximum fluctuations in flow intensity and heat transfer, is proved in this study.

An experimental study on effects of temperature gradient on microstructure of a 308L stainless steel manufactured by directed energy deposition

The effect of spatial temperature gradient on the microstructural evolution of a 308L stainless steel during the directed energy deposition(DED)process was experimentally investigated.A novel cooling system was designed and incorporated to a DED system in order to control the temperature gradient along the deposition direction during solidification.During deposition,the workpiece was placed on a lifting platform,and as the deposition process proceeded,the platform and workpiece were gradually lowered into cooling water so that the temperature gradient along the deposition direction could be controlled and maintained stable during the deposition process.The microstructure characterization results indicated that a deposition strategy with higher G and G/R values(where G is temperature gradient and R is solidification rate)produced finer cellular grains that were better aligned with the deposition direction,while a deposition strategy with lower G and G/R values produced columnar grains with larger primary arm spacing and less aligned with the deposition direction.

Thermodynamic properties of San Carlos olivine at high temperature and high pressure

In this study, the thermal expansion and heat capacity of San Carlos olivine under high temperature and high pressure are reported. Combining accurate sound velocity data under different P–T conditions with density and heat capacity data at ambient pressure, the density,adiabatic bulk modulus, shear modulus, and most importantly, thermal expansion and heat capacity, of San Carlos are extracted to 14 GPa by a numerical procedure using classic thermodynamic relationships. These data are in agreement with published findings. To estimate the temperature gradient in the upper mantle, we also report the fitting equations of thermal expansion and heat capacity of San Carlos olivine as a function of both temperature and pressure to the P–T condition of the 410 km discontinuity,which provide the thermodynamic properties with increasing depth in the Earth's interior.

Effects of Strontium,Magnesium Addition,Temperature Gradient,and Growth Velocity on Al-Si Eutectic Growth in a Unidirectionally-solidified Al-13 wt%,Si Alloy

Al-Si eutectic growth mechanism was investigated in a directionally-solidified AI-1 3 wt% Si alloy with different strontium （Sr） and magnesium （Mg） additions, growth velocities and temperature gradients. Macro- and micro- scale metallographic analyses revealed that addition level of Sr and Mg, temperature gradient and growth velocity are important factors affecting stability of solidifying AI-Si eutectic front and the final morphology of eutectic grains in the solidified A1-13 wt% Si alloys. By varying （tailoring） these factors, a variety of eutectic grain structures and morphologies such as planar front, cellular structure, a mix of cellular and columnar, or equiaxed dendrites, can be obtained. Increasing temperature gradient, reducing growth velocity, or decreasing Sr and Mg contents is beneficial to stabilizing planar growth front of eutectic grains, which is qualitatively in accordance with constitutional supercooling criterion for binary eutectic growth. In contrast, adding more Sr and Mg, increasing growth velocity, or decreasing temperature gradient produces large constitutional supercooling, leading to columnar-equiaxed transition （CET） of eutectic structure, which can be interpreted on the basis of Hunt＇s Model. It is also found that both solute concentration and solidification variables have significant impact not only on eutectic growth, but also on gas porosity formation.

Influence of hexagonal to orthorhombic phase transformation on diffusion-controlled dendrite evolution in directionally solidified Sn−Ni peritectic alloy

The hexagonal to orthorhombic(HO)transformation fromβ-Ni_(3)Sn_(2)(hexagonal)phase toα'-Ni_(3)Sn_(2)(orthorhombic)phase was confirmed in directionally solidified Sn−Ni peritectic alloys.It is shown that the remelting/resolidification process which is caused by both the temperature gradient zone melting(TGZM)and Gibbs−Thomson(G−T)effects can take place on secondary dendrites.Besides,the intersection angle between the primary dendrite stem and secondary branch(θ)is found to increase fromπ/3 toπ/2 as the solidification proceeds.This is the morphological feature of the HO transformation,which can change the diffusion distance of the remelting/resolidification process.Thus,a diffusion-based analytical model is established to describe this process through the specific surface area(S_(V))of dendrites.The theoretical prediction demonstrates that the remelting/resolidification process is restricted when the HO transformation occurs during peritectic solidification.In addition,the slope of the prediction curves is changed,indicating the variation of the local remelting/resolidification rates.

Heat Transfer to a Particle Exposed to a Rarefied Plasma with a Great Temperature Gradient

A kinetic-theory analysis is presented concerning the heat transfer from a rarefied plasma to a spherical particle for the extreme case of free-molecule regime and thin plasma sheath. A great temperature gradient is assumed to exist in the plasma, and thus a non-Maxwellian velocity distribution function is employed for each of the gas species. Analytical results show that the existence of a temperature gradient in the plasma causes a nonuniform distribution of the local heat flux density on the sphere surface, while the total heat flux to the whole particle is independent of the temperature gradient. The nonuniformity of the local heat flux distributioln is small even for the case with a temperature gradient as great as 10~6 K/m, but it may significantly enhance the thermophoretic force on an evaporating particle. Heat transfer is mainly caused by atoms at low gas temperatures with negligible ionization degree, while it can be attributed to ions and electrons at high plasma temperatures.

Temperature changes in the root ecosystem affect plant functionality

Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme heat events that aggravate its negative impact on plant development and agricultural yield.Most experiments designed to study plant adaption to heat stress apply homogeneous high temperatures to both shoot and root.However,this treatment does not mimic the conditions in natural fields,where roots grow in a dark environment with a descending temperature gradient.Excessively high temperatures severely decrease cell division in the root meristem,compromising root growth,while increasing the division of quiescent center cells,likely in an attempt to maintain the stem cell niche under such harsh conditions.Here,we engineered the TGRooZ,a device that generates a temperature gradient for in vitro or greenhouse growth assays.The root systems of plants exposed to high shoot temperatures but cultivated in theTGRooZ grow efficiently and maintain their functionality to sustain proper shoot growth and development.Furthermore,gene expression and rhizosphere or root microbiomecomposition are significantly less affected in TGRooZ-grown roots than in high-temperature-grown roots,correlating with higher root functionality.Our data indicate that use of the TGRooZ in heat-stress studies can improve our knowledge of plant response to high temperatures,demonstrating its applicability from laboratory studies to the field.

驱动源及低温热源双向梯级利用热泵工艺研究

为提高一次能源利用效率,针对大庆油田吸收式热泵余热提取工艺进行了改进,采用驱动源和低温热源双向梯级利用热泵工艺,提高了能源利用效率。传统热泵工艺COP为1.7,采用双效梯级利用工艺COP达到2.7。双向梯级利用热泵工艺为耦合蒸汽直拖离心式热泵和蒸汽驱动吸收式热泵对余热余压梯级利用的工艺流程,利用中温中压蒸汽梯级驱动两级热泵,充分发挥了蒸汽的做功能力;同时梯级提取含油污水低温余热,使含油污水温度从35℃降至21℃,传统热泵工艺从35℃降至25℃。综合能源利用效率较传统热泵工艺提高了50%。

预制T梁架设阶段横向温度梯度作用侧向变形研究

为控制大跨预制混凝土T梁架设阶段由横向温差导致的侧向失稳,以标准截面预制混凝土T梁为背景,对架设阶段横向温度梯度作用下的T梁侧向变形进行研究。建立截面热传递理论模型,通过热传递有限元分析得到主梁温度时程与分布,并与实测结果对比以验证有限元分析准确性,分析极端环境条件下(最高气温、最低气温、最大温差和最强太阳辐射)截面横向温度梯度分布,提出横向温度梯度多线性分布模式和预制混凝土T梁在横向温度梯度作用下的侧向变形简化分析方法。结果表明:热传递有限元分析计算结果与实测结果吻合;混凝土T梁顶、底板温差明显,且均产生较大的横向温度梯度;顶、底板及腹板的最高温度均出现在太阳直射边缘,最低温度出现在横向中心位置附近;采用简化分析方法计算预制混凝土T梁在横向温度梯度作用下的侧向变形,并得到不同标准截面梁在极端横向温度梯度下的侧向变形与跨径的关系,可为预制混凝土T梁架设时侧向变形控制提供参考。

环氧树脂固化促进剂的研究及应用

环氧树脂由于其优异的性能,使其在胶粘剂、涂层以及复合材料等领域获得了广泛的应用。为了提高固化速率,同时对于一些热敏感的部件来说,温度是一个重要的指标,需要降低固化温度,因此,加入固化促进剂是必要的。本文主要综述了环氧树脂固化促进剂的研究进展及应用情况,包括叔胺及其盐类固化促进剂、三苯基膦及其鏻盐固化促进剂、取代脲固化促进剂、咪唑及其盐类固化促进剂、三氟化硼胺络合物固化促进剂等,并指出了未来的发展方向。

Whole-process modeling of titanium disc forming for gradient distributions of temperature and deformation

Gradient distributions of temperature and deformation(GDTD)are crucial for achieving dual-performance discs of titanium alloys which is required by the service environment of aeroengine.However,heating,cooling and deforming sequence in the whole process of the titanium disc forming,which leads to difficulties for achieving GDTD due to a lot of parameters.To solve this problem,a whole-process model of the titanium disc forming for GDTD has been established.In the model,heating and cooling via heat radiation,conduction and convection,and deforming by local loading with mold chilling are all considered.Experiments on heating and cooling as well as deforming were carried out by using a furnace and the Gleeble-3500 machine.The experimental data are used to determine thermal parameters and constitutive relations of the IMI834 titanium alloy,and then to verify the reliability of the model.Then the model was used to simulate the evolution rules of temperature and deformation of the titanium disc.The results show that the heating surface,furnace temperature,billet profile and loading rate play the core role for the control of GDTD,and thus a set of parameters were determined.Therefore,this work provides a base for developing a new forming technology of the dual-performance titanium discs with the approach of local heating and local loading.

水平内螺纹管中超临界RP-3航空煤油换热数值研究

针对航空换热器的应用,对水平内螺纹管中RP-3航空煤油的超临界换热进行了数值研究,着重考察煤油压力和螺纹升角对换热的影响。基于管截面温度、密度、局部质量流速、流线分布状况,揭示周向非均匀传热恶化的机理。通过类气膜温度梯度和旋流动能的演变以定量表征类气膜程度和旋流强度。提出了适用于周向四个位置努塞尔数预测的换热关联式。结果表明:流动性差的类气膜在冷流体和热壁面之间形成阻隔,导致传热恶化问题。浮升力作用致使流场和温度场出现畸变,类气膜厚度周向不均,产生局部超厚类气膜,对应的传热恶化加剧。厚类气膜区和二次流涡在浮升力和螺纹旋流耦合机制下沿流动方向不断逆时针改变位置。提高煤油压力有利于削弱和延后类气膜效应,且使旋流强度下降。随着螺纹升角增大,类气膜效应略有削弱和后延,旋流强度显著提高。换热关联式预测偏差普遍位于±10%的误差范围。

型壳加热温度对单晶高温合金显微组织及“雀斑”形成的影响

利用所设计的阶梯试样进行定向凝固试验和模拟,研究定向凝固过程型壳加热温度对单晶高温合金铸件显微组织和“雀斑”形成的影响。分析糊状区的温度场及形貌。结果表明,升高型壳加热温度,一次和二次枝晶间距减小,糊状区液相的渗透率和对流通道的宽度降低,“雀斑”形成倾向性降低,“雀斑”宽度减小,“雀斑”区域枝晶碎片减少。此外,随着型壳加热温度的升高,糊状区液相冷却速率增加,糊状区熔体的冷却时间减少,液体流动对枝晶的破碎程度得到削弱,这进一步降低单晶高温合金铸件“雀斑”形成的倾向性。

不同晶化温度对硅锰渣铸石的内部温差、析晶和物理性能的影响规律

以硅锰渣为主要原料,采用熔渣冷却析晶一步法(铸石浇铸法),在800、900、1000和1050℃四个不同晶化温度,分别制备了规格为ϕ100 mm×20 mm的铸石样品CT-800、CT-900、CT-1000和CT-1050,通过构建实验装置,测试了熔渣在成型和热处理全过程中心与边缘温度变化规律,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜和能谱(SEM–EDS)等手段,分析了不同晶化温度对铸石中心和边缘的温差、析晶与物理性能的影响规律.研究表明:以硅锰渣为主要原料在900~1050℃保温析晶可以制备出满足天然花岗岩建筑板材标准(GB/T18601—2009)的铸石,晶相为辉石、黄长石以及硫化锰.CT-1000和CT-1050铸石析出更多和更大尺寸的晶相,存在微观孔隙和宏观缩孔,降低了其力学性能.CT-900具有最佳性能,而CT-800以玻璃相为主,热处理后发生断裂.在本实验条件下,最大温差(32℃)发生在把熔渣倒入模具的凝固成型阶段,且晶化温度越低,温差越大.CT-1000和CT-1050析晶阶段存在的大量析晶放热导致温差二次增大,延长了中心和边缘温度一致的时间.硫化锰是高温熔融态下析出晶相,易于氧化分解,快速冷却的边缘存在更多硫化锰相.黄长石较辉石在更高的温度下析出,较高的晶化温度处理样品和相同晶化温度下样品的中心部分均存在相对更多的黄长石相.

大体积混凝土水化热损伤计算方法

为更准确地判断浇筑过程中大体积混凝土内部的水化热损失,提出了综合考虑混凝土绝热温升、环境温度、入模温度、模板材料散热系数、保温材料散热系数和浇筑层厚这6个影响因素的混凝土浇筑过程中最不利时刻的温度分布预测公式,并采用响应面分析法率定公式中的参数,基于温度分布及Loland损伤模型提出了一种水化热损伤计算方法,通过有限元数值模型对该方法进行了验证。结果表明,该方法能够判断浇筑过程中任意一点是否会因为温度梯度造成损伤开裂。

深层油藏传热模型及油柱高度计算

深层油藏储层埋藏深、厚度大,油井难以钻穿整个油层。针对深层油藏油柱高度的计算问题,考虑在油井投产后从油水界面到井底的垂向传热过程,建立了一个深层油藏传热模型。利用变量代换、分离变量及傅里叶变换等方法对模型进行了求解,获得了油藏油柱高度计算式。只需利用油井投产前和投产一段时间后的井底温度数据,便可计算油柱高度。以塔里木盆地某深层油藏某油井为例,展示了油柱高度的计算与应用。同时,利用该井的基础数据,代入传热模型,模拟计算了油井投产后不同时间下不同油层位置的温度值和温度梯度值,进而绘制了不同生产时间下储层温度分布曲线和不同储层位置处的储层温度动态变化曲线,结果表明油井投产后的储层温度分布呈非线性的动态变化特征。建立的传热模型可为深层油藏油柱高度的计算提供技术支持。

三芯电缆中间接头压接缺陷多物理场及温度梯度场分析

为解决传统电缆中间接头压接缺陷识别温度敏感性差、环境影响因素多、设备检测精度低等问题,提出了一种基于温度梯度矢量分析的电缆中间接头缺陷识别方法。通过对10 kV三芯电缆开展多场耦合计算,采用矢量分析方法获得了电缆中间接头的温度梯度场和热流密度分布矢量图,形成了电缆中间接头温度梯度场分布规律。结果表明:电缆中间接头表面温度梯度主要受x方向(电缆径向)温度梯度的影响;正常接头表面温度变化率不超过16.6%,其表面温度梯度变化率达49.8%;缺陷接头表面温度变化率不超过21.8%,其表面温度梯度变化率达57.8%,温度梯度场相较温度场有更高的检测灵敏度。开展电缆中间接头温度梯度场分析研究,对电缆接头致热型缺陷运维效率提升有积极意义。