Research on multi-time scale doubly-fed wind turbine test system based on FPGA+CPU heterogeneous calculation

As the proportion of renewable energy increases, the interaction between renewable energy devices and the grid continues to enhance. Therefore, the renewable energy dynamic test in a power system has become more and more important. Traditional dynamic simulation systems and digital-analog hybrid simulation systems are difficult to compromise on the economy, flexibility and accuracy. A multi-time scale test system of doubly fed induction generator based on FPGA+ CPU heterogeneous calculation is proposed in this paper. The proposed test system is based on the ADPSS simulation platform. The power circuit part of the test system is setup up using the EMT(electromagnetic transient simulation) simulation, and the control part uses the actual physical devices. In order to realize the close-loop testing for the physical devices, the power circuit must be simulated in real-time. This paper proposes a multi-time scale simulation algorithm, in which the decoupling component divides the power circuit into a large time scale system and a small time scale system in order to reduce computing effort. This paper also proposes the FPGA+CPU heterogeneous computing architecture for implementing this multitime scale simulation. In FPGA, there is a complete small time-scale EMT engine, which support the flexibly circuit modeling with any topology. Finally, the test system is connected to an DFIG controller based on Labview to verify the feasibility of the test system.

An analytic electromagnetic calculation method for performance evolution of doubly fed induction generators for wind turbines

An analytic electromagnetic calculation method for doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) in wind turbine system was presented. Based on the operation principles, steady state equivalent circuit and basic equations of DFIG, the modeling for electromagnetic calculation of DFIG was proposed. The electromagnetic calculation of DFIG was divided into three steps: the magnetic flux calculation, parameters derivation and performance checks. For each step, the detailed numeric calculation formulas were all derived. Combining the calculation formulas, the whole electromagnetic calculation procedure was established, which consisted of three iterative calculation loops, including magnetic saturation coefficient, electromotive force and total output power. All of the electromagnetic and performance data of DIFG can be calculated conveniently by the established calculation procedure, which can be used to evaluate the new designed machine. A 1.5 MW DFIG designed by the proposed procedure was built, for which the whole type tests including no-load test, load test and temperature rising test were carried out. The test results have shown that the DFIG satisfies technical requirements and the test data fit well with the calculation results which prove the correctness of the presented calculation method.

Fractional-Order Control of a Wind Turbine Using Manta Ray Foraging Optimization

In this research paper,an improved strategy to enhance the performance of the DC-link voltage loop regulation in a Doubly Fed Induction Generator(DFIG)based wind energy system has been proposed.The proposed strategy used the robust Fractional-Order(FO)Proportional-Integral(PI)control technique.The FOPI control contains a non-integer order which is preferred over the integer-order control owing to its benefits.It offers extra flexibility in design and demonstrates superior outcomes such as high robustness and effectiveness.The optimal gains of the FOPI controller have been determined using a recent Manta Ray Foraging Optimization(MRFO)algorithm.During the optimization process,the FOPI controller’s parameters are assigned to be the decision variables whereas the objective function is the error racking that to be minimized.To prove the superiority of the MRFO algorithm,an empirical comparison study with the homologous particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm is achieved.The obtained results proved the superiority of the introduced strategy in tracking and control performances against various conditions such as voltage dips and wind speed variation.

PI-MPC Frequency Control of Power System in the Presence of DFIG Wind Turbines

For the recent expansion of renewable energy applications, Wind Energy System (WES) is receiving much interest all over the world. However, area load change and abnormal conditions lead to mismatches in frequency and scheduled power interchanges between areas. These mismatches have to be corrected by the LFC system. This paper, therefore, proposes a new robust frequency control technique involving the combination of conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) controllers in the presence of wind turbines (WT). The PI-MPC technique has been designed such that the effect of the uncertainty due to governor and turbine parameters variation and load disturbance is reduced. A frequency response dynamic model of a single-area power system with an aggregated generator unit is introduced, and physical constraints of the governors and turbines are considered. The proposed technique is tested on the single-area power system, for enhancement of the network frequency quality. The validity of the proposed method is evaluated by computer simulation analyses using Matlab Simulink. The results show that, with the proposed PI-MPC combination technique, the overall closed loop system performance demonstrated robustness regardless of the presence of uncertainties due to variations of the parameters of governors and turbines, and loads disturbances. A performance comparison between the proposed control scheme, the classical PI control scheme and the MPC is carried out confirming the superiority of the proposed technique in presence of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) WT.

A Sliding Mode Approach to Enhance the Power Quality of Wind Turbines Under Unbalanced Voltage Conditions

An integral terminal sliding mode-based control design is proposed in this paper to enhance the power quality of wind turbines under unbalanced voltage conditions. The design combines the robustness, fast response, and high quality transient characteristics of the integral terminal sliding mode control with the estimation properties of disturbance observers. The controller gains were auto-tuned using a fuzzy logic approach.The effectiveness of the proposed design was assessed under deep voltage sag conditions and parameter variations. Its dynamic response was also compared to that of a standard SMC approach.The performance analysis and simulation results confirmed the ability of the proposed approach to maintain the active power,currents, DC-link voltage and electromagnetic torque within their acceptable ranges even under the most severe unbalanced voltage conditions. It was also shown to be robust to uncertainties and parameter variations, while effectively mitigating chattering in comparison with the standard SMC.

Overview of Sub-synchronous Oscillation in Wind Power System

Nowadays with the improvement in the degree of emphasis on new energy, the wind power system has developed more and more rapidly over the world. Usually the wind plants are located in the remote areas which are far from the load centers. Generally series compensated AC transmission and high voltage DC transmission are made use of to improve the transmission capacity as two main effective ways which can solve the problem of large scale wind power transmission. The paper describes the three kinds of impact varieties and impact mechanisms in the sub-synchronous oscillation phenomena of wind power system based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind generators. At last, we point out the important problem that should be stressed in the wind power system.

Robust nonlinear controller design of wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator by using Hamiltonian energy approach

Based on Hamiltonian energy theory, this paper proposes a robust nonlinear controller for the wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator （DFIG）, such that the closed-loop system can achieve its stability. Furthermore, in the presence of disturbances, the closed-loop system is finite-gain L2 stable by the Hamiltonian controller. The Hamiltonian energy approach provides us a physical insight and gives a new way to the controller design. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed method is effective and has its advantage.

提高电力系统惯性水平的风电场和VSC-HVDC协同控制策略

针对海上风电场采用柔性直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)接入陆上电网的技术方案,提出利用直流电容和风电机组转子动能去模拟同步发电机惯量的协同控制策略。通过网侧换流器直流电压滑差控制,在电网扰动下,直流电容能相应地吸收或释放能量。两端VSC交流系统频率通过风场侧换流器(wind farm VSC,WFVSC)的变频控制实现人工耦合,可以省去两端换流站之间的通信。为响应WFVSC的频率变化,风电机组功率控制器将调整功率指令值,使转子转速相应变化。通过一系列协同控制,海上风电场将参与电力系统频率控制。在允许的风电机组转速和直流电压变化范围内,该协同控制策略可提供大范围的惯量,增加系统稳定性。通过对负荷变化、风速变化和交流系统故障等工况的仿真,验证所提控制策略的有效性。

基于改进内模-前馈控制策略的双馈风机建模与仿真

针对双馈风机转矩扰动给转速调节性能以及电网故障给双馈机侧控制系统带来诸多不利影响,单一的控制策略不能解决上述问题,对此文章提出改进内模-前馈串级控制策略。首先,基于改进的内模控制设计转速控制器削弱转矩扰动对转速跟踪性能的影响。其次采用内模-前馈控制策略设计定转子侧电流环控制系统。在MATLAB/SMIULINK中搭建双馈风机模型并入微网系统中进行稳态和故障情况下的时域仿真。结果表明:改策略正确有效,设计的转速控制器能获得良好的跟踪性能和较高的稳态精度,电流环采用内模控制可以改善机侧和电网侧暂态性能。

基于MMC-HVDC风电场联网的稳态特性的研究

基于MMC-HVDC输电方式较比传统交流和VSC-HVDC等输电方式具有输送电压等级高、输送容量大和谐波特性好等优点,提出了采用MMC-HVDC对变速恒频双馈感应风机(DFIG)与电网相连,系统设计了相应的控制策略,最后在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境下,对系统进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明风电场之间能够独立运行且能实现有功功率和无功功率的解耦控制;MMC-HVDC系统两端也能够独立控制且具有良好的谐波特性,因此验证了该并网方式和控制策略的正确性和有效性。

基于电气阻尼-刚度控制的双馈风电机组轴系扭振抑制策略

针对现有扭振控制中,难以平衡抑振效果和响应速度的关系,以及高、低速轴的阻尼比变化速率不同导致整体阻尼比难以调节的问题,提出了一种双馈风电机组轴系扭振抑制策略。首先推导了机械扭转角与电磁转矩的传递函数,通过引入等效阻尼和刚度分析了高低速轴机电耦合阻尼比的差异。其次对电气刚度抑制轴系扭振的机理进行分析,根据阻尼和刚度的协调作用,提出基于电气阻尼-刚度控制的轴系扭振抑制策略,得到电气阻尼-刚度控制下的轴系阻尼比变化趋势。最后在搭建FAST-MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真双馈风电机组模块的基础上,引入湍流风与电网暂降激励,对所提策略的抑振效果进行仿真验证。结果表明,相较于传统的阻尼控制,所提策略能够充分发挥传动链的机电强耦合作用,在保证响应速度的同时具有更好的抑振能力。

故障情况下海上风电机群领导者-跟随者分布式控制策略研究

针对风电机组单机故障和风电场网络通讯故障,以分布式控制取代集中控制,设计2种故障情况下的领导者-跟随者分布式控制策略,减小故障对系统的不利影响。首先,基于Hamilton能量理论,将单机系统模型扩展为风电机群系统模型;然后针对机组故障情况,提出领导者-跟随者分布式控制策略,使得风电机群在领导者或跟随者单机故障下能够保持稳定运行;继而考虑通信故障情况,设计弱连通拓扑下的领导者-跟随者控制策略,以使系统稳定且有功功率输出稳定。最后,通过仿真验证,在机组故障停机和网络通信故障下,领导者-跟随者控制策略能够增强系统的稳定性与可靠性。

基于MP-RCC的双馈风电机组低电压穿越控制研究

对于风电并网系统,双馈风电机组电网侧电压严重跌落容易在风机转子侧形成峰值涌流,损坏变流设备,并造成风机脱网。因此提出了模型预测转子电流控制(model predictive rotor current control,MP-RCC)与动态电压恢复器(dynamic voltage restorer,DVR)的协调控制策略,以提高双馈风机在故障情况下不脱网运行的能力。首先,根据双馈风电机组的工作原理,建立其预测控制状态空间模型;其次,在双馈风机转子侧施加MP-RCC,从而实现双馈风电机组低电压穿越时转子电流对参考值的迅速跟踪;最后,引入动态电压恢复器,在低电压穿越期间补偿电网压降,维持机端电压,以保证风电机组在MP-RCC控制下稳定运行。通过Matlab/Simulink对所提控制策略进行了仿真验证,结果表明,MP-RCC与DVR的协调策略可以有效应对双馈风电机组的低电压穿越过程,提高双馈风电机组的故障穿越能力。

一种基于双馈风机锁相环动态响应的风-火协同调频策略

针对风电机组参与系统频率调整与传统同步机电源相互配合的问题,通过合理设置双馈风电机组锁相环控制参数使其具有与传统同步机电源相似的惯量响应能力,进而分析风电机组惯量响应与同步机一次调频之间的相互影响,在此基础上提出风电机组主导的风-火协同调频控制策略。本策略的优点在于能减弱风电机组惯量响应过程中对于同步发电机组一次调频出力的抑制作用,加快同步发电机调频响应速率,进一步优化系统频率。最后在EMTDC/PSCAD中搭建时域仿真系统,验证了所提出理论分析的正确性与控制策略的有效性。

基于RT-LAB的双馈风电机组建模与仿真

针对双馈风电机组现场检测要求高、离线仿真不精确等问题,提出了应用RT-LAB仿真平台开展控制器接入的风电机组建模与仿真方法。稳态及故障状态下的仿真测试结果表明,RT-LAB仿真模型并网运行后的电压、电流、有功功率及无功功率均在正常范围内,可以利用该模型对风电机组并网特性进行评价、对控制策略进行验证。对于发生故障后,机组功率恢复过程中仿真与实测结果之间存在差异的问题,结合现场实际测试数据分析认为,差异是因仿真模型仅含有电气部分,而对风电机组的主控系统和变桨系统进行省略,故障消失后模型会立即恢复至满发状态。

基于VSC-HVDC的双馈风电场并网协调控制策略研究

针对双馈风电场经VSC-HVDC并网时,受端电网惯量不足而出现扰动下频率偏移较大的问题,提出了一种协调控制策略。在协调控制策略下,当电网侧交流系统频率发生变化时,电网侧变流器首先调节直流电压的参考值,以响应系统频率的变化,同时风电场侧变流器根据变化的直流电压调节风电场侧变流器的频率。为响应风电场侧变流器频率的变化,双馈风电机组引入虚拟惯性控制环节,通过吸收或释放转子的旋转动能,改变双馈风电机组的有功出力。通过协调控制,直流电容储存的能量和DFIG的转子动能共同为系统提供惯性支撑,提高了系统的频率响应特性。通过仿真分析验证了所提协调控制策略的正确性和有效性。

双馈风电机组dc-link电压的直接电容电流控制策略

传统GSC双闭环控制中存在电压外环对dc-link电压波动抑制响应慢及电流内环对前馈补偿延时的问题。对此提出一个dc-link电容电流直接控制的GSC单闭环控制策略。控制策略中引入的前馈补偿直接施加在GSC控制电压的节点上,消除了电流内环对扰动前馈补偿的延时。同时,对外界扰动动态的前馈补偿采用了一个"跟踪-微分器"技术。在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台中构建了GSC控制策略的研究模型,研究了两种典型情况下GSC控制策略对dc-link电压波动抑制的效果。结果表明所提出的GSC控制策略能有效抑制dc-link电压的波动幅值及振荡。

Model of DFIG Wind Farm and Study on Its LVRT Capability

As a typical clean and renewable energy, wind power is becoming more and more widely used in electrical industry. However, its characteristics of random and intermittent have brought serious problems to the power system, such as voltage fluctuation and insufficient reactive power. Based on the K-means clustering algorithm, this paper classifies the doubly-fed induction generators （DFIG） according to the operation of propeller pitch angle control. At the same time, to obtain the optimal parameter, advanced particle swarm optimization （PSO） is used. Then the dynamic model of DFIG under the network fault condition is built. What is more, the role that crowbar circuit plays in low voltage ride through （LVRT） is discussed. Finally, simulations in DigSILENT verify the model.

基于GA-BP神经网络的双馈风力发电机故障诊断

双馈风力发电机在风力发电系统中得到了广泛应用,但由于其工作条件及自身结构原因,导致故障发生率较高。BP神经网络作为一种多层前馈网络,在电机故障诊断分析领域应用成熟。为避免陷入极小值问题,利用GA遗传算法对其优化,建立GA-BP神经网络模型,对双馈风力发电机定子匝间短路特征进行分析,以定子电流为故障信号,经快速傅里叶分解得到的电流特征量作为样本输入,输出为预期的故障类型,进而实现不同程度的定子匝间短路故障的诊断与识别。